scholarly journals Frame Score, Grazing and Delayed Feedlot Entry Effect on Performance and Economics of Beef Steers from Small- and Large-Framed Cows in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3270
Author(s):  
Songul Şentürklü ◽  
Douglas Landblom ◽  
Steven Paisley ◽  
Cheryl Wachenheim ◽  
Robert Maddock
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Red Angus ◽  
Retained Ownership

When selling small-framed steers at weaning, profitability is diminished. The hypothesis is that by using a vertically integrated business model that includes retained ownership, extended grazing, abbreviated feedlot finishing, and selling at slaughter, profitability would increase. Crossbred yearling steers (n = 288) from small size Aberdeen Angus (Lowline) × Red Angus × Angus × Angus cows and moderate to large size Red Angus × Angus × Simmental × Gelbvieh cows calved May−June were randomly assigned (complete randomized design), in a 3 y study, to feedlot control (FLT) and extended grazing (GRZ) frame score treatment groups. Mean frame score for FLT were small frame (SF) 3.82 and large frame (LF) 5.63, and for GRZ, SF: 3.77 and LF: 5.53. Least-square means were utilized to identify levels of effects and to control family-wise error adjusted with Tukey test. The FLT control steers were housed in the feedlot and fed growing diets and subsequently high energy corn-based diets for 218 days. The GRZ steers grazed a sequence of forages (native range, field pea-barley mix, and unharvested corn) for 212 days and then were transferred to the feedlot and fed high energy corn-based finishing diets for 82 days. The SF GRZ steers grew more slowly grazing native range and annual forages compared to GRZ LF steers, but SF steer grazing cost per kg of gain was reduced 7.80%. Grazing steers did not grow to their full genetic potential. Slower growth during grazing allowed LF and SF steers to grow structurally before feedlot entry creating a compensatory feedlot finishing growth response. Overall, grazing steer performance exceeded steer performance of the FLT control treatment and LF grazing steers had the highest rate of gain, and lowest feed cost per kg of gain. The GRZ steer feedlot days on feed were reduced 136 days and total feed intake was reduced resulting in LF and SF grazing steer feed cost reductions of 175.9 and 165.3%, respectively. Extended grazing also resulted in LF and SF grazing steer hot carcass weights to be greater than control LF and SF steers and SF grazing steers had greater dressing percent, and marbling score. Carcass quality grade, meat tenderness, and cooking losses were similar. System net returns were highest for LF (USD 911.58), and SF (USD 866.61) grazing steers. Managerial modification combining retained ownership, extended grazing, and delayed feedlot entry increased profitability and eliminated market bias.

Comparing AUS-MEAT marbling scores using image analysis traits to estimate genetic parameters for marbling of Japanese Black cattle in Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakura Maeda ◽  
Joe Grose ◽  
Keisuke Kato ◽  
Keigo Kuchida
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Japanese Black Cattle ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Calculated Image

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the application of image analysis for Japanese Black cattle in Australia (Australian JB). Therefore, we assessed meat quality using an image analysis method to estimate the heritability of this trait in Australian JB. We photographed the cross-section of the 5th–6th ribs and calculated image analysis traits of 473 and 539 head of Australian JB and Australian JB sire crosses with other breeds (F1), respectively. Least square means of grading and image analysis traits were calculated. We further estimated the heritability of grading and image analysis traits of 414 head of Australian JB. The Australian Meat Industry Classification System (AUS-MEAT) marbling score (6.8) and percentage marbling area (29.2%) for Australian JB were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those for F1 (4.7% and 19.3%, respectively). Percentage marbling area strongly correlated with the AUS-MEAT marbling score (r = 0.88), indicating that marbling can be improved using percentage marbling area as a substitute for AUS-MEAT marbling score. The head counts of AUS-MEAT marbling score increased in the Australian JB (mode value = 9). The result indicated that the AUS-MEAT marbling score lacks a sufficient range of values to evaluate a high marbling beef breed such as the Australian JB. Further, the heritability of percentage marbling area was 0.54, which is higher than the heritability of AUS-MEAT marbling score (0.23). Therefore, we conclude that determining percentage marbling area using image analysis may prove to be an effective method for improving the marbling of the Australian JB.

