scholarly journals Empirical Evaluation and Prediction of Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of 18–24 Months Old Thai Swamp Buffaloes

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1405
Author(s):  
Siwaporn Paengkoum ◽  
Pattaraporn Tatsapong ◽  
Nittaya Taethaisong ◽  
Thongpea Sorasak ◽  
Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Swamp Buffaloes ◽  
Physiological Fluid ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Prolonged Feeding

In some geographical areas and in certain breeding situations, the interpretation of increased gain in the bovine is difficult to investigate. Due to their inherent genetic variations, their energy and protein needs vary as a function of inherent genetic differences, making these requirements difficult to accurately assess in bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. The study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, by the provision of an abundant energy intake of 2.2 Mcal/kg DM for the maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes using a comparative prolonged feeding trial for 90 days. Sixteen bull Thai swamp buffaloes at the initial (Age: 18–24 months; BW: 233 ± 25.0 kg) were assigned into four treatment groups, four buffaloes each, fed 5.4, 6.6, 8.5, and 10.5% DM crude protein (CP). CP intake, BW, and physiological fluid were determined. The net CP requirements for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes were 5.41 g CP/kg W0.75 and 0.46 g CP/g average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Our results indicated that CP requirement increases when the BW increases. An increased dietary CP resulted in increased amounts of blood urine nitrogen (N), N absorption, total volatile fatty acid, urinary purine derivative, and the microbial N. Notably, the net CP requirement for growth of Thai swamp buffalo was higher than it reported in NRC, but the maintenance was lower.

scholarly journals Empirical Evaluation and Prediction of Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of 18-24 Months old Thai Swamp Buffaloes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwaporn Paengkoum ◽  
Pattaraporn Tatsapong ◽  
Nittaya Taethaisong ◽  
Thongpea Sorasak ◽  
Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Swamp Buffaloes ◽  
Physiological Fluid ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Prolonged Feeding

Interpretation of increased gain in the bovine animals is difficult to be validated due to inherent genetic variation to meet their requirement for energy and protein, and those may relate to the bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. Therein, the study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, with providing abundant energy intake 2.20 Mcal/kg DM for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes using the comparative prolonged feeding trial for 90 days. Sixteen bull Thai swamp buffaloes at the initial (Age: 18-24 months; BW: 233 ± 25.0 kg) were as-signed into four treatment groups, four buffaloes each, fed 5.42, 6.96, 8.94, and 10.71% DM crude protein (CP). CP intake, BW, and physiological fluid were determined. The net CP requirements for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes were 5.41 g CP/kg W0.75 and 0.46 g CP/g average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Our results indicated that CP requirement increases, when BW increases. An increased dietary CP resulted in an increased number at blood urine nitrogen (N), N absorption, total volatile fatty acid, urinary purine derivative, and the microbial N. Notably, the net CP requirement for growth of Thai swamp buffalo was higher than it reported in NRC, but the maintenance was lower.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Supplementation to Whole Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Post-Weaning Holstein Calf Performance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Yousef Abbaslou ◽  
Davood Zahmatkesh ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽  
Hamed Beiranvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Score

The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated previously. This study aimed to assess NU supplementation in the whole milk on calf growth and health. Thirty Holstein calves (body weight: 39.1 ± 1.0 kg; 3 d after birth) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: whole milk without any supplementation (NU0), whole milk + 0.5 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS0.5), and whole milk + 1 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS1). Calves were weaned at d 55 and stayed on study until d 75. Calves had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05) during the pre-weaning period; however, increasing NU resulted in a linear (p < 0.05) increase in DMI during the post weaning period (2158, 2432, and 2518 g/d for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Treatments did not affect body weight (BW) at the first and second month of study, but final BW linearly increased as NU was added (87.1, 90.6, and 95.4 kg for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Neither pre-weaning average daily gain nor post-weaning average daily gain was affected by treatments; accordingly, feed efficiency was similar among treatment groups. Days with loose fecal score were linearly decreased as NU was added to whole milk during the first month of life, while the fecal score did not differ among treatments until the end of the study. No difference was observed in the skeletal growth of calves in the current study. Therefore, it can be concluded that NU supplementation in the whole milk has some beneficial effects on calf performance in terms of final BW, post-weaning DMI, and less days with loose feces.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists to Improve the Productivity and Health of Early-Weaned Pigs: What Is the Best Method of Delivery?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124
Author(s):  
Hailey Wooten ◽  
Hwanhee Kim ◽  
Amanda R. Rakhshandeh ◽  
Anoosh Rakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
All Treatment

