Biogenic Calcium Phosphate from Fish Discards and By-Products

Every year, millions of tons of fish waste are generated from fishing activities, and a similar amount is discarded and returned to the sea as unwanted catches. This material can be used as a biological source for many potential new added-value products, such asobtaining hyaluronic acid from fish eyeballs or extracting collagen from fish skin, but there are not many utilities for fish bones yet. This work tackles the transformation of fish discards into calcium phosphates. Discards from scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa) and Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), as well as by-products generated from aquaculture activities (heads and trimmings frames) of salmon (Salmon salar), were used to obtain calcium phosphate. Biphasic carbonated hydroxyapatite (HA) /beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) material was obtained. The biphasic HA-TCP material has a promising range of applications in the biomedical field based on its similarity to calcium phosphates found in human bones in terms of crystallite size and carbonate content. The presence of Na, Mg, Sr, and K ions in the HA-TCP material is very beneficial, since they contribute to bone metabolism and cell adhesion.

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Calcium phosphate powders synthesized from solutions with [Ca2+]/[PO43−]=1 for bioresorbable ceramics

Open Chemistry ◽

10.2478/s11532-009-0016-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 184-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tatiana Safronova ◽

Anton Kuznetsov ◽

Svetlana Korneychuk ◽

Valery Putlyaev ◽

Mikhail Shekhirev

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Ph Value ◽

Ph Regulation ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

Precipitation Process ◽

Wide Range ◽

Stock Solutions ◽

By Products

AbstractCalcium phosphate powders for manufacturing bioceramics were synthesized via precipitation from stock solutions of (NH4)2HPO4 and Ca(NO3)2, or CaCl2 or Ca(CH3COO)2 with [Ca2+]/[PO 43−] = 1, without pH regulation. Properties of powdered samples, including density and microstructure of ceramics sintered at 900, 1000, 1100°C, were studied. The following pairs of precursors such as Ca(NO3)2/(NH4)2HPO4, CaCl2/(NH4)2HPO4, Ca(CH3COO)2/(NH4)2HPO4 gave both insoluble calcium phosphates and the corresponding by-products of synthesis — NH4NO3, NH4Cl, NH4CH3COO. These by-products were released from the calcium phosphate precipitates in the course of heating to the temperature of sintering. Owing to specific buffer properties of the solutions being formed during synthesis, the pH value varied in a wide range during the precipitation process leading to different final values of pH and, thus, to different target phase(s) after annealing at 900–1100°C. After sintering, the samples based on the powders synthesized from Ca(NO3)2/(NH4)2HPO4 consisted of β-Ca2P2O7, whereas the samples based on the powders derived from CaCl2/(NH4)2HPO4 were composed of β-Ca2P2O7 and β-Ca3(PO4)2, and the samples based on the powders synthesized from Ca(CH3COO)2/(NH4)2HPO4 contained only β-Ca3(PO4)2. All the powders can be considered as the precursors for fabrication of bioceramics with enhanced resorption.

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Microstructured β-Tricalcium Phosphate Putty versus Autologous Bone for Repair of Alveolar Clefts in a Goat Model

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/15-314 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 699-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nard G. Janssen ◽

Adrianus P. de Ruiter ◽

Wouter M.M.T. van Hout ◽

Vincent van Miegem ◽

Debby Gawlitta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

The Other ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Alveolar Cleft ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Autologous Bone ◽

First Time

For the first time it was demonstrated that an osteoinductive calcium phosphate-based putty is effective in the restoration of complex maxillofacial defects. In these defects, adequate mechanical confinement by multiple bony walls and osteoconduction from multiple surfaces are usually lacking. This study compares the efficacy of a microstructured beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) putty with autologous bone for the repair of alveolar cleft defects. A total of 10 Dutch milk goats were operated on in a split-mouth study design in which two-wall bony alveolar clefts were created and successively repaired with autologous bone (the gold standard) at one side and β-TCP putty at the other. After 24 weeks of implantation, histomorphometric and micro–computer tomography analyses proved that the β-TCP putty group showed equal bone quality and volume to clefts reconstructed with autologous bone. In addition, surgical handling of the putty is superior to the use of calcium phosphates in a granular form. Therefore, the results of this study open a clear trajectory for the clinical use of β-TCP putty in the reconstruction of the alveolar cleft and other challenging two-wall bony defects.

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By-Products of Camu-Camu [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh] as Promising Sources of Bioactive High Added-Value Food Ingredients: Functionalization of Yogurts

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 70 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natália Conceição ◽

Bianca R. Albuquerque ◽

Carla Pereira ◽

Rúbia C. G. Corrêa ◽

Camila B. Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Food System ◽

Food Additives ◽

Added Value ◽

Phenolic Profile ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Myrciaria Dubia ◽

By Products ◽

Fruit Part

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) is a fruit economically relevant to the Amazon region, mostly consumed in the form of processed pulp. Our aim was to perform an unprecedented comparative study on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the camu-camu pulp and industrial bio-residues (peel and seed), and then the most promising fruit part was further explored as a functionalized ingredient in yogurt. A total of twenty-three phenolic compounds were identified, with myricetin-O-pentoside and cyanindin-3-O-glucoside being the main compounds in peels, followed by p-coumaroyl hexoside in the pulp, and ellagic acid in the seeds. The peel displayed the richest phenolic profile among samples, as well as the most significant antibacterial (MICs = 0.625–10 mg/mL) and anti-proliferative (GI50 = 180 µg/mL against HeLa cells) activities. For this reason, it was selected to be introduced in a food system (yogurt). Taken together, our results suggest the possibility of using the camu-camu peel as a source of food additives.

