scholarly journals Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli in Raw Meat and Cloaca Swabs in Poultry Processed in Slaughter Slabs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Fauster X. Mgaya ◽  
Mecky I. Matee ◽  
Amandus P. Muhairwa ◽  
Abubakar S. Hoza
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
Slaughter Slabs

This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2020, in five large poultry slaughter slabs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Purposive sampling was used to select broilers and spent layers, from which meat and cloaca swabs were collected to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Identification of isolates was done using API 20E, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per CLSI (2018) guidelines. EBSL (CTX-M, TEM, SHV) and plasmid mediated quinolone (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr) were screened using PCR. Out of 384 samples, 212 (55.2%) were positive for E. coli, of which 147 (69.3%) were resistant to multiple drugs (MDR). Highest resistance was detected to tetracycline (91.9%), followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (80.5%), ampicillin (70.9%), ciprofloxacin (40.2%) and 25% cefotaxime, gentamycin (10.8%) and imipenem (8.6%) (95% CI, p < 0.01). Out of the E. coli-positive samples, ten (10/212) (4.7%) were ESBL producing E. coli, of which CTX-M was detected in two isolates and quinolones resistant gene (qnrS) in eight, while TEM, SHV, qnrA, qnrB and aac(6′)-lb-cr were not detected. The high level of resistance and multidrug resistance imply these antibiotics are ineffective, add unnecessary cost to poultry farmers and certainly facilitate emergence and spread of resistance.

scholarly journals Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC β-lactamase and metallo β-lactamase mediated resistance in Escherichia coli from diagnostic and tertiary healthcare centers in south Bangalore, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rituparna Tewari ◽  
Susweta D. Mitra ◽  
Feroze Ganaie ◽  
Nimita Venugopal ◽  
Sangita Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Background: The increasing reports on multidrug resistant Escherichia coli has become a potential threat to global health. Here, we present a cross-sectional study to characterize extended spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC β-lactamase and metallo β-lactamase producing E. coli isolated from different human clinical samples.Methods: A total of 300 clinical Gram negative bacterial isolates were collected and re-characterized for the identification of E. coli following standard microbiological techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates was initially screened by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and MIC methods. The resistant isolates were confirmed to be ESBL, AmpC and MBL producers by their respective phenotypic confirmatory tests of combined disc method.Results: We identified 203 (68%) E. coli and 97 (32%) Non-E. coli isolates. The highest recovery of E. coli was from urine samples 72 (35%). Combined disc method using ceftazidime/ceftazidime+clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/cefotaxime+clavulanic acid confirmed 156 (79%) and 144 (73%) E. coli as ESBL producers, respectively. Thirty-four (34%) and 16 (27%) resistant E. coli isolates were confirmed to be AmpC and MBL producers, likewise.Conclusions: Increased prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and MBL producing E. coli were observed. Beta-lactamase mediated resistance appears to be prime mechanism in the multidrug resistant E. coli. Thus, early detection of beta lactamase producing E. coli is necessary to avoid treatment failure and prevent the spread of MDR.

scholarly journals Bacterial gastroenteritis in children below five years of age: a cross-sectional study focused on etiology and drug resistance of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sharif Uddin ◽  
Md. Mijanur Rahman ◽  
Md. Omar Faruk ◽  
Asma Talukder ◽  
Md. Imranul Hoq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Gastroenteritis is a common infectious disease in children, which results in high mortality and morbidity, especially in resource-poor countries. This study presents the selected main gastroenteritis causing bacteria, including Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella and Shigella species delineating their prevalence and resistance pattern to the clinically used antibiotics. Results A total of 346 stool specimens from children of clinically suspected gastroenteritis below five years have been obtained, and bacterial pathogens were recovered using selective media, biochemical and serologic tests. We found that 35 (10%) of them were confirmed bacterial gastroenteritis (BGE) with either Escherichia coli O157 (14%), Salmonella spp. (43%), and Shigella spp. (43%). Nevertheless, the prevalence of E. coli O157, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. in this study were documented as 1.45%, 4.34%, and 4.34%, respectively. Moreover, 2 (40%) of E. coli O157, 4 (26.67%) of Salmonella spp., and 14 (93%) of the Shigella spp. were found as multidrug-resistant. Nonetheless, Shigella spp. isolates showed 100%, 87%, and 73% resistance to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin respectively, while E. coli O157 showed 80% resistance to cotrimoxazole and 60% to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. On the contrary, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline were resistant in 40%, 47%, 27%, and 53% of Salmonella spp. isolates respectively. Conclusion These findings generate significant insights on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of the three major gastroenteritis causing bacteria in the study area. Therefore, it will help physicians and policymakers selecting the right antibiotics in essential cases, particularly, reevaluation of recommending cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin in the management of bacterial gastroenteritis.