The purpose of the current study was to determine the best method of delivery for glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA) treatment. A total of 167 Pig Improvement Company (PIC) piglets (body weight (BW) 7.35 ± 1.24 kg) were weaned at 25.0 ± 0.81 days of age and randomly assigned to 14 treatment groups based on a 2 × 7 factorial arrangement with sex (gilts vs. barrows), in-feed antibiotic (ANT; 110 mg/kg in-feed tylosin), repeated intramuscular (I.M.) injection of GRA (two injections, 0.2 mg/kg BW dexamethasone (DEX)), low dose in-feed GRA (LF, 2.5 mg/kg diet DEX ), high dose in-feed GRA (HF, 5 mg/kg diet DEX), low dose in-water GRA (LW, 0.8 mg/L DEX ), high dose in-water GRA (HW, 1.6 mg/L DEX ), and no treatment control (CON) as the main factors. Body weight and feed intake were measured daily from days 0 to 7 and weekly from days 7 to 28 post-weaning. The interaction effect for average daily gain (ADG) was significant with gilts performing better in the I.M., ANT, and LF groups (p = 0.05). All treatment groups, with the exception of the HW group, had a higher ADG than the CON group. Gilts in the I.M., LF, and HF groups had the highest ADG compared to other treatment groups (p ≤ 0.05). Sex and the interaction between sex and treatments had no effect on the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; p ≥ 0.21). All treatment groups had a higher G:F than the CON group (p ≥ 0.04). These results suggest that the low-dose, in-feed GRA treatment is the best GRA delivery method and is a suitable alternative to in-feed sub-therapeutic antibiotics.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Protein Levels on the Nitrogen Balance, Performance and Slaughtering Traits of Cinta Senese Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Chiara Aquilani ◽  
Francesco Sirtori ◽  
Oreste Franci ◽  
Anna Acciaioli ◽  
Riccardo Bozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Daily Gain

Cinta Senese is characterized by slow growth rates, which implies different nutritional requirements compared to major pig breeds. Four different crude protein levels (120, 140, 160 and 180 g/kg on as-fed basis, denoted as CP12, CP14, CP16 and CP18) were tested to assess the optimal protein requirements of Cinta Senese pigs during the growing phase. The in vivo performance, slaughtering traits and nitrogen balance were evaluated using individual pens and metabolic crates. Increasing the protein level in feed lowered the average daily gain (from 0.76 to 0.71 kg/d), final weight (63.0 kg for CP12 versus 60.7 kg for CP16) and reduced the protein conversion efficiency (from 0.37 to 0.58). Also, protein conversion in lean protein linearly increased from CP12 (4.82) to CP18 (7.43), which implies a worsening in the protein utilization efficiency. The nitrogen balance showed higher loss of N through urine (from 0.68 g/d/kg metabolic weight for CP12 to 1.14 g/d/kg metabolic weight for CP18) as the dietary CP levels increased, and a decrease in the biological value (51.78 for CP12 versus 36.54 for CP16). The results indicated that the CP12 diet was adequate for fulfilling the Cinta Senese protein requirements during the growing phase.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary seaweed extract supplementation in sows and post-weaned pigs on performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora and immune status

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Leonard ◽  
T. Sweeney ◽  
B. Bahar ◽  
B. P. Lynch ◽  
J. V. O'Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Seaweed Extract ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Gain

The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of a seaweed extract (SWE) to sows and weaned pigs on post-weaning growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentrations and immune status of pigs at days 11 and 117 post-weaning. Gestating sows (n20) were supplemented with a SWE (0v.10·0 g/d) from day 107 of gestation until weaning (day 26). At weaning, pigs (four pigs per sow) were divided into two groups based on sow diet during lactation and supplemented with a SWE (0v.2·8 g/kg diet), resulting in four treatment groups: (1) BB (basal sows–basal pigs); (2) BS (basal sows–treated pigs); (3) SB (treated sows–basal pigs); (4) SS (treated sows–treated pigs). Pigs weaned from SWE-supplemented sows had a higher average daily gain (ADG) between days 0 and 21 (P < 0·05) post-weaning compared with pigs weaned from non-SWE-supplemented sows. Pigs offered post-weaning diets (PW) containing SWE had decreased colonicEscherichia colipopulations on day 11 (P < 0·01) and decreased colonic Enterobacteriaceae numbers on day 117 (P < 0·05). Pigs offered PW containing SWE had a greater mRNA abundance ofMUC2in the colon at day 11 post-weaning (P < 0·05) compared with pigs offered unsupplemented diets. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that SWE supplementation post-weaning provides a dietary means to improve gut health and to enhance growth performance in starter pigs. Dietary SWE supplementation increased ADG during the grower–finisher (GF) phases. However, there was no growth response to SWE inclusion in GF diets when pigs were weaned from SWE-supplemented sows.