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Valorization of Kiwi by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds: Circular Economy Model

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/foods_2020-07647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Franklin Chamorro ◽

María Carpena ◽

Bernabé Nuñez-Estevez ◽

Miguel A. Prieto ◽

Jesus Simal-Gandara

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

By Products

Currently, agricultural production generates large amounts of organic waste, both from the maintenance of farms and crops, and from the industrialization of the product. Generally, these wastes are accumulated in landfills or burned, sometimes causing environmental problems. However, many scientific studies suggest that these residues are rich in bioactive compounds, so these matrices could be revalued for their use in food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. In this way, the circular and sustainable economy is favored, while obtaining products with high added value. In this case, this approach is applied to the residues generated from kiwi production, since numerous studies have shown the high content of kiwi in bioactive compounds of interest, such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids. These compounds have been reported for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, among other beneficial properties for health such as its use as prebiotic. Therefore, this article reviews the potential of residues derived from industrial processing and agricultural maintenance of kiwi as promising matrices for the development of new nutraceutical, cosmetic, or pharmacological products, obtaining, at the same time, economic returns and a reduction of the environmental impact of this industry, attaching it to the perspective of the circular economy.

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Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19020116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 116

Author(s):

Daniela Coppola ◽

Chiara Lauritano ◽

Fortunato Palma Esposito ◽

Gennaro Riccio ◽

Carmen Rizzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Bioactive Peptides ◽

Added Value ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Economic Sector ◽

Valuable Resource ◽

Fish Waste ◽

The World ◽

Global Population ◽

Aquaculture Production

Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.

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Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Characterization of a Non-Polar Extract of Saffron Stamens in Food Matrix

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 703

Author(s):

Severino Zara ◽

Giacomo L. Petretto ◽

Alberto Mannu ◽

Giacomo Zara ◽

Marilena Budroni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Matrix ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

By Products

The production of saffron spice generates large quantities of plant by-products: over 90% of the plant material collected is discarded, and a consideration fraction of this waste is plant stamens. This work investigated the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activities of the non-polar fraction extracted from four different saffron flower stamens. The chemical composition of ethereal extracts of the saffron stamens was qualitatively assessed by means of gas–chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. These analyses revealed ethereal extracts to possess a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In vitro antibacterial activity of stamen extracts showed no large differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In food matrix microbial analysis of the bacterial strains belonging to the main foodborne pathogen species, including Staphylococcus aureus DSM 20231, Escherichia coli DSM 30083, and Listeria monocytogenes DSM 20600, using low-fat UHT milk, revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of cells (particularly for E. coli and S. aureus with a complete elimination of the population of the two target bacteria following incubation in diethyl ether extracts of saffron stamen (DES) at high concentrations tested, both at 37 °C and 6 °C (for 48 h and 7 days, respectively). A synergic effect was observed when the pathogens were incubated at 6 °C with DES. This work shows these by-products to be excellent sources of bioactive compounds, which could be exploited in high-added-value products, such as food, cosmetics, and drugs.

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Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials: Stem Cell-Derived Osteoinduction or In Vivo Osteoconduction? Novel Insights in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation by Advanced Imaging

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14092159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2159

Author(s):

Giovanna Iezzi ◽

Antonio Scarano ◽

Luca Valbonetti ◽

Serena Mazzoni ◽

Michele Furlani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Maxillary Sinus ◽

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sinus Augmentation ◽

Native Bone ◽

Maxillary Sinus Augmentation ◽

Posterior Maxilla

Maxillary sinus augmentation is often necessary prior to implantology procedure, in particular in cases of atrophic posterior maxilla. In this context, bone substitute biomaterials made of biphasic calcium phosphates, produced by three-dimensional additive manufacturing were shown to be highly biocompatible with an efficient osteoconductivity, especially when combined with cell-based tissue engineering. Thus, in the present research, osteoinduction and osteoconduction properties of biphasic calcium-phosphate constructs made by direct rapid prototyping and engineered with ovine-derived amniotic epithelial cells or amniotic fluid cells were evaluated. More in details, this preclinical study was performed using adult sheep targeted to receive scaffold alone (CTR), oAFSMC, or oAEC engineered constructs. The grafted sinuses were explanted at 90 days and a cross-linked experimental approach based on Synchrotron Radiation microCT and histology analysis was performed on the complete set of samples. The study, performed taking into account the distance from native surrounding bone, demonstrated that no significant differences occurred in bone regeneration between oAEC-, oAFMSC-cultured, and Ctr samples and that there was a predominant action of the osteoconduction versus the stem cells osteo-induction. Indeed, it was proven that the newly formed bone amount and distribution decreased from the side of contact scaffold/native bone toward the bulk of the scaffold itself, with almost constant values of morphometric descriptors in volumes more than 1 mm from the border.

