scholarly journals A Synergistic Anti-Diabetic Effect by Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 through Adipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Hee-Do Hong ◽  
Sun-Il Choi ◽  
Ok-Hwan Lee ◽  
Young-Cheul Kim
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Maximal Expression

Although ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 have been identified as the significant ginsenosides found in red ginseng that confer anti-diabetic actions, it is unclear whether insulin-sensitizing effects are mediated by the individual compounds or by their combination. To determine the effect of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 on adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate the standard hormonal inducers in the absence or presence of ginsenosides Rb1 or Rg3. Additionally, we determined the effects of Rb1, Rg3, or their combination on the expression of genes related to adipocyte differentiation, adipogenic transcription factors, and the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Rb1 significantly increased the expression of CEBPα, PPARγ, and aP2 mRNAs. However, Rg3 exerted its maximal stimulatory effect on these genes at 1 μM concentration, while a high concentration (50 μM) showed inhibitory effects. Similarly, treatment with Rb1 and Rg3 (1 μM) increased the expression of IRS-1, Akt, PI3K, GLUT4, and adiponectin. Importantly, co-treatment of Rb1 and Rg3 (9:1) induced the maximal expression levels of these mRNAs. Our data indicate that the anti-diabetic activity of red ginseng is, in part, mediated by synergistic actions of Rb1 and Rg3, further supporting the significance of minor Rg3.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effects of Hwangryunhaedok-Tang in 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis by Regulation of Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 Pathway and PDK1/Akt Phosphorylation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hoon Kwak ◽  
Ji-Hye Lee ◽  
Dong-Gun Kim ◽  
Taesoo Kim ◽  
Kwang Jin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Enhancer Binding Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) has been long used as traditional medicine in Asia. However, inhibitory role of HRT is unclear in early stage of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation related to signaling. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of HRT on upstream signaling of peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor-γ(PPAR-γ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β(C/EBP-β) expression in differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. We found that HRT significantly inhibited the adipocyte differentiation by downregulating several adipocyte-specific transcription factors including PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and C/EBP-βin 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, we observed that HRT markedly inhibited the differentiation media-mediated phosphorylation of Raf/extracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MEK1)/signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)/Akt. These results indicate that anti-adipogenesis mechanism involves the downregulation of the major transcription factors of adipogenesis including PPAR-γand C/EBP-αthrough inhibition of Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 phosphorylation and PDK1/Akt phosphorylation by HRT. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed HRT contains active antiobesity constituents such as palmatine, berberine, geniposide, baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Taken together, this study suggested that anti-adipogenesis effects of HRT were accounted by downregulation of Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 pathway and PDK1/Akt pathway during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.

Growth and morphological responses of Chlorella vulgaris at different initial algal densities to treatment with Ceratophyllum demersum methanol extracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Jing Dong ◽  
Mengyang Chang ◽  
Chenlu Li ◽  
Dujuan Dai
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Submerged Macrophytes ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Water Restoration ◽  
The Individual

The allelopathically inhibitory effects of submerged macrophytes on phytoplankton have been extensively studied and are utilised as an effective strategy for water restoration. However, this technique has been minimally implemented in natural in situ water bodies because of the unclear and complex interactions involved. Our study considered the uneven density distribution of algae in natural aquatic ecosystems and the biomass-dependent effects of submerged macrophytes on target algae. Ceratophyllum demersum methanol extracts of gradient concentration on Chlorella vulgaris with different initial algal density were conducted in the present laboratory study. Results indicated that methanol extracts of C. demersum could not only inhibit the growth of but also promote colony formation of C. vulgaris. C. vulgaris of a low density exerted increased inhibition and colony proportion responses to C. demersum extracts. By 0.42 g/mL C. demersum treatment, the inhibition rate on C. vulgaris under 0.02 IAD (Initial Alagal Density) and 0.05 IAD (p < 0.05) was 88.7%, 70.9%, respectively. We also suggested that the effects of C. demersum were biomass dependent, such that extracts with high concentration could produce increased inhibitory effects on C. vulgaris. According to GC-MS analysis, the study revealed five potential compounds (i.e. hexanoic, acetoacetic, azelaic, palmitic and stearic acid) in the C. demersum methanol extracts. However, the individual or combined effects of those compounds require further exploration. This study proposed certain theoretical basis for future water restoration by submerged macrophytes, that the biomass of the macrophytes and the density of the algae should both be taken into account.