scholarly journals Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Detection of pap and blaCTX-Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-467
Author(s):  
Hamid Naghizadeh ◽  
◽  
Jalal Mardaneh ◽  
Ahmad Mosadegh ◽  
Akram Astani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
High Level

Aims Escherichia coli is one of the most important causes of hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections in humans and can easily gain resistance to antibiotics consumed by humans and animals. The main objectives of this study were to assess antibiotic resistance outlines and detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, including the blaCTX-M and pap among the E. coli isolates recovered from the urine of patients referred to Shaheed Madani Hospital (Bejestan, Northeast of Iran). Methods & Materials This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2016 to March 2018. A total of 100 non-duplicate isolates of E. coli were recovered from the urine of patients referred to Shaheed Madani Hospital (Bejestan, Northeast of Iran). Antimicrobial susceptibility test and extended-spectrum-beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) production were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The polymerase chain reaction was carried out for the detection and distribution of the pap virulence gene and blaCTX-M antibiotic resistance gene. Findings About 100 E. coli isolates were recovered from the urine sample of patients (21 male, and 79 female). Carbapenems were the most effective antibiotic against isolates. Four strains (4%) were resistant to colistin. Twenty-seven strains (27%) were ESBL-positive. Carbapenems were the most effective antibiotic against ESBL-positive strains. Also, 82% and 89% of isolates were blaCTX-M and pap gene positive, respectively. Conclusion This study has shown that ESBL-positive strains with a high level of drug resistance and virulence factors are a potential risk for hospital wards. Colistin resistant isolates found in our study are quite alarming.

scholarly journals Prevalence of CTX-M β-Lactamases Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Patients Attending Bir Hospital, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sushma Koirala ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjeep Sapkota ◽  
Suprina Sharma ◽  
Santosh Khanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Esbl Producers

The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria which is attributable to extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production of CTX-M types is an obvious problem worldwide. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of CTX-M β-lactamases producing multidrug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among patients attending Bir Hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and September 2019 at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, and Department of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 5,690 different clinical specimens were subjected to cultural, microscopic, and biochemical analyses for the identification of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was done, and MDR isolates were selected and processed for further ESBL confirmation by the combination disks method. All confirmed ESBL isolates were screened for CTX-M type β-lactamases (blaCTX-M) by PCR. Of the total 345 isolates (227 Escherichia coli and 118 Klebsiella pneumoniae), 232 were MDR. All 232 (67.24%) MDR isolates were suspected as ESBL producers on the screening test. However, on the phenotypic test, 135 (58.18%) of total MDR bacteria were confirmed as ESBL producers with the highest proportion in K. pneumoniae (59.37%). The major source of ESBL producers was urine. ESBL producing isolates were mostly identified from outpatients and patients belonging to age group 41-60. Gentamicin was found to be effective against ESBL producers. The prevalence of blaCTX-M was (89.62%) with the highest frequency for E. coli (93.81%). High prevalence of ESBL of CTX-M types among MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae was detected from clinical specimens of patients in Bir Hospital. This study warrants the need for the judicious use of antibiotics as well as emphasize the use of modern diagnostic tools for the early detection of MDR and ESBL producers to curb the emergence and spread of MDR and ESBL producing bacteria in the clinical settings of Nepal.

Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakhri Haghi ◽  
Habib Zeighami ◽  
Fahimeh Hajiahmadi ◽  
Hakimeh Khoshvaght ◽  
Marziyeh Bayat
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

Diarrhoea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an emerging agent among pathogens that cause diarrhoea. Between March 2011 and January 2012, a total of 600 stool specimens from children younger than 5 years of age (450 with and 150 without diarrhoea) were investigated for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The prevalence of DEC pathotypes was 30.4 % (137 patients) and 12 % (18 patients) in the diarrhoea group and the control group, respectively. The most frequently isolated pathotype in diarrhoeal children was ETEC. This pathotype was detected significantly more often in children with diarrhoea (14.4 %) than in children without diarrhoea (5.3 %). EAEC and EPEC were detected with slightly higher frequencies in children with (8 and 4.2 %, respectively) than in children without (4.6 and 2 %, respectively) (P>0.05) diarrhoea. EHEC was only detected in children with diarrhoea (3.8 %). Of the children from the diarrhoea group, 10 % were colonized with more than one DEC pathotype. The DEC isolates exhibited high-level resistance to erythromycin (100 %), azteronam (80.7 %), amoxicillin (74.4 %) and tetracycline (69.3 %), and 86.4 % of isolates were multidrug resistant. In conclusion, ETEC continues to be an important agent associated with diarrhoea in children from Tabriz, Iran.

scholarly journals Molecular survey of mcr1 and mcr2 plasmid mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates of animal origin in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayhan Ilbeigi ◽  
Mahdi Askari Badouei ◽  
Hossein Vaezi ◽  
Hassan Zaheri ◽  
Sina Aghasharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract Objectives The emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from human and animal sources is one of the major public health concerns as colistin is the last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. We aimed to determine the prevalence of the prototype widespread colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) among commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from food-producing and companion animals in Iran. Results A total of 607 E. coli isolates which were previously collected from different animal sources between 2008 and 2016 used to uncover the possible presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) by PCR. Overall, our results could not confirm the presence of any mcr-1 or mcr-2 positive E. coli among the studied isolates. It is concluded that despite the important role of food-producing animals in transferring the antibiotic resistance, they were not the main source for carriage of mcr-1 and mcr-2 in Iran until 2016. This study suggests that the other mcr variants (mcr-3 to mcr-9) might be responsible for conferring colistin resistance in animal isolates in Iran. The possible linkage between pig farming industry and high level of mcr carriage in some countries needs to be clarified in future prospective studies.

scholarly journals The Emergence of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Hospitals of Qazvin, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-460
Author(s):  
Narges Habibollah-Pourzereshki ◽  
Amir Peymani ◽  
Fatemeh Keshavarz-Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Introduction: Escherichia coli is one of the most important agents involved in healthcare-associated infection, and resistance to quantum ammonium compounds (QACs) has become a major challenge for infection control practitioners. The aim of the current study was to determine the frequency of qacE and qacEΔ1 genes in E. coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Qazvin, Iran. Material and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 102 E. coli were collected from hospitals of Qazvin. All bacterial isolates were identified using standard laboratory methods and the antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by Kirby-Baer test. The presence of qacE and qacEΔ1 genes was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: In this study, 65 (63.7%) isolates showed a multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern which was resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobials including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. The highest rates of resistance were observed against cefotaxime (75.5%) and nalidixic acid (66.7%). The PCR showed that 5 (4.9%) isolates harbored qacE gene, 62 (60.8%) isolates qacEΔ1, and 10 (9.8%) isolates carried both genes, simultaneously. There was a significant relationship between the QACs resistance and MDR pattern (P=0.03). Conclusion: This study indicated a significant resistance rate against disinfectant compounds in the studied hospitals. However, more attention should be paid to this critical issue in the infection control committees of the hospitals.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli Colonization in Neonates: Prevalence, Perinatal Transmission, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Risk Factors

Medicina ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasa Tamelienė ◽  
Eglė Barčaitė ◽  
Dalia Stonienė ◽  
Jūratė Buinauskienė ◽  
Eglė Markūnienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli

Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of early-onset neonatal sepsis in many industrialized countries. However, there is a lack of studies on Escherichia coli colonization in women and neonates. The study aimed at determining the prevalence Escherichia coli among pregnant women and newborns, perinatal transmission, antimicrobial susceptibility, and risk factors for neonatal colonization. Material and Methods. In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 827 infants born to 808 mothers were enrolled. The study was carried out from October 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007. Women were screened for E. coli carriage at 35–37 weeks of gestation or on admission for premature rupture of membranes and delivery; neonates, within 15 minutes of their lives. Risk factors for colonization were collected by a questionnaire and were recorded during labor. Results. Maternal E. coli colonization rate was 19.9%; neonatal, 14.4%; and transmission rate, 21.4%. Less than one-fourth (22.7%) of neonatal E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin. Logistic regression analysis revealed that anal sexual intercourse (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.87–8.19), one sexual partner (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.30–3.11), maternal vaginal Escherichia coli colonization (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.12–2.93), maternal body mass index of ≤27 (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.15–2.73), and maternal education lower than university level (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.06–2.74) were associated with neonatal Escherichia coli colonization. Conclusions. The prevalence of maternal Escherichia coli colonization was higher in this study than other studies (19.9%). Neonatal Escherichia coli colonization was 14.4%. The resistance of Escherichia coli isolates to ampicillin was not high (22.7%). Improvement of maternal education and modification of mothers’ sexual habits need to be undertaken to prevent neonatal Escherichia coli colonization.

scholarly journals Evolution of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 346-351
Author(s):  
Pankaj Singh ◽  
Sharda C. Metgud ◽  
Subarna Roy ◽  
Shashank Purwar
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
Heat Stable

Abstract CONTEXT: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. On the basis of virulence and phenotypic characteristics, the DEC is categorized into multiple pathotypes. Each pathotype has different pathogenesis and geographical distribution. Thus, the proper management of disease relies on rapid and accurate identification of DEC pathotypes. AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of DEC pathotypes in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2008 and December 2012 at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Center, Belgaum (Karnataka), India. A total of 300 stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients with age >3 months. The DEC was identified by both conventional and molecular methods. RESULTS: Of 300 samples, E. coli were detected in 198 (66%) and 170 (56.6%) samples by culture and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Among DEC (n = 198) isolates, eae gene (59.5%) was the most prevalent followed by stx (27.7%), east (27.2%), elt (12.6%), est (10.6%), ipaH (5.5%), and eagg (1.5%) genes. On the basis of virulence genes, enteropathogenic E. coli (33.8%) was the most common pathotype followed by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC, 23.2%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 13.6%), enteroinvasive E. coli (5.5%), enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin 1-harboring E. coli (EAST1EC, 4.5%), STEC/ETEC (3.5%), STEC/enteroaggregative E. coli (STEC/EAEC, 1.0%), and EAEC (0.05%). CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid DEC is potentially more virulent than basic pathotypes. The pathotyping should be included in clinical settings for the proper management of DEC-associated diarrhea.

Local characteristics associated with higher prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in community-acquired urinary tract infections: an observational, cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Larramendy ◽  
Aurélie Gaultier ◽  
Jean-Pascal Fournier ◽  
Jocelyne Caillon ◽  
Leïla Moret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Animal Farming ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Objectives The prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) in community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) has been increasing worldwide since 2000, but with large geographical variations. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ESBL-E. coli rate in urine samples from individuals with community-acquired UTI was associated with the local socio-economic, environmental, agricultural and healthcare characteristics. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in western France using data on antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolated from urine samples of individuals with community-acquired UTI analysed in non-hospital laboratories from 2015 to 2017. The ESBL-E. coli rate was calculated for each laboratory. Data on socio-economic characteristics, human antibiotic consumption, hospital bed density, animal farming density and percentage of agricultural land and surface water were retrieved at the municipality level and aggregated by study area. Their association with ESBL-E. coli prevalence was quantified using multivariate linear regression models with a backward selection. Results From 358 291 E. coli isolates from urine samples tested in 92 laboratories, the mean ESBL-E. coli prevalence for the study period was 3.30%. In an adjusted model, the ESBL-E. coli rate was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) and positively associated with the local percentage of people &gt;65 years old, third-generation cephalosporin use (DDD/1000 inhabitants), number of hospital beds/km2, poultry density, pig density and percentage of agricultural land. Lower deprivation was associated with a higher ESBL-E. coli rate. Conclusions Several anthropogenic factors (primary care, hospitals and animal farming) are associated with the local ESBL-E. coli rate in community-acquired UTI. These results could contribute to improve risk management, including identification of at-risk patient groups.

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