scholarly journals Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2290
Author(s):  
Danny Franciele da Silva Dias Moraes ◽  
João R. Mesquita ◽  
Valéria Dutra ◽  
Maria São José Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
One Health ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
The World ◽  
Waterborne Transmission ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E: an underestimated emerging threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 204993611983716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn W. Webb ◽  
Harry R. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world. It is estimated that millions of people are infected every year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. However, these estimates do not include industrialized regions and are based on studies which employ assays now known to have inferior sensitivity. As such, this is likely to represent a massive underestimate of the true global burden of disease. In the developing world, HEV causes large outbreaks and presents a significant public-health problem. Until recently HEV was thought to be uncommon in industrialized countries, and of little relevance to clinicians in these settings. We now know that this is incorrect, and that HEV is actually very common in developed regions. HEV has proved difficult to study in vitro, with reliable models only recently becoming available. Our understanding of the lifecycle of HEV is therefore incomplete. Routes of transmission vary by genotype and location: endemic regions experience large waterborne epidemics, while sporadic cases in industrialized regions are zoonotic infections likely spread via the food chain. Both acute and chronic infection has been observed, and a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations have been reported. This includes neurological, haematological and renal conditions. As the complete clinical phenotype of HEV infection is yet to be characterized, a large proportion of cases go unrecognized or misdiagnosed. In many cases HEV infection does not feature in the differential diagnosis due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the disease amongst clinicians. In combination, these factors have contributed to an underestimation of the threat posed by HEV. Improvements are required in terms of recognition and diagnosis of HEV infection if we are to understand the natural history of the disease, improve management and reduce the burden of disease around the world.

scholarly journals Systematic literature review of the burden and outcomes of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms in Europe: the ABOUT-MDRO project protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e030608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Anaya-Baz ◽  
Natalia Maldonado ◽  
Zaira R Palacios-Baena ◽  
Virginia Palomo ◽  
Maria Diletta Pezzani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Incidence Prevalence

IntroductionDespite the increasing importance of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), there is a lack of comprehensive information about the burden of disease and outcomes of key infections caused by these pathogens. The aim of the ABOUT-MDRO (A systematic review on the burden and outcomes of infections due to multidrug resitant organisms) project is to provide estimations of the burden of some key infections and their outcomes caused by the target MDROs.Methods and analysisA systematic literature search will be performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Elsevier’s SCOPUS, Cochrane library, Clinical trials and Web of Science, as well as the Surveillance Systems from Public Health Institutions and Scientific Societies for Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections in Europe database of European surveillance systems, for data on prevalence/incidence, mortality and length of stay of target infections in hospitalised patients (including ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections and bloodstream infections) and in specific populations (children, hospital wards, neutropenic patients) caused by cephalosporin-resistant or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. The information retrieved will be tabulated and pooled estimates and 95% CIs calculated of rates and outcomes, using random effects models. Relationships between rates and outcomes in randomised control trials and epidemiological studies, and data of proportions and incidence/prevalence rates will also be analysed. The information collected in this study will be useful for identifying gaps in our knowledge in terms of incidence/prevalence and clinical outcomes of infections caused by MDROs, and for informing priorities in infection control and the research and design of appropriate studies.Ethics and disseminationThis study will be based on published data so we did not require ethical approval. Formal consent is not required. The results of this review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement. Data will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Registration detailsPROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) (CRD42019124185).

Epidemiology of Hepatitis E in England and Wales: A 10-Year Retrospective Surveillance Study, 2008–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Oeser ◽  
Aisling Vaughan ◽  
Bengü Said ◽  
Samreen Ijaz ◽  
Richard Tedder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Severe Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Abstract Indigenous, foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV G3) has become recognized as an emerging problem in industrialized countries. Although mostly asymptomatic, HEV G3 infection has a range of outcomes, including mild illness, severe acute hepatitis, and, of particular concern, chronic progressive hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. Public Health England has monitored cases of acute HEV infection in England and Wales since 2003. Between 2010 and 2017, enhanced surveillance using 2 linked laboratory databases and questionnaires on clinical features and risk factors was conducted. There was a year-on-year increase in the number of infections from 2008 (183) through 2016 (1243). Then, in 2017, the number of infections declined (to 912). As reported previously, HEV G3 group 2 (also known as “G3 abcdhij”) is the predominant cause of acute infections, and older men are most at risk. Consumption of pork and pork products was significantly higher among patients than in the general population, but other previously reported associations, such as consumption of shellfish, were not observed. Ongoing surveillance is required to monitor future trends and changes in the epidemiology of the virus. The changing methods of animal husbandry and processing and distribution of animal products needs to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Hepatitis E virus in Italy: molecular analysis of travel-related and autochthonous cases

