scholarly journals Endolysin, a Promising Solution against Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277
Author(s):  
Mujeeb ur Rahman ◽  
Weixiao Wang ◽  
Qingqing Sun ◽  
Junaid Ali Shah ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Pathogen Diagnosis ◽  
And Control

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis for human public health which threatens the effective prevention and control of ever-increasing infectious diseases. The advent of pandrug-resistant bacteria makes most, if not all, available antibiotics invalid. Meanwhile, the pipeline of novel antibiotics development stagnates, which prompts scientists and pharmacists to develop unconventional antimicrobials. Bacteriophage-derived endolysins are cell wall hydrolases which could hydrolyze the peptidoglycan layer from within and outside of bacterial pathogens. With high specificity, rapid action, high efficiency, and low risk of resistance development, endolysins are believed to be among the best alternative therapeutic agents to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. As of now, endolysins have been applied to diverse aspects. In this review, we comprehensively introduce the structures and activities of endolysins and summarize the latest application progress of recombinant endolysins in the fields of medical treatment, pathogen diagnosis, food safety, and agriculture.

scholarly journals Rethinking Manure Application: Increase in Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Agricultural Soil Following Chicken Litter Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba ◽  
Akebe Luther King Abia ◽  
Daniel G. Amoako ◽  
Sabiha Y. Essack
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Unamended Soil ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Amended Soil

The current study investigated the impact of chicken litter application on the abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil. Soil samples were collected from five different strategic places on a sugarcane farm before and after manure application for four months. Chicken litter samples were also collected. Enterococci were enumerated using the Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray 2000® system and confirm and differentiated into species using real-time PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The overall mean bacterial count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure-amended soil (3.87 × 107 MPN/g) than unamended soil (2.89 × 107 MPN/g). Eight hundred and thirty-five enterococci (680 from soil and 155 from litter) were isolated, with E. casseliflavus being the most prevalent species (469; 56.2%) and E. gallinarum being the least (16; 1.2%). Approximately 56% of all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, with the highest resistance observed against tetracycline (33%) and the lowest against chloramphenicol (0.1%); 17% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Additionally, 27.9% (130/466) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with litter-amended soil harbouring more multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (67.7%; 88/130) than unamended soil (10.0%; 13/130). All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and gentamicin. About 7% of the isolates had a multiple antimicrobial resistance index > 0.2, indicative of high antibiotic exposure. Although organic fertilizers are regarded as eco-friendly compared to chemical fertilizers for improving soil fertility, the application of untreated animal manure could promote the accumulation of antibiotics and their residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil, creating an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance, with potential human and environmental health risks.

scholarly journals Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2047
Author(s):  
Magda Ferreira ◽  
Maria Ogren ◽  
Joana N. R. Dias ◽  
Marta Silva ◽  
Solange Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Technologies to address antimicrobial resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. 12887-12895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Baker ◽  
David J. Payne ◽  
Rino Rappuoli ◽  
Ennio De Gregorio
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Bacterial Outer Membrane

Bacterial infections have been traditionally controlled by antibiotics and vaccines, and these approaches have greatly improved health and longevity. However, multiple stakeholders are declaring that the lack of new interventions is putting our ability to prevent and treat bacterial infections at risk. Vaccine and antibiotic approaches still have the potential to address this threat. Innovative vaccine technologies, such as reverse vaccinology, novel adjuvants, and rationally designed bacterial outer membrane vesicles, together with progress in polysaccharide conjugation and antigen design, have the potential to boost the development of vaccines targeting several classes of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, new approaches to deliver small-molecule antibacterials into bacteria, such as hijacking active uptake pathways and potentiator approaches, along with a focus on alternative modalities, such as targeting host factors, blocking bacterial virulence factors, monoclonal antibodies, and microbiome interventions, all have potential. Both vaccines and antibacterial approaches are needed to tackle the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and both areas have the underpinning science to address this need. However, a concerted research agenda and rethinking of the value society puts on interventions that save lives, by preventing or treating life-threatening bacterial infections, are needed to bring these ideas to fruition.

scholarly journals Retail Chicken Carcasses as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial- Resistant Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla Omer Eltai ◽  
Hadi M. Yassine ◽  
Sara H. Al-Hadidi ◽  
Tahra ElObied ◽  
Asmaa A. Al Thani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Esbl Producers

The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria has been associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and with the consumption of food contaminated with resistant bacteria. In particular, the use of antibiotics as prophylactic and growth promotion purposes in food-producing animals has rendered many of the antibiotics ineffective. The increased global prevalence of AMR poses a significant threat to the safety of the world’s food supply. Objectives: This study aims at determining the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from local and imported retail chicken meat in Qatar. Methodology: A total of 270 whole chicken carcasses were obtained from three different hypermarket stores in Qatar. A total of 216 E. coli were isolated and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 18 relevant antibiotics using disc diffusion and micro- dilution methods. Furthermore, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was determined via a double-disc synergetic test. Isolates harboring colistin resistance were confirmed using multiplex-PCR and DNA sequencing. Results: Nearly 89% (192/216) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotics. In general, isolates showed relatively higher resistance to sulfamethoxazole (62%), tetracycline (59.7%), ampicillin and trimethoprim (52.3%), ciprofloxacin (47.7%), cephalothin, and colistin (31.9%). On the other hand, less resistance was recorded against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (6%), ceftriaxone (5.1%), nitrofurantoin (4.2%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (4.2%), cefepime (2.3%), meropenem (1.4%), ertapenem (0.9%), and amikacin (0.9%). Nine isolates (4.2%) were ESBL producers. Furthermore, 63.4% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The percentage of MDR, ESBL producers, and colistin-resistant isolates was significantly higher among local isolates compared to imported chicken samples. Conclusion: We reported a remarkably high percentage of the antibiotic-resistant E. coli in chicken meat sold at retail in Qatar. The high percentage of MDR and colistin isolates is troublesome to the food safety of raw chicken meat and the potential of antibiotic resistance spread to public health. Our findings support the need for the implementation of one health approach to address the spread of antimicrobial resistance and the need for a collaborative solution.

