scholarly journals Development of 3D Printing Raw Materials from Plastic Waste. A Case Study on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7338
Author(s):  
Alaeddine Oussai ◽  
Zoltán Bártfai ◽  
László Kátai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Additive Process ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Test Pieces

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is the most common 3D printing technology. An object formed through continuous layering until completion is known as an additive process while other processes with different methods are also relevant. In this paper, mechanical properties were analysed using two distinct kinds of printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as tensile test specimens. The materials used consist of recycled PET and virgin PET. An assessment of all the forty test pieces of both kinds of PET was undertaken. A comparison of the test samples’ tensile strength values, difference in stress-strain curves, and elongation at break was also carried out. The reasoning behind the fracturing of test pieces that printed with different settings is presented in part by the depiction of the fractured specimens following the tensile test. An optimal route was revealed to be 3D printing with recycled PET, as per the mechanical testing. The hardness of the recycled filament decreased to 6%, while the tensile strength and shear strength increased to 14.7 and 2.8%, respectively. Nonetheless, no changes occurred to the tensile modulus elasticity. Despite notable differences being observed in the results of the recycled PET filament, no substantial differences were found prior or post-recycling in the mechanical properties of the PET filament. In conclusion, the demand for improved recycled 3D printing filament technologies is heightened due to the comparable mechanical features of the specimens of both the 3D printed recycled and virgin materials. With tensile strength figures reaching as high as 43.15MPa at Recycled PET and 3.12% being the greatest elongation at 40% Recycled PET, 100% Recycled is the ideal printing setting.

Anisotropy Evaluation of Different Raster Directions, Spatial Orientations, and Fill Percentage of 3D Printed PETG Tensile Test Specimens

2019 ◽  
Vol 821 ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muammel M. Hanon ◽  
Róbert Marczis ◽  
László Zsidai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Know How ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Fill Percentage

In this paper, the mechanical properties of Polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG) tensile test specimens have been investigated. The test pieces were prepared using fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology. Three print settings were examined which are: raster direction angles, print orientations, and infill percentage and patterns in order to evaluate the anisotropy of objects when employing FDM print method. The variations in stress-strain curves, tensile strength values and elongation at break among the tested samples were studied and compared. Illustration for the broken specimens after the tensile test was accomplished to know how the test pieces printed with various parameters were fractured. A comparison with some previous results regarding the elongation at break has been carried out.

scholarly journals Influence of the 3D Printing Process Settings on Tensile Strength of PLA and HT-PLA

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Muammel M. Hanon ◽  
Róbert Marczis ◽  
László Zsidai
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Fill Factor ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Insight Into

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is presently the most common utilized 3D printing technology. Since this printing technology makes the bodies anisotropic, therefore, investigate the process with different settings is worthwhile. Tensile test specimens of two plastics have been carried out to examine the mechanical properties. Polylactic acid (PLA) and High Temperature PLA (HT-PLA) are the used materials for this purpose. A total of seventy-two test pieces of the two used polymers were printed and evaluated. Three parameters were examined in twelve different settings when printing the tensile test specimens. The considered settings are; six raster directions, three build orientations and two filling factors. The differences in stress-strain curves, tensile strength values and elongation at break were compared among the tested samples. The broken specimens after the tensile test are illustrated, which gave insight into how the test pieces printed with different parameters were fractured. The optimum printing setting is represented at crossed 45/−45° raster direction, X orientation and 100 % fill factor, where the highest tensile strength of 59.7 MPa at HT-PLA and the largest elongation of about 3.5 % at PLA were measured.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties comparison of PLA, tough PLA and PC 3D printed materials with infill structure – Influence of infill pattern on tensile mechanical properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 1208 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
Adi Pandzic ◽  
Damir Hodzic
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Material Testing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Product Weight

Abstract One of the advantages provided by fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the manufacturing of product materials with infill structure, which provides advantages such as reduced production time, product weight and even the final price. In this paper, the tensile mechanical properties, tensile strength and elastic modulus, of PLA, Tough PLA and PC FDM 3D printed materials with the infill structure were analysed and compared. Also, the influence of infill pattern on tensile properties was analysed. Material testing were performed according to ISO 527-2 standard. All results are statistically analysed and results showed that infill pattern have influence on tensile mechanical properties for all three materials.