scholarly journals α-Poly-l-lysine functions as an adipogenic inducer in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes

Amino Acids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeong Won Lee ◽  
Young Jun An ◽  
Janet Lee ◽  
Jung-Hyun Lee ◽  
Hyung-Soon Yim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Mitotic Clonal Expansion ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstractα-Poly-l-lysine (PLL) has been used for various purposes such as cell attachment, immunization, and molecular delivery, and is known to be cytotoxic to several cell lines. Here, we studied the effect of PLL on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and investigated the underlying mechanism. Differentiation media containing PLL with a molecular weight (MW) greater than 4 kDa enhanced lipid droplet formation and increased adipogenic marker levels, indicating an increase in adipocyte differentiation. PLL with a molecular weight between 30 and 70 kDa was more effective than PLL of other sizes in 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. Moreover, PLL induced 3T3-L1 adipogenesis in insulin-free adipocyte differentiation medium. Incubation with insulin and PLL exhibited greater adipogenesis than insulin treatment only even at a high concentration. PLL stimulated insulin signaling and augmented the signaling pathway when it was added with insulin. While PLL did not activate the glucocorticoid receptor, which is phosphorylated by dexamethasone (DEX), it showed a positive effect on the cAMP signal pathway when preadipocytes were treated with PLL and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Consistent with these results, incubation with PLL and DEX without IBMX induced adipocyte differentiation. We also observed that the mitotic clonal expansion phase was the critical stage in adipogenesis for inducing the effects of PLL. These results suggest that PLL functions as an adipogenic inducer in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and PLL has a direct effect on insulin signaling, one of the main regulatory pathways.

scholarly journals Structural Characterization of Quinoa Polysaccharide and Its Inhibitory Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Cong Teng ◽  
Zhenxing Shi ◽  
Yang Yao ◽  
Guixing Ren
Keyword(s):  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Glycosidic Linkage ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assays

Quinoa is a kind of nutritious food crop with anti-obesity activity, however, the mechanism is not unclear. In this study, we separated and purified bioactive polysaccharide from quinoa (denoted SQWP-2). The chemical structural was characterized and its effect on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation was evaluated. The molecular weight of SQWP-2 was found to be 7.49 × 103 Da, and the polysaccharide consisted of fructose and glucose. The Glc-(1→, Fru-(2→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, and →4,6)-Glcp-(1→ glycosidic linkages were identified in SQWP-2 through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage content, and a suggestion of the structural formula is provided. In Western Blotting and RT-PCR assays, treatment with SQWP-2 significantly inhibited 3T3-L1 differentiation by suppressing PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, SREBP1C and AP2 expression. Quinoa polysaccharide isolated here could represent an anti-obesity agent once the structures and differentiation inhibition are definitively characterized.

An Evaluation of a Plasma Fractionation System

1960 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 031-044
Author(s):  
George Y. Shinowara ◽  
E. Mary Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Native Proteins ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

SummaryFour primary fractions comprising at least 97 per cent of the plasma proteins have been critically appraised for evidence of denaturation arising from a low temperature—low ionic strength fractionation system. The results in addition to those referable to the recovery of mass and biological activity include the following: The high solubilities of these fractions at pH 7.3 and low ionic strengths; the compatibility of the electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal data of the individual fractions with those of the original plasma; and the recovery of hemoglobin, not hematin, in fraction III obtained from specimens contaminated with this pigment. However, the most significant evidence for minimum alterations of native proteins was that the S20, w and the electrophoretic mobility data on the physically recombined fractions were identical to those found on whole plasma.The fractionation procedure examined here quantitatively isolates fibrinogen, prothrombin and antithrombin in primary fractions. Results have been obtained demonstrating its significance in other biological systems. These include the following: The finding of 5 S20, w classes in the 4 primary fractions; the occurrence of more than 90 per cent of the plasma gamma globulins in fraction III; the 98 per cent pure albumin in fraction IV; and, finally, the high concentration of beta lipoproteins in fraction II.

