scholarly journals Effect of Sustained Administration of Thymol on Its Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability in Rabbits

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2595
Author(s):  
Kristina Bacova ◽  
Karin Zitterl Eglseer ◽  
Gesine Karas Räuber ◽  
Lubica Chrastinova ◽  
Andrea Laukova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Liver And Kidney

The objective of this study was the detection of thymol in rabbit plasma, tissues, large intestinal content, and faeces. Forty-eight rabbits were divided into control and experimental groups (thymol 250 mg/kg feed). Thymol was administered for 21 days and then withdrawn for 7 days. Concentration of thymol in the intestinal wall (IW) was significantly higher than in plasma (p < 0.05) and liver (p < 0.05); in the kidneys it was significantly higher than in plasma (p < 0.05) and liver (p < 0.05) during thymol addition. Thymol in IW was significantly higher than in plasma also after withdrawal (p < 0.01). Significant correlation (rs = −1.000, p < 0.01) between IW and plasma points to the intensive absorption of thymol from the intestine, while the correlation between plasma and liver (rs = 0.786, p < 0.05) indicates intensive biotransformation and excretion processes in liver. Significant correlation between liver and kidney (rs = 0.738, p < 0.05) confirms the intensive metabolism of thymol in the kidney. During the withdrawal period, thymol was detected above trace amounts only in faeces, and was significantly higher than in the colon during both periods (p < 0.01). Results show intensive biotransformation of thymol in the rabbit organism.

EVALUATION OF AMOXICILLIN WITHDRAWAL PERIOD TIME IN POMPANO LIVER AND KIDNEY

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Chia-Yih Wang ◽  
Shi-Yuan Sheu ◽  
Yi-Chih Lei ◽  
Jiann-Hsiung Wang ◽  
Ming-Huang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic which belongs to the group of penicillins. It is approved in Taiwan for treating bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus sp. and Photobacterium sp. in anguilliformes, perciformes and salmoniformes. The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin were determined in pompano following oral administration of a single dose of 40 mg/kg. Residue studies were performed to determine residues in liver and kidney tissues of healthy fish after oral gavage of amoxicillin at a daily dose of 40 mg/kg for five consecutive days. Amoxicillin residues were analyzed by HPLC using Hypersil-100 C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) and mobile phase consists of 10 mM K2HPO4(pH 8.5) with acetonitrile (80:20, v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The effluent was monitored using a fluorescence detector set as 358 and 440 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths. Following a single oral dose, amoxicillin residues in 0.5 h post-dosing pompano were at a maximum of 6.17 μg/g in liver and 4.27 μg/g in kidney; the concentration of amoxicillin in liver and kidney declined with half-lives of 18.3 and 12.0 h. Amoxicillin residues in pompano liver and kidney tissues were proved to be under the MRL, 0.5 ug/g (liver and kidney) after a withdrawal period of five days.

scholarly journals Effect of fulvic and humic acids on iron and manganese homeostasis in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Szabó ◽  
András Valentin Vucskits ◽  
Erzsébet Berta ◽  
Emese Andrásofszky ◽  
András Bersényi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Content ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Iron Level ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Fe And Mn ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Mn Concentrations

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) as the two main compounds of humic substances, separately on Fe and Mn homeostasis. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 9 experimental groups. The control diet (AIN-93G formula) and diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% HA or FA were fed for 26 days. Fe and Mn concentrations of the large intestinal content, liver, kidney, femur and hair were determined. No significant differences were observed in the production parameters. The effects of FA and HA on iron homeostasis were significantly different. FA proved to be a good iron source, and slightly increased the iron content of liver and kidney, but — up to a dietary iron level of 52.7 mg/kg — it did not influence the efficiency of iron absorption. Above a dietary iron level of 52.7 mg/kg down-regulation of Fe absorption can be assumed. HA significantly stimulated the iron uptake and there was no down-regulation of Fe absorption up to 0.8% dietary HA supplementation level (61.5 mg Fe/kg diet). In the HA groups the iron content of the liver and kidney decreased significantly, suggesting that in spite of the better Fe absorption, the HA—Fe complex does not provide iron to the investigated organs. Neither FA nor HA supplementation influenced the Fe content of the femur and hair and slightly decreased the Mn concentration in the large intestinal content. This effect was significant (with a 22.7% Mn concentration decrease) only at the HA supplementation rate of 0.8%. Neither FA nor HA influenced significantly the Mn concentrations of the liver, kidney and femur. The Mn concentration of the hair in rats receiving FA- or HA-supplemented diets was higher than in the control rats; however, this result needs further confirmation.

