scholarly journals Lipid Remodeling in the Mitochondria upon Ageing during the Long-Lasting Cultivation of Endomyces magnusii

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4069
Author(s):  
Elena P. Isakova ◽  
Natalya N. Gessler ◽  
Daria I. Dergacheva ◽  
Vera M. Tereshina ◽  
Yulia I. Deryabina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Endomyces Magnusii

In this study, we used Endomyces magnusii yeast with a complete respiratory chain and well-developed mitochondria system. This system is similar to the animal one which makes the yeast species an excellent model for studying ageing mechanisms. Mitochondria membranes play a vital role in the metabolic processes in a yeast cell. Mitochondria participate in the metabolism of several pivotal compounds including fatty acids (FAs) metabolism. The mitochondria respiratory activity, the membrane and storage lipids composition, and morphological changes in the culture during the long-lasting cultivation (for 168 h) were under investigation. High metabolic activity of E. magnusii might be related to the active function of mitochondria increasing in the 96- and 168-h growth phases. Cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sterols (St) were dominant in the membrane lipids. The St and sphingolipids (SL) shares increased by a lot, whereas the CL and phosphatidylinositol (PI) + PE ones decreased in the membrane lipids. This was the main change in the membrane lipid composition during the cultivation. In contrast, the amount of PE and phosphatidylserine (PS) did not change. Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD) of phospholipids (PL) FAs significantly declined due to a decrease in the linoleic acid share and an increase in the amount of palmitic and oleic acid. There were some storage lipids in the mitochondria where free fatty acids (FFAs) (73–99% of the total) dominated, reaching the highest level in the 96-h phase. Thus, we can conclude that upon long-lasting cultivation, for the yeast assimilating an “oxidative” substrate, the following factors are of great importance in keeping longevity: (1) a decrease in the IHD reduces double bonds and the peroxidation indices of various lipid classes; (2) the amount of long-chain FFAs declines. Moreover, the factor list providing a long lifespan should include some other physiological features in the yeast cell. The alternative oxidase activity induced in the early stationary growth phase and high mitochondria activity maintains intensive oxygen consumption. It determines the ATP production and physiological doses of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be regarded as a trend favoring the increased longevity.

scholarly journals Revealing Further Insights on Chilling Injury of Postharvest Bananas by Untargeted Lipidomics

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Liu ◽  
Qingxin Li ◽  
Junjia Chen ◽  
Yueming Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Control Fruit

Chilling injury is especially prominent in postharvest bananas stored at low temperature below 13 °C. To elucidate better the relationship between cell membrane lipids and chilling injury, an untargeted lipidomics approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was conducted. Banana fruit were stored at 6 °C for 0 (control) and 4 days and then sampled for lipid analysis. After 4 days of storage, banana peel exhibited a marked chilling injury symptom. Furthermore, 45 lipid compounds, including glycerophospholipids, saccharolipids, and glycerolipids, were identified with significant changes in peel tissues of bananas stored for 4 days compared with the control fruit. In addition, higher ratio of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and higher levels of phosphatidic acid (PA) and saturated fatty acids but lower levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in banana fruit with chilling injury in contrast to the control fruit. Meanwhile, higher activities of phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) were associated with significantly upregulated gene expressions of MaPLD1 and MaLOX2 and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content in chilling injury-related bananas. In conclusion, our study indicated that membrane lipid degradation resulted from reduced PC and PE, but accumulated PA, while membrane lipid peroxidation resulted from the elevated saturation of fatty acids, resulting in membrane damage which subsequently accelerated the chilling injury occurrence of banana fruit during storage at low temperature.