DIETARY CALCIUM-PHOSPHORUS LEVELS FOR GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN GILTS AND SOWS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. GRANDHI ◽  
J. H. STRAIN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Phosphorus Levels ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The effect of feeding barley-wheat-soya finisher, gestation and lactation diets containing (A) 1979 National Research Council (NRC) recommended calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) levels or (B) 150% of NRC levels from 65 kg body weight (Bwt) on growth and reproduction was studied in two experiments using Lacombe (L) and Yorkshire (Y) gilts. The number of gilts used were 299 (148 L + 151 Y) and 107 (53 Y + 54 Y) in exp. 1 and 216 (106 L + 110 Y) and 101 (49 L + 52 Y) in exp. 2 during finishing and gestation-lactation periods, respectively. The reproductive performance during second parity was measured only in exp. 2 using 85 (36 L + 49 Y) primiparous sows. All pigs were housed in confinement except during breeding and gestation, when they were housed in outside dirt-lot pens. Average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were similar for gilts fed finisher diets A or B in both experiments. In exp. 1, both L and Y gilts fed gestation diet B had more (P < 0.05) total (9.5 ± 0.3 vs. 8.6 ± 0.3) and live pigs (9.2 ± 0.3 vs. 8.2 ± 0.3) born and weaned (7.7 ± 0.3 vs 6.9 ± 0.2) with lower piglet weight gains at 3 wk (3.5 ± 0.1 vs. 3.9 ± 0.1 kg) and 5 wk (6.9 ± 0.2 vs. 7.5 ± 0.2 kg) when compared to gestation diet A group. These differences were not significant in exp. 2. Higher dietary Ca-P levels elevated the serum P during both gestation (7.3 ± 0.1 vs. 7.0 ± 0.1 mg/dL) and lactation (6.2 ± 0.1 vs. 5.9 ± 0.1 mg/dL) periods in exp. 1 but not in exp. 2. The changes in body weight during gestation and lactation, piglet birth weights, and weaning to estrus interval were similar for both treatment groups. These results indicated that the 1979 NRC recommended dietary Ca-P levels may be adequate to support the maximum growth and reproduction in gilts during finishing and lactation but are too low for gestation. Key words: Calcium, phosphorus, gilts, sows, growth, reproduction

Influence of manure gases on the onset of puberty of replacement gilts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Malayer ◽  
K. E. Brandt ◽  
M. L. Green ◽  
D. T. Kelly ◽  
A. L. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Group Concentration ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

AbstractTo determine whether gases generated during the breakdown of accumulated manure in an environmentally regulated building affects the onset of puberty in gilts, 42 crossbred gilts, born from 1 o t 15 September 1985, were reared indoors from 10 to 30 weeks of age on concrete slats over a pit that was drained and refilled with clean water biweekly (clean group). Forty-two gilts were reared over a pit where manure was allowed to accumulate (control group). These two groups had similar feeding, water, floor space, lighting and room temperature. A third group of 42 crossbred gilts was reared from 10 to 30 weeks of age in an open-front building with a concrete apron (outdoor group). Concentration of aerial ammonia in the control environment was three- to five-fold higher than in either the clean or the outdoor environment (P < 0·001). Average daily gain and food conversion efficiency were similar for the two indoor treatment groups, but the outdoor group gained less weight than either indoor group (P < 0·05). At 26 weeks of age all gilts were exposed to mature boars daily for 2 weeks, then every 2nd day for an additional 2 weeks. A greater proportion of gilts in the clean environment attained puberty 7 days (P < 0·05) and 10 days (P < 0·07) after first exposure to boars. These data suggest that odorous gases, such as ammonia, in the air of environmentally regulated buildings may diminish the stimulatory influence of boars on the onset of puberty in gilts.