Population dynamics of Ascaridia galli following single infection in young chickens

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
TANIA FERDUSHY ◽  
LUZ ADILIA LUNA-OLIVARES ◽  
PETER NEJSUM ◽  
ALLAN KNUD ROEPSTORFF ◽  
STIG MILAN THAMSBORG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Worm Recovery ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe population dynamics of Ascaridia galli was studied in 70 ISA Brown layer pullets, 42 of them were each experimentally infected with 500 embryonated A. galli eggs and 28 chickens were kept as uninfected controls. Six chickens from the infected group and 4 from the control group were necropsied at 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days post-infection (d.p.i.). The mean worm recovery varied from 11–20% of the infection dose with the highest recovery at 3 d.p.i. and the lowest at 21 and 42 d.p.i. (P < 0·05). More larvae were recovered from the intestinal wall than from the content (P < 0·0001) and intestinal content larvae were longer than those from the wall (mean length 1·6 and 1 mm, respectively, P < 0·0001). Although larvae were growing over time, a population of small-sized larvae (length  < 1 mm) was recovered at all d.p.i. During the first week of infection most of the larvae were located in the anterior half of the jejunoileum but they moved posteriorly with the age of infection. Thus, a subpopulation of larvae mainly in the lumen grew with time while another subpopulation remained small and associated with the mucosa. During the infection both subpopulations moved to a more posterior localization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

scholarly journals Interaction Between Florfenicol and Doxycycline Involving Cytochrome P450 3A in Goats (Capra hricus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Wang ◽  
Yaqin Yang ◽  
María-Aránzazu Martínez ◽  
Marta Martínez ◽  
Bernardo Lopez-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Cytochrome P450 3A ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

When two drugs are combined, drug-drug interactions (DDI) often occur. Metabolic DDI usually occur due to inhibition of the metabolism of one drug by the other. This leads to an increase in the plasma concentration of the drug whose metabolism is inhibited. The objective of this research study was to verify the DDI risk of two antibacterial, florfenicol (FF) and doxycycline (DOX) due to metabolism. Because food containing residues of any pharmacologically active substance could potentially constitute a public health hazard, we selected a food producing animal, goat, goat liver microsomes and recombinant metabolic enzymes, for in vivo and in vitro metabolism studies. In vitro experiments showed that CYP3A was the key enzyme subfamily in FF metabolism, DOX slowed down FF metabolism and R440 was possibly the key amino acid in the metabolic interaction between FF and DOX. In vivo studies in the goats showed that DOX inhibited up-regulation of CYP3A24 gene expression produced by FF; in liver and kidney, DOX slightly slowed down FF metabolism. Quantitative prediction of DDI risk suggest that when DOX is used in combination with FF in veterinary medicine, may result in a clinical significant increase of FF plasma and tissue concentrations, resulting a prevalence of harmful tissue residues of medicinal products in the food chain. Through our experimentation, when DOX is used in combination with FF, the withdrawal period of FF in the kidney was extended by 1 day. Otherwise, an appropriate withdrawal period (20 days) of FF was established for FF and DOX combined use to ensure that the animal can be safely slaughtered for food.