scholarly journals Experimental testing of PLA biodegradable thermoplastic in the frame of 3D printing FDM technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 06001
Author(s):  
Juraj Beniak ◽  
Peter Križan ◽  
Miloš Matúš ◽  
Michal Šajgalík
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Melted Material

In the present time there are many different plastic materials and composite materials suitable for 3D printing by deposition of semi-melted material. The proper selection of correct material with suitable material properties is dependent on the situation how the produced 3D model should be used. If we need to take into account just the visual look of used material or also the mechanical properties as strength is important for loaded models for final use. The aim of this paper is to publish outputs of experimental testing for 3D models from selected materials with regards to mechanical properties of produced testing parts. Produced 3D models are from PLA biodegradable thermoplastic. Models are prepared on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printer. Testing is based on prepared full factors experiment with four factors on its two levels. Measured values are Tensile strength of PLA testing 3D models. In the same time there are gathered information regarding the 3D printing process and compared to measured tensile strength values for each sent of testing parts. All the measured data are statistically evaluated also by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA method).

scholarly journals Sustainability in additive manufacturing: Exploring the mechanical potential of recycled PET filaments

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 263498332110000
Author(s):  
Helge Schneevogt ◽  
Kevin Stelzner ◽  
Buket Yilmaz ◽  
Bilen Emek Abali ◽  
André Klunker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Recycled Polyethylene ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Sustainable Materials

Herein, the effects of recycled polymers on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured specimens, specifically those derived by fused deposition modelling, are determined. The intention is to investigate how 3D-printing can be more sustainable and how recycled polymers compare against conventional ones. Initially, sustainability is discussed in general and more sustainable materials such as recycled filaments and biodegradable filaments are introduced. Subsequently, a comparison of the recycled filament recycled Polyethylene terephthalate (rePET) and a conventional Polyethylene terephthalate with glycol (PETG) filament is drawn upon their mechanical performance under tension, and the geometry and slicing strategy for the 3D-printed specimens is discussed. Finally, the outcomes from the experiments are compared against numerically determined results and conclusions are drawn.

Effects of processing conditions on mechanical properties of PLA printed parts

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-389
Author(s):  
Morteza Behzadnasab ◽  
Ali Akbar Yousefi ◽  
Dariush Ebrahimibagha ◽  
Farahnaz Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition

Purpose With recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM), polymer-based three-dimensional (3D) printers are available for relatively low cost and have found their way even in domestic and educational uses. However, the optimum conditions for processing and post-processing of different materials are yet to be determined. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of printing temperature, pattern and annealing conditions on tensile strength and modulus of samples printed with polylactic acid (PLA). Design/methodology/approach This study focuses on fused deposition modelling according to ISO/ASTM 52900 material extrusion AM. To print parts with maximum mechanical properties, the printing variables must be optimised. To determine the printing and annealing condition on physical and mechanical properties of PLA-based parts, dogbone-shaped tensile samples were printed at four different nozzle temperatures and five different filling patterns embedded in a 3D printing software. The samples were further annealed at three different temperatures for three different time intervals. The mechanical properties were evaluated and the changes in mechanical properties were analysed with the help of rheometrical measurements. Findings The results showed that printing condition has a significant influence on final properties, for example, the strain at break value increases with increasing nozzle temperature from 34 to 56 MPa, which is close to the value of the injected sample, namely, 65 MPa. While tensile strength increases with printing temperature, the annealing process has negative effects on the mechanical properties of samples. Originality/value The authors observed that traditional findings in polymer science, for example, the relationship between processing and annealing temperature, must be re-evaluated when applied in 3D printing because of major differences in processing conditions resulting from the layer-by-layer manufacturing.

scholarly journals Tensile and Bending Strength Improvements in PEEK Parts Using Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing Considering Multi-Factor Coupling

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Li ◽  
Yan Lou
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Printing Direction