Two-Dimensional Optical Measurement of Waves on Liquid Lithium Jet Simulating IFMIF Target Flow

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Itoh ◽  
Taro Itoh ◽  
Yutaka Kukita ◽  
Hiroyuki Koterazawa ◽  
Hiroo Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Liquid Lithium ◽  
Spanwise Direction ◽  
Energy Beam ◽  
Measurement Location

Waves on a liquid-lithium jet flow, simulating a proposed high-energy beam target design, have been measured using an optical technique based on specular reflection of a single laser beam on the jet surface. The streamwise and spanwise fluctuations of the local free-surface slope were least-square fitted with a sinusoidal curve to makeup the signals lost due to the constriction in the optical arrangement. The waveform was estimated with an assumption that wave phase speed can be calculated using the dispersion relation for linear capillary-gravity waves. The direction of propagation on the jet surface was also evaluated so that the wave amplitudes, calculated by integral of slope angle signal, agree consistently in streamwise and spanwise direction. These measurements and analyses show that the waves at the measurement location for a jet velocity of 1.2 m/s can best be represented by oblique waves with an inclination of 1.23 rad, a wavelength of 3.8 mm and a wave amplitude of about 0.05 mm.

An Approach to Reduce the Sample Consumption for LIBS based Identification of Explosive Materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Anubham ◽  
R. Junjuri ◽  
A.K. Myakalwar ◽  
M.K. Gundawar
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Conventional Approach ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Correct Classification ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Explosive Materials

<p>An experimental design based on spectral construction, which has potential to minimise the sample consumption, the number of laser shots and time required to collect the data from laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for identification of the explosive materials is reported in the study. This approach is an ideal solution in the field of hazardous material detection, where the availability of the sample can be a serious limiting factor. The experimental data recorded on a set of five high energy materials has been considered to test the performance of the proposed methodology. Multiple spectra are constructed by assuming a normal distribution at each wavelength of the spectrum, where random numbers are generated using the mean and standard deviations obtained from arbitrarily chosen five experimental spectra from each class. The newly generated spectra are called as synthetic spectra. The correct classification obtained from – K - nearest neighbour combined with principal component analysis and partial least square – discriminant analysis demonstrated very promising results. The correct classification rates differed by only<br />4 per cent - 7 per cent as compared to conventional approach where experimental spectra alone are considered for the analysis. Further, when RDX is excluded, the obtained results are almost identical with conventional approach.</p>

scholarly journals Growth performance, and carcass and meat quality traits in progeny of Poll Nellore, Angus and Brahman sires under tropical conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. C. Pereira ◽  
F. Baldi ◽  
R. D. Sainz ◽  
B. L. Utembergue ◽  
H. L. J. Chiaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dressing Percentage

This study aimed to characterise progeny of sires representing major families in the Poll Nellore breed. Fourteen Poll Nellore sires, two Angus sires and one Brahman sire were mated by AI to ~400 multiparous Poll Nellore dams. Calves were raised and stocked on pasture in central Brazil until reaching ~18 months of age, then fed a sugarcane bagasse-based diet on an ad libitum basis until reaching market weight and finish (average 23 months). There were 236 Poll Nellore (N), 38 Angus × Poll Nellore (AN) and 31 Brahman × Poll Nellore (BN) calves born in total. The weaning and 423-day weight weights, and growth rates and pre- and post-weaning were greater (P < 0.05) in males than in female calves, and were influenced by breed and by sire within the N animals. The weaning weights were higher (P < 0.05) in AN and BN than in N calves. The 423-day weight weights were greater (P < 0.05) in AN calves, followed by BN, with straightbred N being lightest. Feedlot average daily gain was unaffected (P > 0.05) by sex or by sire within N, but was lowest (P < 0.05) in N cattle, and highest in AN and BN animals, which did not differ (P > 0.05). Heifers reached the end of the study with lower bodyweight (BW) and dressing percentage than steers, resulting in lower carcass weights, smaller longissimus muscle areas (LMA), but greater 12th to 13th rib backfat (BF) and similar marbling score and mean shear force. However, the proportion of carcasses grading Choice or Prime was numerically greater in heifers than in steers (23.6% vs 9.8%). AN cattle reached greater harvest weights than BN, and those were heavier than N cattle (P < 0.001). However, dressing percentages were lowest in AN animals, so that there was no significant difference in carcass weight between AN and BN cattle. AN carcasses also had greater LMA, BF and marbling scores than the N carcasses. The proportion of carcasses grading Choice or Prime was numerically greater in AN cattle than in the BN and N groups (25.9%, 11.8% and 15.9%, respectively). Steaks from AN calves were more tender than N steaks, with the BN steaks being intermediate. There was significant variation among N sires for final BW, dressing percentage, carcass weight, LMA and marbling score, but not for BF or mean shear force. The percentages of carcasses of N cattle grading Choice or Prime ranged from 0% to 61.5%. Three N sires produced progeny with greater than 40% of carcasses grading Choice or above (Berílio OB, Furador OB, and Litoral OB). Likewise, three N sires (Blitz OB, Furador OB and Sossego OB) had progeny with 67%, 62% and 75%, respectively, of steaks classified as tender. This study confirmed that Zebu cattle have inferior carcass and meat quality relative to AN crossbreds under tropical conditions, however there is substantial variation within the N breed for these traits, and several sires have a proportion of their progeny comparable in terms of meat tenderness to those of Angus sires.