Bile-salt-dependent and independent choleresis induced by bucolome in the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kitani ◽  
Y. Morita ◽  
R. Miura ◽  
S. Kanai
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Salt Excretion ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Bile Flow Rate

Choleresis induced by bucolome (BC) (1-cyclohexyl-5-n-butyl-2,4,6-trioxoperhydropyrimidine) was studied in male Wistar rats. [14C]Erythritol and mannitol clearance studies indicated this choleresis to be of canalicular origin. In 1-h continuous bile collection studies, immediately after the interruption of enterohepatic circulation (acute interruption), both bile flow and bile salt excretion rates were significantly increased in rats administered BC. However, the bile salt excretion rate fell rather rapidly in BC-administered rats, while the bile flow rate was fairly constant during this 1-h period. Thus, unlike the situation in control rats, bile flow rate was not significantly correlated with the bile salt excretion rate in BC-administered rats. In rats that had an external bile fistula open for 16–20 h (chronic interruption of enterohepatic circulation) the bile flow rate was also significantly increased by BC administration, while the bile salt excretion rate was not changed after BC administration.It is suggested that BC induced bile-salt-independent choleresis in both experimental rat groups (acute and chronic interruption of enterohepatic circulation). In addition, BC appeared to increase the bile-salt-dependent fraction of bile in rats with acute interruption of enterohepatic circulation, possibly by mobilizing the bile salt pooled in the intestinal content and (or) intestinal wall.

scholarly journals Pathological conditions of avian coccidiosis in the small scale commercial broiler farms in Dinajpur district

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431
Author(s):  
Md Manik Hossain ◽  
Md Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Md Tareq Mussa ◽  
SM Harunur Rashid ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Avian Coccidiosis

The study was designed to investigate the pathological conditions of avian coccidiosis in the small scale commercial broiler farms at different region in Dinajpur district during July, 2012 to December, 2012. A thorough clinical and necropsy examination was done and the characteristics clinical signs and gross lesions were recorded. Different organs mainly caecum and other parts of intestine were collected, preserved and processed for histopathological examination. Intestinal content was also examined for detection of oocyst. Total 234 diseased and dead birds (from 50 farms) were examined out of which 20 (8.54%) birds were found to be positive for coccidiosis. The clinical signs of the affected birds were bloody diarrhea, anemia, reduction of feed and water intake, drooping wings. At necropsy, enlargement and discoloration of caecum with numerous hemorrhagic spots, blood mixed and reddish to brown intestinal contents in the intestinal lumen, hemorrhage on the intestinal wall and mucosa were found. Histopathological examination revels distortion of normal architecture of intestine and desquamation of lining epithelia, formation of tissue debris on the intestinal mucosa and necrotic cells infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa, degeneration of epithelial cells, glands and intestinal villi. So, outbreaks of coccidiosis in the commercial poultry flocks in Dinajpur district is lower due to farmers are intensely aware of coccidiosis now and they usually use coccidiostats routinely.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(3): 425-431, December 2016

scholarly journals Effect of Thymol Addition and Withdrawal on Some Blood Parameters, Antioxidative Defence System and Fatty Acid Profile in Rabbit Muscle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Bacova ◽  
Karin Zitterl-Eglseer ◽  
Lubica Chrastinova ◽  
Andrea Laukova ◽  
Michaela Madarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Rabbit Muscle ◽  
Rabbit Plasma ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters

Thymol concentrations in rabbit plasma, intestinal wall (IW) and faeces were detected, and the effects of thymol application and withdrawal on biochemical, antioxidant parameters and fatty acids (FA) in blood (B) and muscle (M) were studied. Forty-eight rabbits were divided into two experimental groups (control, C and with thymol 250-mg/kg feed, T). Thymol was administered for 21 days (TA) and withdrawn for seven days (TW). Thymol in plasma correlated with that in the IW (Spearman′s correlation coefficient (rs) = −1.000, p = 0.0167, TA) and was detected in faeces (TA and TW). In TA alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.0183), cholesterol (p = 0.0228), malondialdehyde (p = 0.003), glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.0177) in B and lactate dehydrogenase (M, p = 0.0411) decreased; monounsaturated FA (p = 0.0104) and α-linolenic acid (p = 0.0227) in M increased. In TW urea (p = 0.0079), docosapentaenoic acid (p = 0.0069) in M increased; linoleic acid (p = 0.0070), ∑ n−6 (p = 0.0007) in M and triglycerides decreased (B, p = 0.0317). In TA and TW, the total protein (p = 0.0025 and 0.0079), creatinine (B; p = 0.0357 and 0.0159) and oleic acid (M; p = 0.0104 and 0.0006) increased. Thymol was efficiently absorbed from the intestine and demonstrated its biological activity in blood and the muscles.