The Role of Retinoblastoma Protein in Cell Cycle Regulation: An Updated Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabih Roufayel ◽  
Rabih Mezher ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
E2f Transcription Factor ◽  
Cellular Energetics ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
E2f Transcription Factors ◽  
Rb Phosphorylation

: Selected transcription factors have critical roles to play in organism survival by regulating the expression of genes that control the adaptations needed to handle stress conditions. The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein coupled with the E2F transcription factor family was demonstrated to have roles in controlling the cell cycle during freezing and associated environmental stresses (anoxia, dehydration). Rb phosphorylation or acetylation at different sites provide a mechanism for repressing cell proliferation that is under the control of E2F transcription factors in animals facing stresses that disrupt cellular energetics or cell volume controls. Other central regulators of the cell cycle including Cyclins, Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks), and checkpoint proteins detect DNA damage or any improper replication, blocking further progression of cell cycle and interrupting cell proliferation. This review provides an insight into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of cell cycle control, focusing on Rb-E2F along with Cyclin-Cdk complexes typically involved in development and differentiation that need to be regulated in order to survive extreme cellular stress.

Green Tea Polyphenol Extract Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Glucose Uptake and Insulin Signaling in Rats Fed a High Fructose Diet

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (15) ◽  
pp. 6372-6378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Cao ◽  
Isabelle Hininger-Favier ◽  
Meghan A. Kelly ◽  
Rachida Benaraba ◽  
Harry D. Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Tea Polyphenol ◽  
High Fructose Diet ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Green Tea Polyphenol

Inhibitory Effects of Fucoidan in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-Ja Kim ◽  
Un-Jae Chang ◽  
Jin-Sil Lee
Keyword(s):  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects

scholarly journals HbxB Is a Key Regulator for Stress Response and β-Glucan Biogenesis in Aspergillus nidulans

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Sung-Hun Son ◽  
Mi-Kyung Lee ◽  
Ye-Eun Son ◽  
Hee-Soo Park
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Spore Viability ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Trehalose Biosynthesis

Homeobox transcription factors are conserved in eukaryotes and act as multi-functional transcription factors in filamentous fungi. Previously, it was demonstrated that HbxB governs fungal development and spore viability in Aspergillus nidulans. Here, the role of HbxB in A. nidulans was further characterized. RNA-sequencing revealed that HbxB affects the transcriptomic levels of genes associated with trehalose biosynthesis and response to thermal, oxidative, and radiation stresses in asexual spores called conidia. A phenotypic analysis found that hbxB deletion mutant conidia were more sensitive to ultraviolet stress. The loss of hbxB increased the mRNA expression of genes associated with β-glucan degradation and decreased the amount of β-glucan in conidia. In addition, hbxB deletion affected the expression of the sterigmatocystin gene cluster and the amount of sterigmatocystin. Overall, these results indicated that HbxB is a key transcription factor regulating trehalose biosynthesis, stress tolerance, β-glucan degradation, and sterigmatocystin production in A.nidulans conidia.

scholarly journals Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Alters the Expression of Male Mouse Scent Proteins

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone ◽  
Brian C. Ware ◽  
Amanda Davidson ◽  
Mark C. Prescott ◽  
Robert J. Beynon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mate Selection ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Scent Marks ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Major Urinary Proteins ◽  
The Individual

Mature male mice produce a particularly high concentration of major urinary proteins (MUPs) in their scent marks that provide identity and status information to conspecifics. Darcin (MUP20) is inherently attractive to females and, by inducing rapid associative learning, leads to specific attraction to the individual male’s odour and location. Other polymorphic central MUPs, produced at much higher abundance, bind volatile ligands that are slowly released from a male’s scent marks, forming the male’s individual odour that females learn. Here, we show that infection of C57BL/6 males with LCMV WE variants (v2.2 or v54) alters MUP expression according to a male’s infection status and ability to clear the virus. MUP output is substantially reduced during acute adult infection with LCMV WE v2.2 and when males are persistently infected with LCMV WE v2.2 or v54. Infection differentially alters expression of darcin and, particularly, suppresses expression of a male’s central MUP signature. However, following clearance of acute v2.2 infection through a robust virus-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cell response that leads to immunity to the virus, males regain their normal mature male MUP pattern and exhibit enhanced MUP output by 30 days post-infection relative to uninfected controls. We discuss the likely impact of these changes in male MUP signals on female attraction and mate selection. As LCMV infection during pregnancy can substantially reduce embryo survival and lead to lifelong infection in surviving offspring, we speculate that females use LCMV-induced changes in MUP expression both to avoid direct infection from a male and to select mates able to develop immunity to local variants that will be inherited by their offspring.

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