scholarly journals Multidrug Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant Bacteria: A Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silpi Basak ◽  
Priyanka Singh ◽  
Monali Rajurkar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant

Background and Objective. Antimicrobial resistance is now a major challenge to clinicians for treating patients. Hence, this short term study was undertaken to detect the incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacterial isolates in a tertiary care hospital.Material and Methods. The clinical samples were cultured and bacterial strains were identified in the department of microbiology. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of different bacterial isolates was studied to detect MDR, XDR, and PDR bacteria.Results. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of 1060 bacterial strains was studied. 393 (37.1%) bacterial strains were MDR, 146 (13.8%) strains were XDR, and no PDR was isolated. All (100%) Gram negative bacterial strains were sensitive to colistin whereas all (100%) Gram positive bacterial strains were sensitive to vancomycin.Conclusion. Close monitoring of MDR, XDR, or even PDR must be done by all clinical microbiology laboratories to implement effective measures to reduce the menace of antimicrobial resistance.

Combination Therapy as a Strategy to control Infections caused by Multiresistant Bacteria. Current Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Hernandez-Rodriguez ◽  
Ludy Pabon Baquero
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Infectious Disease Control ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Multiresistant Bacteria ◽  
Bibliographic Search

: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the main challenges of today's medicine because it has become a global problem that affects the treatment of multiple infections and impacts public health. This resistance is caused because the bacteria have generated selective pressure promoting mechanisms to evade the action of conventional drugs, which are also associated with adverse effects. Infections caused by these multi-resistant bacteria potentially reduce the possibility of effective therapy; this situation increases morbidity and mortality and treatment costs. To establish combined therapy as a strategy for the control of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria. A bibliographic search was carried out between 2015 and 2020 in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct. The exhaustive review of the articles allowed a critical analysis of the information. They have identified the mechanisms for obtaining drugs with antimicrobial potential, their biological activity and the possible effect of their combination against multidrug-resistant bacteria as an alternative for infectious disease control and as a response to reduce the use of antibiotics. Combined therapy is presented as an innovative therapeutic alternative, which uses non-antibiotic substances that can be obtained by three routes: the repositioning of drugs, synthetic substances and natural products. In this way, important elements are provided to guide researches who seek to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals CON: COVID-19 will not result in increased antimicrobial resistance prevalence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Collignon ◽  
John J Beggs
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
And Control

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is affected by many factors, but too much of our focus has been on antimicrobial usage. The major factor that drives resistance rates globally is spread. The COVID-19 pandemic should lead to improved infection prevention and control practices, both in healthcare facilities and the community. COVID-19 will also have ongoing and profound effects on local, national and international travel. All these factors should lead to a decrease in the spread of resistant bacteria. So overall, COVID-19 should lead to a fall in resistance rates seen in many countries. For this debate we show why, overall, COVID-19 will not result in increased AMR prevalence. But globally, changes in AMR rates will not be uniform. In wealthier and developed countries, resistance rates will likely decrease, but in many other countries there are already too many factors associated with poor controls on the spread of bacteria and viruses (e.g. poor water and sanitation, poor public health, corrupt government, inadequate housing, etc.). In these countries, if economies and governance deteriorate further, we might see even more transmission of resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Resistant Serratia sp. Strain HRI, Isolated from a Bottle of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride-Based Disinfectant

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Mc Carlie ◽  
Julius E. Hellmuth ◽  
Jeffrey Newman ◽  
Charlotte E. Boucher ◽  
Robert R. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hybrid Assembly ◽  
Pacbio Sequencing ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant issue, and it threatens the prevention and effective treatment of a range of bacterial infections. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant isolate Serratia sp. strain HRI. A hybrid assembly was created using sequences from a first (MiSeq) and second (PacBio) sequencing run. This work is imperative for understanding antimicrobial resistance and adds to the knowledge base for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance, biofilm forming potential, and the presence of biofilm-related genes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmat Kamali ◽  
Ailar Jamali ◽  
Abdollah Ardebili ◽  
Freshteh Ezadi ◽  
Alireza Mohebbi
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
High Standards ◽  
And Control ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Abstract Objectives Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known as a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production, as two main virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, are responsible for the persistence of prolonged infections. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm of P. aeruginosa were investigated. Results A total of 80 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained. Isolates showed resistance to all antibiotics with a rate from 12.5% (n = 10) against amikacin and piperacillin/tazobactam to 23.75% (n = 19) to levofloxacin. Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa accounted for 20% (n = 16). 83.75% (n = 67) of isolates showed biofilm phenotype. All three biofilm-related genes were found simultaneously in 87.5% (n = 70) of P. aeruginosa and 13.5% (n = 10) of the isolates had none of the genes tested. From the results of the present study, combination therapy including an anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam (piperacillin/tazobactam or ceftazidime) and an aminoglycoside or carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem) with fluoroquinolones in conjunction with an aminoglycoside can be used against Pseudomonas infections. However, reasonable antimicrobial use and high standards of infection prevention and control are essential to prevent further development of antimicrobial resistance. Combination strategies based on the proper anti-pseudomonal antibiotics along with anti-biofilm agents can also be selected to eradicate biofilm-associated infections.

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