Effect of chronic intake of ethanol on pyridine nucleotide levels in rat liver and kidney

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kalant ◽  
J. M. Khanna ◽  
Juliet Loth
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotide ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Ethanol Treatment ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
And Control

Adult male Wistar rats were given ethanol in dosage forms providing either 10–12 g/kg per day for 2 weeks or 9–10 g/kg per day for 6 weeks. Pair-fed controls received equicaloric amounts of either powdered chow or sucrose in place of the alcohol. After 2 weeks, ethanol-treated rats showed a significant increase in hepatic NADH2 concentration, a corresponding reduction in NAD concentration, and a fall in the NAD:NADH2 ratio. NADP and NADPH2 were not affected. After 6 weeks, total hepatic NAD + NADH2 in ethanol-treated rats was increased, but the NADH2 concentration remained elevated and the NAD:NADH2 ratio depressed. No similar changes were noted in the kidney. When ethanol was withheld for 16 h before sacrifice, the total NAD + NADH2 remained elevated but the NAD:NADH2 ratio returned to normal. An elevated hepatic concentration of NADPH2 and a reduced NADP: NADPH2 ratio were also found after 6 weeks of ethanol treatment, but these changes were not reversed after 16 h withdrawal of ethanol. The administration of a test dose of ethanol (1 g/kg), after a 16-h withdrawal period, was followed by very similar changes in the hepatic NAD:NADH2 ratio 1 and 4 h later, in ethanol-treated and control rats. Chronic ethanol treatment does not appear to produce adaptive changes leading to a more rapid reoxidation of NADH2.

Bacterial-Mucosal Cell Junctional Complexes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 144-145
Author(s):  
Roger C. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Mucosal Cell ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Mucosal Lining ◽  
Degenerative Alterations ◽  
Junctional Complexes ◽  
Intestinal Mucosal Cells

Bacteria exhibit the ability to adhere to the apical surfaces of intestinal mucosal cells. These attachments either precede invasion of the intestinal wall by the bacteria with accompanying inflammation and degeneration of the mucosa or represent permanent anchoring sites where the bacteria never totally penetrate the mucosal cells.Endemic gram negative bacteria were found attached to the surface of mucosal cells lining the walls of crypts in the rat colon. The bacteria did not intrude deeper than 0.5 urn into the mucosal cells and no degenerative alterations were detectable in the mucosal lining.

Acetaminophen: Neonatal hepatotoxicity due to late pregnancy exposure

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 718-719
Author(s):  
G.A. Miranda ◽  
M.A. Arroyo ◽  
C.A. Lucio ◽  
M. Mongeotti ◽  
S.S. Poolsawat
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Neonatal Liver ◽  
Childbearing Women

Exposure to drugs and toxic chemicals, during late pregnancy, is a common occurrence in childbearing women. Some studies have reported that more than 90% of pregnant women use at least 1 prescription; of this, 60% used more than one. Another study indicated that 80% of the consumed drugs were not prescribed, and of this figure, 95% were “over-the-counter” drugs. Acetaminophen, the safest of all over-the-counter drugs, has been reported to induce fetal liver necrosis in man and animals and to have abortifacient and embryocidal action in mice. This study examines the degree to which acetaminophen affects the neonatal liver and kidney, when a fatty diet is simultaneously fed to the mother during late pregnancy.Timed Swiss Webster female mice were gavaged during late pregnancy (days 16-19) with fat suspended acetaminophen at a high dose, HD = 84.50 mg/kg, and a low dose, LD = 42.25 mg/kg; a control group received fat alone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document