scholarly journals Performance of Laying Hens Fed Sorghum Based Diets Supplemented with Enzymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
O. M. Agunbiade ◽  
P. A. Onimisi ◽  
J. J. Omage
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Laying Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Sorghum is the primary alternative feedstuff for corn in some developed countries in the production of poultry. Thus, four hundred and fifty 32 weeks old Lohmann Brown laying hens were used in a study to evaluate the effect of replacing maize with sorghum with or without enzymes supplementation, on egg laying performance and egg quality characteristics of laying hens. Birds were distributed randomly into six dietary treatments with three replicates per treatment, each replicate had 25 birds with uniform initial group weights. The treatments included maize without enzymes (T1); sorghum without enzymes (T2); as controls respectively, while T3, T4, T5, and T6 contained sorghum based diets with phytase, protease, G2G, and a combination of protease and G2G respectively. Laying performance, cost of production, and egg quality characteristics were determined for the period of the trial, 33-56 weeks of age of the birds. All data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, using the completely randomized design (CRD) and significant differences among treatment means were compared using the Tukey test. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed among dietary treatments but with no defined trend observed for egg production traits. Daily feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in maize control diet compared to the other treatments. Diets supplemented with phytase (T3), protease (14), and combination of protease and roxazyme G2G (T6) had significantly (p<0.05) better feed conversion ratio with T3 having the lowest value of 4.01 compared to the other treatments. For feed cost/dozen egg (N), Kg feed/dozen eggs, income above feed cost at N30 per egg, and income above control treatment; phytase (T3), protease (T4), roxazyme 626 (T5), and protease + roxacyme G2G (T6) diets in this study showed better performance than the control. Sorghum diet without enzyme had significantly (p<0.05) least performance for egg number. Hen housed egg production (HHP) and hen day egg production (HDP) compared to the other treatments while sorghum diet with phytase had the highest value (60.12g/day) for average egg weight compared to the other treatments. Egg quality characteristics showed the best performance for dietary treatments supplemented with phytase (T3) in all the other parameters considered, apart from the albumen height, yolk diameter, and yolk index. It was concluded therefore, that sorghum with phytase and protease supplementations can be used in layers' diets as a substitute for maize for optimum egg production.

scholarly journals Development and Fault Prediction of a New Operating Mechanism of HTPPM

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hongkui Yan ◽  
Xin Lin ◽  
Jianyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Ant Colony Algorithm ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Fault Prediction ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Circuit Breakers ◽  
High Voltage Circuit Breaker

In this article, we take a 126 kV single-break vacuum circuit breaker as the research object and study the application of high-energy-density PM motor in the high-voltage circuit breaker for the first time. The PM motor maintains maximum power density and torque density during the start-up phase. Note that most of the faults of high-voltage circuit breakers are mechanical faults. We designed a set of mechanical fault prediction systems for high-voltage circuit breakers. We present the prediction method of the opening and closing action curve of the high-voltage circuit breaker. It is inspired by Chaos Ant Colony Algorithm (CAS) and an optimized Long- and Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cycle neural network. We constructed the main structure of the neural network expert system and established the fault prediction model of the high-voltage circuit breaker, based on the LSTM cycle neural network, optimized by CAS. We used the improved least-square method to achieve the operation accuracy of the phase control switch. Finally, we completed the development and experiment of the prototype.

scholarly journals The effect of CAPN1 and CAST gene variations on meat quality traits in Finnish Aberdeen Angus and Nordic Red Cattle populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terhi Iso-Touru ◽  
Maiju Pesonen ◽  
Daniel Fischer ◽  
Arto Huuskonen ◽  
Anu Sironen
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Meat Quality Traits ◽  
Dual Purpose Cattle ◽  
Dairy Breed

High meat quality and specifically meat tenderness are desired traits by the consumers, however the environmental impact of meat production is becoming a relevant factor in the industry. Therefore, breeding of dual purpose cattle breeds may answer the high demand of meat production in the future. In this study we identified statistical differences between genotypes of CAST and CAPN1 gene variants with meat quality traits in a dairy breed (Nordic Red Cattle) and compared the results with beef breed (Aberdeen Angus). Our results show that the favorable alleles have not been selected in the studied dairy breed and thus could be used as a tool for improvement of meat quality. The genes were associated with specific meat quality traits (i.e. sensory juiciness, marbling score and meat color) also in the dairy breed. This supports the utility of known meat quality associated genetic variants to improve meat quality in dairy breeds.