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1617-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina La Rosa ◽  
Michele Muscillo ◽  
Valentina Spuri Vennarucci ◽  
Anna Rosa Garbuglia ◽  
Patrizia La Scala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
The Body ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Acute Hepatitis E

Human hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. The aim of the present study was to contribute to the body of knowledge available on the molecular epidemiology of acute hepatitis E in Italy. Three sets of HEV-specific primers targeting the ORF1 and ORF2 were used to examine serum samples collected from acute hepatitis patients positive for anti-HEV IgG and/or IgM, between 2007 and 2010. Seventeen patients (39.5 %) tested HEV RNA-positive: 12 infections, due to genotype 1, were associated with travel to endemic areas (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan), while five infections, due to genotype 3, were presumably autochthonous. Risk factors identified in this group included exposure to raw seafood, pork liver sausages and wild boar. Results from the present study confirm that human HEV infection in Italy is caused by different genotypes, depending on whether the infection is travel-related or autochthonous.

scholarly journals Comparison of Hepatitis E Virus Sequences from Humans and Swine, the Netherlands, 1998–2015

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Boris M. Hogema ◽  
Renate W. Hakze-van der Hakze-van der Honing ◽  
Michel Molier ◽  
Hans L. Zaaijer ◽  
Wim H. M. van der van der Poel
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sequence Comparison ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Predominant Subtype

Pigs are suspected to be a major source of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in industrialized countries, but the transmission route(s) from pigs to humans are ill-defined. Sequence comparison of HEV isolates from pigs with those from blood donors and patients in 372 samples collected in the Netherlands in 1998 and 1999 and between 2008 and 2015 showed that all sequences were genotype 3 except for six patients (with travel history). Subgenotype 3c (gt3c) was the most common subtype. While the proportion of gt3c increased significantly between 1998 and 2008, it remained constant between 2008 and 2015. Among the few circulating HEV subtypes, there was no difference observed between the human and the pig isolates. Hepatitis E viruses in humans are very likely to originate from pigs, but it is unclear why HEV gt3c has become the predominant subtype in the Netherlands.

scholarly journals HEVnet: a One Health, collaborative, interdisciplinary network and sequence data repository for enhanced hepatitis E virus molecular typing, characterisation and epidemiological investigations

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemieke Christine Mulder ◽  
Annelies Kroneman ◽  
Eelco Franz ◽  
Harry Vennema ◽  
Anna D. Tulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Animal Reservoir

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. In Europe, HEV is a zoonosis transmitted via contaminated pork meat or other pork food products. Genotype 3 is the most prevalent HEV type in the animal reservoir, as well as in humans. Despite an increased incidence of hepatitis E across Europe, much remains unknown about its spread, sources and transmission routes. A One Health approach is crucial to better understand the (molecular) epidemiology of HEV. HEVnet was established in April 2017 as a network and database for sharing sequences and accompanying metadata collected from human, animal, food and environmental sources. HEVnet members working in the public health, veterinary health, food, environmental and blood safety sectors have submitted 1,615 HEV sequences from nine countries as at January 2019. Most are from humans (89%), and sequences of animal (5%), food (6%) or environmental (0.3%) origin are rare. Metadata for human sequences capture mostly sex (93%), year of birth (92%) and sampling (100%); data on region of sampling (37%) and clinical information (hospitalisation 27%, symptoms 20% or mortality 8%) are limited. HEVnet aims to expand into a global network capable of performing cross-sectoral and supranational studies, with a joint repository of molecular and epidemiological data on HEV.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in Serbian blood donors

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1322-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Diana Lupulović ◽  
Nereida Jiménez de Oya ◽  
Svetlana Vojvodić ◽  
Ana-Belén Blázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is rarely reported in industrialized countries, but recent studies have revealed quite variable seroprevalence rates among European populations, including blood donors. In Serbia, very limited data about HEV seroprevalence are available. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies and HEV RNA in the sera of volunteer blood donors in Serbia. Methodology: Serum samples from 200 volunteer blood donors were tested for the presence of anti-HEV IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using ORF-2 HEV genotype 3 recombinant proteins as antigen, and for the presence of HEV RNA by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: In total, 15% of the volunteer blood donors were seropositive. The prevalence increased with age; 21.5%, 14.2%, and 5.4% HEV seroprevalence rates were found in individuals older than 51 years, between 31 and 50 years, and in those younger than 30 years of age, respectively. However, no HEV RNA was detected in any of the individuals analyzed. Conclusions: The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG among blood donors as representatives of the general population is quite high in Serbia compared to data from many European countries. One of the reasons for this could be the high prevalence of HEV among Serbian pigs and the traditional consumption of piglet meat in the country. The relatively high HEV seroprevalence found among Serbian blood donors indicates the need for further investigation.