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Mineralization of Titanium Surfaces: Biomimetic Implants

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112879 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2879

Author(s):

Javier Gil ◽

Jose Maria Manero ◽

Elisa Ruperez ◽

Eugenio Velasco-Ortega ◽

Alvaro Jiménez-Guerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Early Stage ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

Biological Fixation ◽

Biomimetic Surfaces ◽

Titanium Surfaces ◽

Deposition Processes ◽

Fast Dissolution ◽

Plasma Sprayed

The surface modification by the formation of apatitic compounds, such as hydroxyapatite, improves biological fixation implants at an early stage after implantation. The structure, which is identical to mineral content of human bone, has the potential to be osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive materials. These calcium phosphates provoke the action of the cell signals that interact with the surface after implantation in order to quickly regenerate bone in contact with dental implants with mineral coating. A new generation of calcium phosphate coatings applied on the titanium surfaces of dental implants using laser, plasma-sprayed, laser-ablation, or electrochemical deposition processes produces that response. However, these modifications produce failures and bad responses in long-term behavior. Calcium phosphates films result in heterogeneous degradation due to the lack of crystallinity of the phosphates with a fast dissolution; conversely, the film presents cracks, which produce fractures in the coating. New thermochemical treatments have been developed to obtain biomimetic surfaces with calcium phosphate compounds that overcome the aforementioned problems. Among them, the chemical modification using biomineralization treatments has been extended to other materials, including composites, bioceramics, biopolymers, peptides, organic molecules, and other metallic materials, showing the potential for growing a calcium phosphate layer under biomimetic conditions.

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Bacterial Diversity Analysis and Evaluation Proteins Hydrolysis During the Acid Whey and Fish Waste Fermentation

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9010100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Alba C. Mayta-Apaza ◽

Israel García-Cano ◽

Konrad Dabrowski ◽

Rafael Jiménez-Flores

Keyword(s):

Microbial Diversity ◽

Microbial Ecology ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Fish Waste ◽

Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽

Analysis And Evaluation ◽

Dynamic Variations ◽

Acid Whey ◽

By Products

The disposal of acid whey (Aw), a by-product from fermented products, is a problem for the dairy industry. The fishery industry faces a similar dilemma, disposing of nearly 50% of fish processed for human consumption. Economically feasible and science-based alternatives are needed to overcome this problem. One possible solution is to add value to the remaining nutrients from these by-products. This study focuses on the breakdown of nutrients in controlled fermentations of Aw, fish waste (F), molasses (M), and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain (Lr). The aim was to assess the dynamic variations in microbial diversity and the biochemical changes that occur during fermentation. Four treatments were compared (AwF, AwFM, AwFLr, and AwFMLr), and the fermentation lasted 14 days at 22.5 °C. Samples were taken every other day. Colorimetric tests for peptide concentrations, pH, and microbial ecology by 16S-v4 rRNA amplicon using Illumina MiSeq were conducted. The results of the microbial ecology showed elevated levels of alpha and beta diversity in the samples at day zero. By day 2 of fermentation, pH dropped, and the availability of a different set of nutrients was reflected in the microbial diversity. The fermentation started to stabilize and was driven by the Firmicutes phylum, which dominated the microbial community by day 14. Moreover, there was a significant increase (3.6 times) in peptides when comparing day 0 with day 14, making this treatment practical and feasible for protein hydrolysis. This study valorizes two nutrient-dense by-products and provides an alternative to the current handling of these materials.

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Valorisation of Coffee Roasting By-Products: Recovery of Silverskin Fat By Supercritical CO2 Extraction

Waste and Biomass Valorization ◽

10.1007/s12649-021-01435-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rita Nasti ◽

Andrea Galeazzi ◽

Stefania Marzorati ◽

Federica Zaccheria ◽

Nicoletta Ravasio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scale Up ◽

Added Value ◽

Supercritical Co2 Extraction ◽

Green Technologies ◽

Coffee Silverskin ◽

New Concepts ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

High Investment ◽

Fat Yield ◽

By Products

AbstractRecovery of agro and food-industrial waste and their valorisation via green technologies can help to outline new concepts of industrial strategies. In this contest, a fat enriched of added-value components was extracted from coffee silverskin by applying a supercritical fluid extraction technique (sc-CO2). An appropriate modulation of process parameters like temperature (T = 35, 50, 60 °C) and pressure (p = 200–300 bar) influences the fat yield and the chemical composition, opening the way for targeted extraction. The extraction time, the organic solvent use and the energy consume were reduced compared to Soxhlet. Moreover, a mathematical model was constructed based on the experimental data collected, employed apparatus, and physico-chemical characteristics of biomass, pointing to a possible industrial scale-up. The experimental results are accompanied by a preliminary cost of manufacturing (COM), highlighting how the high investment for the apparatus is compensated by several benefits. Graphic Abstract

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