Membrane lipids and sodium pumps of cattle and crocodiles: an experimental test of the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (3) ◽  
pp. R633-R641 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Wu ◽  
A. J. Hulbert ◽  
L. H. Storlien ◽  
P. L. Else
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Sodium Pumps ◽  
Lipid Source ◽  
Microsomal Membranes ◽  
Membrane Pacemaker

The influence of membrane lipid composition on the molecular activity of a major membrane protein (the sodium pump) was examined as a test of the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism. Microsomal membranes from the kidneys of cattle (Bos taurus) and crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) were found to possess similar sodium pump concentrations, but cattle membranes showed a four- to fivefold higher enzyme (Na+-K+-ATPase) activity when measured at 37°C. The molecular activity of the sodium pumps (ATP/min) from both species was fully recoverable when delipidated pumps were reconstituted with membrane from the original source (same species). The results of experiments involving species membrane crossovers showed cattle sodium pump molecular activity to progressively decrease from 3,245 to 1,953 ( P < 0.005) to 1,031 ( P < 0.003) ATP/min when subjected to two cycles of delipidation and reconstitution with crocodile membrane as a lipid source. In contrast, the molecular activity of crocodile sodium pumps progressively increased from 729 to 908 ( P < 0.01) to 1,476 ( P = 0.01) ATP/min when subjected to two cycles of delipidation and reconstitution with cattle membrane as a lipid source. The lipid composition of the two membrane preparations showed similar levels of saturated (∼31–34%) and monounsaturated (∼23–25%) fatty acids. Cattle membrane had fourfold more n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.2 vs. 2.9%) but had a reduced n-6 polyunsaturate content (29 vs. 43%). The results support the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism and suggest membrane lipids and their polyunsaturates play a significant role in determining the molecular activity of the sodium pump.

scholarly journals Excretion of triacylglycerol as a matrix lipid facilitating apoplastic accumulation of a lipophilic metabolite shikonin.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanade Tatsumi ◽  
Takukji Ichino ◽  
Natsumi Isaka ◽  
Akifumi Sugiyama ◽  
Yozo Okazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Lithospermum Erythrorhizon ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Oil Droplets

Plants produce a large variety of lipophilic metabolites, many of which are secreted by cells and accumulated in apoplasts. The mechanism of secretion remains largely unknown, because hydrophobic metabolites, which may form oil droplets or crystals in cytosol, inducing cell death, cannot be directly secreted by transporters. Moreover, some secondary metabolic lipids react with cytosolic components leading to their decomposition. Lipophilic metabolites should thus be solubilized by matrix lipids and compartmentalized by membrane lipids. The mechanism of lipophilic metabolite secretion was assessed using shikonin, a red naphthoquinone lipid, in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Cell secretion of shikonin also involved the secretion of about 30% of triacylglycerol (TAG), composed predominantly of saturated fatty acids. Shikonin production was associated with the induction of large amounts of the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine. Together with in vitro reconstitution, these findings suggest a novel role for TAG as a matrix lipid for the secretion of lipophilic metabolites.

Membrane lipid and osmolyte readjustment in the alkaliphilic micromycete Sodiomyces tronii under cold, heat and osmotic shocks

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Ianutsevich ◽  
Olga A. Danilova ◽  
Sofiya A. Bondarenko ◽  
Vera M. Tereshina
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Phosphatidic Acids ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Alkaliphilic Fungi

Previously, we showed for the first time that alkaliphilic fungi, in contrast to alkalitolerant fungi, accumulated trehalose under extremely alkaline conditions, and we have proposed its key role in alkaliphilia. We propose that high levels of trehalose in the mycelium of alkaliphiles may promote adaptation not only to alkaline conditions, but also to other stressors. Therefore, we studied changes in the composition of osmolytes, and storage and membrane lipids under the action of cold (CS), heat (HS) and osmotic (OS) shocks in the obligate alkaliphilic micromycete Sodiomyces tronii. During adaptation to CS, an increase in the degree of unsaturation of phospholipids was observed while the composition of osmolytes, membrane and storage lipids remained the same. Under HS conditions, a twofold increase in the level of trehalose and an increase in the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines were observed against the background of a decrease in the proportion of phosphatidic acids. OS was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of membrane lipids, while their ratio remained unchanged, and an increase in the level of polyols (arabitol and mannitol) in the fungal mycelium, which suggests their role for adaptation to OS. Thus, the observed consistency of the composition of membrane lipids suggests that trehalose can participate in adaptation not only to extremely alkaline conditions, but also to other stressors – HS, CS and OS. Taken together, the data obtained indicate the adaptability of the fungus to the action of various stressors, which can point to polyextremotolerance.