scholarly journals Potential Animal Reservoir of Mycobacterium ulcerans: Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avishek Singh ◽  
John McBride ◽  
Brenda Govan ◽  
Mark Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Buruli Ulcer ◽  
Mycobacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of the Buruli ulcer, also known, in Australia, as Daintree ulcer or Bairnsdale ulcer. This destructive skin disease is characterized by extensive and painless necrosis of the skin and soft tissue with the formation of large ulcers, commonly on the leg or arm. To date, 33 countries with tropical, subtropical and temperate climates in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Western Pacific have reported cases of Buruli Ulcer. The disease is rarely fatal, although it may lead to permanent disability and/ or disfigurement if not treated appropriately or in time. It is the third most common mycobacterial infection in the world after tuberculosis and leprosy. The precise mode of transmission of M. ulcerans is yet to be elucidated. Nevertheless, it is possible that the mode of transmission varies with different geographical areas and epidemiological settings. The knowledge about the possible route of transmission and potential animal reservoir of M. ulcerans is poorly understood and still remains patchy. We conducted a systematic review with selected key words on PubMed and INFORMIT databases to aggregate available published data on animal reservoirs of M. ulcerans. After certain inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 17 studies were included in the review. A variety of animals, e.g rodents, shrews, possums (ringtail and brush tail), horses, dogs, alpacas, koalas and Indian flap-shelled turtles have been recorded as being infected with M. ulcerans around the world. The majority of studies included in this review identified animal reservoirs, either aquatic or terrestrial, as predisposing for the emergence and reemergence of M. ulcerans infection. Taken together, the selected studies in this systematic review and discussed so far, it is clear that exotic wildlife, aquatic animals and native mammals play a significant role as reservoirs for M. ulcerans.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus Type 3 in Switzerland—From Stable to Table

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3177
Author(s):  
Isabelle Vonlanthen-Specker ◽  
Roger Stephan ◽  
Xaver Sidler ◽  
Dominik Moor ◽  
Cornel Fraefel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Specific Cluster

Hepatitis E caused by hepatitis E viruses of the genotype 3 (HEV-3) is a major health concern in industrialized countries and due to its zoonotic character requires a “One Health” approach to unravel routes and sources of transmission. Knowing the viral diversity present in reservoir hosts, i.e., pigs but also wild boars, is an important prerequisite for molecular epidemiology. The aim of this study was to gain primary information on the diversity of HEV-3 subtypes present along the food chain in Switzerland, as well as the diversity within these subtypes. To this end, samples of domestic pigs from slaughterhouses and carcass collection points, as well as from hunted wild boars, were tested for HEV RNA and antibodies. HEV positive meat products were provided by food testing labs. The HEV subtypes were determined using Sanger and next generation sequencing. The genetic analyses confirmed the predominance of a Swiss-specific cluster within subtype HEV-3h in pigs, meat products, and wild boars. This cluster, which may result from local virus evolution due to the isolated Swiss pig industry, supports fast differentiation of domestic and imported infections with HEV.

scholarly journals Detection of Hepatitis E Antibodies in Kazakhstan: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cainelli ◽  
Gonzalo Hortelano ◽  
Baurzhan Negmetzhanov ◽  
Aigerim Ibrayeva ◽  
Kulpash Kaliaskarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Building Site ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
The World ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Virus Exposure

Introduction. Hepatitis E virus exposure is associated with sporadic cases of acute hepatitis and outbreaks in many countries worldwide. It is particularly dangerous for pregnant women, in whom the mortality rate is high. There are no previously published data reporting circulation of this virus in Kazakhstan.Methods. We tested blood samples for IgG anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in 199 Kazakh participants; of  these 119 were workers at the EXPO 2017 building site in Astana, 35 were volunteers who got tested at the Astana City Hall on the World Hepatitis Day 2017, and 45 were volunteers who presented for screening at the Hepatogastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of the Republican Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center.Results. 11 (5.5%) individuals were positive for IgG anti-HEV antibodies, with a higher seroprevalence in males (7; 6.8%) vs females (4; 4.5%). The highest number of positive samples was in the 32-46 years age group.Conclusions. This pilot study suggests that Hepatitis E virus has been circulating in Kazakhstan. Studies are needed to determine whether it continues to be present, which viral genotypes are involved and what are the best methodologies for preventing its spread.

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