Effect of different post-weaning growth paths on long-term weight gain, carcass characteristics and eating quality of beef cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Tomkins ◽  
G. S. Harper ◽  
H. L. Bruce ◽  
R. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Beef Quality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Gain

The effects of post-weaning nutrient restriction on growth, carcass characteristics and beef quality were determined. Belmont Red weaner steers (n = 100) were allocated to an initial slaughter group and 3 treatment groups of 120 days duration: rapid growth, slow growth and weight loss. The average daily gain of the groups were (mean ± s.e.): 0.81 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02 and –0.22 ± 0.01 kg/day, for the rapid growth, slow growth and weight loss groups, respectively. At the end of the treatment period, rapid growth steers had significantly (P<0.05) heavier carcasses, higher dressing percentages and greater bone mineral contents than those from the weight loss group. Steers from each group were realimented for 192 days at pasture. Average daily gains during this period were 0.39 ± 0.03, 0.52 ± 0.04 and 0.61 ± 0.05 kg/day for the rapid growth, slow growth and weight loss groups, respectively. Ten animals from the rapid growth group were then slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics. The remaining steers were finished at pasture for a further 409 days. During this period there was no significant difference in average daily gain between treatment groups. Steers from the rapid growth group had a significantly greater final weight (531 ± 16.8 kg) compared with weight loss steers (481 ± 14.0 kg). Carcass characteristics, eye muscle area, bone mineral content and objective measures of meat quality for the M. longissimus dorsi and M. semitendinosus did not differ significantly between groups. Shear peak force values for cooked M. longissimus dorsi samples were not significantly different between groups. Clipped meat quality scores for M. longissimus dorsi samples, as assessed by Meat Standards Australia, were not significantly different between treatment groups and indicated consumer acceptability. It was concluded that nutrient restriction in the immediate post-weaning period followed by pasture realimentation did not influence final carcass characteristics or beef quality.

scholarly journals Effect of feeding high yielding fodders on growth performance of growing Hilly Brown Bengal goat

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
MA Alam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Daily Gain

This study was carried out to evaluate the feeding effect of high yielding fodders (HYF) on feed intake and growth performance of growing Hilly Brown Bengal (HBB) goat. For this purpose, a feeding trail was conducted with 16 growing HBB kids (4 to 5 months) by dividing equally in four groups having four replicates for a period of 75 days. The goats in group T0 (control) received natural grass along with 101.30g concentrates and adlibitum cowpea hay, whereas in group T1, T2 and T3, only natural grass was replaced by BLRI Napier 3, BLRI Napier 4 and Ruzi fodder, respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI), roughages DMI, crude protein intake (CP), body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g) and forth night body weight gain (g/day) were studied. Results revealed that, DMI (288.39, 285.71, 293.48 and 301.35 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively), body weight gain (3.60, 3.74, 3.73 and 3.77 kg in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively), average daily gain (47.32, 49.16, 49.12 and 48.92 g in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and feed conversion ratio (6.2, 5.9, 6.0 and 6.1 in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) of HBB kids were not differed significantly (P>0.05) for all the treatment groups. The DMI from roughages (196.2, 193.5, 201.3 and 209.2 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) and CP intake (38.7, 42.1, 48.3 and 38.8 g/day in group T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively) were significantly varied (P<0.05), while highest CP intake was found in the treatment group T2. Forthnight body weight (g/day) was not significantly (P>0.05) gained with feeding of HYF for all the treatment groups. From this study, it can be concluded that, growing HBB kids could equally be supplied with either BLRI Napier 3 or BLRI Napier 4 or Ruzi fodder in addition to ad libitum cowpea hay for better voluntary feed intake and growth. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 73-81

scholarly journals Body composition and energy and protein requirements of grazing Nelore steers

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Fabiano Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Robério Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Aline Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Daily Gain

This experimentwas carried out with the objective of determining the energy and protein requirements of grazing Nellore steers. Twenty four Nellore steers (average 371 ± 14 kg of BW and 26 months old) were used. Four steers were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), serving as a reference for the subsequent study. The remaining 20 animals were weighed and distributed in a randomized complete block design with four levels of supplementation offers: 0.0 (mineral mixture - control), 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% BW, with five replications. The supplements, based on ground corn, soybean meal and/or urea, were previously balanced to achieve an average daily gain of 350, 650 and 850g, respectively, for the different levels of supplementation offers. The protein, fat and energy contents retained in the animal body were determined by regression equations of the logarithm of the protein, fat and energy in the animal body contents, in function of the logarithm of empty body weight (EBW). Net requirements of protein and energy for a gain of 1kg of EBW were obtained by deriving the prediction equations of the animal body content of protein, fat, or energy in function of the EBW logarithm. The net energy requirements for weight gain of Nellore steer can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.05764 × EBW0,75 × DEBWG0.8328. The following equation was obtained to estimate the retained protein (RP), in function of the average daily gain (ADG) and retained energy (RE): RP = 28.9199 + 85.7301 FBWG + 8.0669 RE. The net protein requirement for Nellore steers decreased as the body weight increased, with values of 174.62 and 163.10 g/kg EBG for animals of 300 and 450 kg BW, respectively.

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