scholarly journals Characterization of fatty acid desaturases reveals stress-induced synthesis of C18 unsaturated fatty acids enriched in triacylglycerol in the oleaginous alga Chromochloris zofingiensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wu ◽  
Lihua Yu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Jin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Transcription Start Sites ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chromochloris Zofingiensis

Abstract Background The green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis is capable of producing high levels of triacylglycerol rich in C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). FA desaturation degree is regulated by FA desaturases (FADs). Nevertheless, it remains largely unknown regarding what FADs are involved in FA desaturations and how these FADs collaborate to contribute to the high abundance of C18 UFAs in triacylglycerol in C. zofingiensis. Results To address these issues, we firstly determined the transcription start sites of 11 putative membrane-bound FAD-coding genes (CzFADs) and updated their gene models. Functional validation of these CzFADs in yeast and cyanobacterial cells revealed that seven are bona fide FAD enzymes with distinct substrates. Combining the validated functions and predicted subcellular compartments of CzFADs and the FA profiles of C. zofingiensis, the FA desaturation pathways in this alga were reconstructed. Furthermore, a multifaceted lipidomic analysis by systematically integrating thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques was conducted, unraveling profiles of polar membrane lipids in C. zofingiensis and major desaturation steps occurring in these lipids. By correlating transcriptional patterns of CzFAD genes and changes of lipids upon abiotic stress conditions, our results highlighted collaboration of CzFADs for C18 UFA synthesis and supported that both de novo FA synthesis and membrane lipid remodeling contributed C18 UFAs to triacylglycerol for storage. Conclusions Taken together, our study for the first time elucidated the pathways of C18 FA desaturations and comprehensive profiles of polar membrane lipids in C. zofingiensis and shed light on collaboration of CzFADs for the synthesis and enrichment of C18 UFAs in triacylglycerol.

scholarly journals Lipids and Trehalose Actively Cooperate in Heat Stress Management of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13272
Author(s):  
Mária Péter ◽  
Péter Gudmann ◽  
Zoltán Kóta ◽  
Zsolt Török ◽  
László Vígh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Acyl Chain Length

Homeostatic maintenance of the physicochemical properties of cellular membranes is essential for life. In yeast, trehalose accumulation and lipid remodeling enable rapid adaptation to perturbations, but their crosstalk was not investigated. Here we report about the first in-depth, mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis on heat-stressed Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants which are unable to synthesize (tps1Δ) or degrade (ntp1Δ) trehalose. Our experiments provide data about the role of trehalose as a membrane protectant in heat stress. We show that under conditions of trehalose deficiency, heat stress induced a comprehensive, distinctively high-degree lipidome reshaping in which structural, signaling and storage lipids acted in concert. In the absence of trehalose, membrane lipid remodeling was more pronounced and increased with increasing stress dose. It could be characterized by decreasing unsaturation and increasing acyl chain length, and required de novo synthesis of stearic acid (18:0) and very long-chain fatty acids to serve membrane rigidification. In addition, we detected enhanced and sustained signaling lipid generation to ensure transient cell cycle arrest as well as more intense triglyceride synthesis to accommodate membrane lipid-derived oleic acid (18:1) and newly synthesized but unused fatty acids. We also demonstrate that these changes were able to partially substitute for the missing role of trehalose and conferred measurable stress tolerance to fission yeast cells.