scholarly journals Bio-economicity of the finishing phase on feedlot of crossbred young bulls slaughtered at different body weights

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renius Mello ◽  
Flávio Dutra de Resende ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Marcelo Henrique de Faria ◽  
André Soares de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Nutritional Index ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Red Angus ◽  
Break Even Point

The objective in this work was to evaluate the economicity of the finishing phase on feedlot of F1 Red Angus × Nellore (½ RA ½ N) and Blond D'Aquitaine × Nellore (½ BA ½ N) crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480, 520 and 560 kg of body weight. Thirty-six F1 crossbred young bull with 20 months of initial average age: 18 ½RA½ N and 18 ½N½ BA were allotted to a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (genetic group × slaughter weight), with six replicates. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg had the highest carcass gain (kg/day), feed efficiency, gross income (R$/day), gross profit of feed (R$/day), break-even cost of the diet (@/t DM) and cost:benefit ratio. The ½ BA ½ N young bulls also had higher dressing percentage than ½ RA ½ N young bulls. As the slaughter weight rised the dressing percentage, feed:gain ratio, feed cost (R$/@ and R$/day) and break-even point (kg/day) increased; while the gross feed profit (R$/@) decreased. The bioeconomic multivariate nutritional index had better association with the profitability of the finishing phase of beef cattle on feedlot. Sensitivity analysis did not influence the results obtained. The benefit was lower than the feed cost from exchange relation of four (4) @/t DM of the diet. F1 Blond D'Aquitaine × Nellore crossbred young bulls slaughtered at 480 kg of body weight showed the best bioeconomic efficiency.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Rice Straw and Whole-Crop Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Silage Supplements on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7725
Author(s):  
Seung Hak Yang ◽  
Won Ho Kim ◽  
Suk-Nam Kang ◽  
Ki Choon Choi ◽  
Dahye Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L

This study aimed to analyze the effects of whole-crop barley silage (WCBS) and a high-concentrate diet combination to replace a rice straw/concentrate on growth performance, and meat quality of Hanwoo steers (HS). Twenty-four animals were allocated to two groups with a rice straw/concentrate control treatment (CON) and a WCBS/concentrate treatment group. The concentrate was offered to all animals based on live weight after a feeding trial of grass-based diets. Feed intake of WCBS was lower than the CON (p < 0.01) and intake of concentrate was lower in the WCBS group than the CON in all experimental phases (p < 0.01). WCBS increased backfat thickness (BFT) and slaughter weight (p > 0.05). The marbling score was slightly higher in the WCBS group (p > 0.05). WCBS-fed beef had higher crude fat, lower crude protein, and moisture contents. WCBS feeding increased the levels of alpha-linolenic acid (p < 0.01) and decreased arachidonic acid in meat (p < 0.02). Hanwoo steers fed WCBS/concentrate improved feed intake, carcass traits, meat price, palatability, and FA content compared to those fed rice straw/concentrate, suggesting that WCBS is a potential source for improving the growth performance and meat quality in Hanwoo steers with significant economic efficiency.

CHANGES IN LEVELS OF BLOOD CONSTITUENTS DURING FATTENING OF HEREFORD AND ANGUS COWS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
D. M. BOWDEN ◽  
R. HIRONAKA
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Glucose Levels

Blood samples were taken after 36, 94, and 136 days on feed from 20 Angus and 20 Hereford nonpregnant, nonlactating cows being fattened on two diets of similar caloric content. Carcass measurements averaged 31 mm for backfat and 4.3 for marbling score when the animals were slaughtered soon after the third blood sampling. Blood PCV and hemoglobin levels increased (P < 0.05) from 36 to 94 days on feed but did not change significantly from 94 to 136 days. Blood glucose and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased (P < 0.05) from 36 to 136 days. Total plasma cholesterol levels increased (P < 0.05) from 36 to 94 days on feed and then decreased (P < 0.05) to 136 days; however, the levels at 136 days remained higher (P < 0.05) than at 36 days. Plasma triglyceride levels tended to increase through the trial, but the changes were not significant. Plasma NEFA levels increased (P < 0.05) from 94 to 136 days. Angus cows had higher (P < 0.05) PCV values and blood glucose levels than Hereford cows only at 136 days. Body weight gains in the period from 94 to 136 days on feed were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with changes in the same period in blood levels of glucose (r = 0.46), total cholesterol (r = 0.67), and triglycerides (r = 0.49). Results of this study suggest that even after long periods of high energy feeding, the metabolism of fattening cows was still adjusting, as indicated by changes in levels of some blood constituents.

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