The fat soluble vitamin and fatty acid composition of colostrum, milk and fatty composition of erythrocyte membranes in calves supplemented with vitamin E and linoleic acid

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
J R Scaife ◽  
Mabel Khombe ◽  
Fiona Paton ◽  
T Acamovic ◽  
D C MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Neonatal Calf ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Colostrum and milk contain a number of important components such as immunoglobulins, fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids which have a marked influence on the health and welfare of the neonatal calf. The requirement of the neonatal calf for vitamin E is partly dependent on the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Harris and Embree (1963) recommended that the ratio of vitamin E to linoleic acid (mg/g) should be between 1.5 to 2.5. Vitamin E is required to provide protection against peroxidative damage to the unsaturated fatty acids of plasma and membrane lipids and has been shown to play an important role in the development and maintenance of the immune system (Machlin and Bendich, 1987; Bendich, 1989). A study was conducted to examine the ratio of vit E to C18:2 in colostrum and milk and to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of vit E to C18:2 erythrocyte membrane lipid composition.Twelve Hereford x Friesian cows were used in this experiment. Seventeen calves born to these cows, five sets of twins and seven singles, were randomly allocated to four treatment groups as follows. Group A -untreated controls; groups B and C - supplemented with different levels of vitamin E; group D -supplemented with vitamin E and C18:2.

scholarly journals Survival of Plants During Short-Term BOA-OH Exposure: ROS Related Gene Expression and Detoxification Reactions Are Accompanied With Fast Membrane Lipid Repair in Root Tips

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Laschke ◽  
Vadim Schütz ◽  
Oliver Schackow ◽  
Dieter Sicker ◽  
Lothar Hennig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Specific Reactions

AbstractFor the characterization of BOA-OH insensitive plants, we studied the time-dependent effects of the benzoxazolinone-4/5/6/7-OH isomers on maize roots. Exposure of Zea mays seedlings to 0.5 mM BOA-OH elicits root zone-specific reactions by the formation of dark rings and spots in the zone of lateral roots, high catalase activity on root hairs, and no visible defense reaction at the root tip. We studied BOA-6-OH- short-term effects on membrane lipids and fatty acids in maize root tips in comparison to the benzoxazinone-free species Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Decreased contents of phosphatidylinositol in A. theophrasti and phosphatidylcholine in maize were found after 10–30 min. In the youngest tissue, α-linoleic acid (18:2), decreased considerably in both species and recovered within one hr. Disturbances in membrane phospholipid contents were balanced in both species within 30–60 min. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) were also affected, but levels of maize diacylglycerols (DAGs) were almost unchanged, suggesting a release of fatty acids for membrane lipid regeneration from TAGs while resulting DAGs are buildings blocks for phospholipid reconstitution, concomitant with BOA-6-OH glucosylation. Expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and of ER-bound oleoyl desaturase (FAD2-2) genes were contemporaneously up regulated in contrast to the catalase CAT1, while CAT3 was arguably involved at a later stage of the detoxification process. Immuno-responses were not elicited in short-terms, since the expression of NPR1, POX12 were barely affected, PR4 after 6 h with BOA-4/7-OH and PR1 after 24 h with BOA-5/6-OH. The rapid membrane recovery, reactive oxygen species, and allelochemical detoxification may be characteristic for BOA-OH insensitive plants.

scholarly journals Roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids, from mediators to membranes

2020 ◽  
pp. jlr.R120000800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Harayama ◽  
Takao Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Lysophospholipid Acyltransferases ◽  
Signaling Lipids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized as important biomolecules, but understanding their precise roles and modes of action remains challenging. PUFAs are precursors for a plethora of signaling lipids, for which knowledge about synthetic pathways and receptors has accumulated. However, due to their extreme diversity and the ambiguity concerning the identity of their cognate receptors, the roles of PUFA-derived signaling lipids require more investigation. In addition, PUFA functions cannot be explained just as lipid mediator precursors, since they are also critical for the regulation of membrane biophysical properties. The presence of PUFAs in membrane lipids also affects the functions of transmembrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins. Although the roles of PUFAs as membrane lipid building blocks were difficult to analyze, the discovery of lysophospholipid acyltransferases, which are critical for their incorporation, advanced our understanding. Recent studies unveiled how lysophospholipid acyltransferases affect PUFA levels in membrane lipids, and their genetic manipulation became an excellent strategy to study the roles of PUFA-containing lipids. In this review, we will provide an overview of metabolic pathways regulating PUFAs as lipid mediator precursors and membrane components, and update recent progress about their functions. Some issues to be solved for future research will also be discussed.

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