Compared with laser-based 3D printing, fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is simple and safe to operate and has a low cost and high material utilization rate; thus, it is widely used. In order to promote the application of FDM 3D printing, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) was used as a printing material to explore the effect of multi-factor coupling such as different printing temperatures, printing directions, printing paths, and layer thicknesses on the tensile strength, bending strength, crystallinity, and grain size of FDM printed PEEK parts. The aim was to improve the mechanical properties of the 3D printed PEEK parts and achieve the same performance as the injection molded counterparts. The results show that when the thickness of the printed layer is 0.1 mm and the printing path is 180° horizontally at 525 °C, the tensile strength of the sample reaches 87.34 MPa, and the elongation reaches 38%, which basically exceeds the tensile properties of PEEK printed parts reported in previous studies and is consistent with the tensile properties of PEEK injection molded parts. When the thickness of the printed layer is 0.3 mm, the printing path is 45°, and with vertical printing direction at a printing temperature of 525 °C, the bending strength of the sample reaches 159.2 MPa, which exceeds the bending performance of injection molded parts by 20%. It was also found that the greater the tensile strength of the printed specimen, the more uniform the size of each grain, and the higher the crystallinity of the material. The highest crystallinity exceeded 30%, which reached the crystallinity of injection molded parts.

Mechanical Properties of Diamond Schwarzites: From Atomistic Models to 3D-Printed Structures

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (33-34) ◽  
pp. 1775-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi C. Felix ◽  
Vladimir Gaál ◽  
Cristiano F. Woellner ◽  
Varlei Rodrigues ◽  
Douglas S. Galvao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Uniaxial Compression ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Atomic Model ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
3D Printed

ABSTRACTTriply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) possess locally minimized surface area under the constraint of periodic boundary conditions. Different families of surfaces were obtained with different topologies satisfying such conditions. Examples of such families include Primitive (P), Gyroid (G) and Diamond (D) surfaces. From a purely mathematical subject, TPMS have been recently found in materials science as optimal geometries for structural applications. Proposed by Mackay and Terrones in 1991, schwarzites are 3D crystalline porous carbon nanocrystals exhibiting a TPMS-like surface topology. Although their complex topology poses serious limitations on their synthesis with conventional nanoscale fabrication methods, such as Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), schwarzites can be fabricated by Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, such as 3D Printing. In this work, we used an optimized atomic model of a schwarzite structure from the D family (D8bal) to generate a surface mesh that was subsequently used for 3D-printing through Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). This D schwarzite was 3D-printed with thermoplastic PolyLactic Acid (PLA) polymer filaments. Mechanical properties under uniaxial compression were investigated for both the atomic model and the 3D-printed one. Fully atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were also carried out to investigate the uniaxial compression behavior of the D8bal atomic model. Mechanical testings were performed on the 3D-printed schwarzite where the deformation mechanisms were found to be similar to those observed in MD simulations. These results are suggestive of a scale-independent mechanical behavior that is dominated by structural topology.

scholarly journals Biogenic Composite Filaments Based on Polylactide and Diatomaceous Earth for 3D Printing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4632
Author(s):  
Marta Dobrosielska ◽  
Robert Przekop ◽  
Bogna Sztorch ◽  
Dariusz Brząkalski ◽  
Izabela Zgłobicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Rheological Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Filler Particle Size ◽  
Composite Properties

New composites containing a natural filler made of diatom shells (frustules), permitting the modification of polylactide matrix, were produced by Fused Deposition Modelling (3D printing) and were thoroughly examined. Two mesh fractions of the filler were used, one of <40 µm and the other of 40−63 µm, in order to check the effect of the filler particle size on the composite properties. The composites obtained contained diatom shells in the concentrations from 0% to 5% wt. (0−27.5% vol.) and were subjected to rheological analysis. The composites obtained as filaments of 1.75 mm in diameter were used for 3D printing. The printed samples were characterized as to hydrophilic–hydrophobic, thermal and mechanical properties. The functional parameters of the printed objects, e.g., mechanical characteristics, stability on contact with water and water contact angle, were measured. The results revealed differences in the processing behavior of the samples as well as the effect of secondary granulation of the filler on the parameters of the printing and mechanical properties of the composites.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Short Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide and Comparison of Two Manufacturing Processes: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Polymer Injection Moulding (PIM)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Verdejo de Toro ◽  
Juana Coello Sobrino ◽  
Alberto Martínez Martínez ◽  
Valentín Miguel Eguía ◽  
Jorge Ayllón Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
Fused Deposition

New technologies are offering progressively more effective alternatives to traditional ones. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining importance in fields related to design, manufacturing, engineering and medicine, especially in applications which require complex geometries. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is framed within AM as a technology in which, due to their layer-by-layer deposition, thermoplastic polymers are used for manufacturing parts with a high degree of accuracy and minimum material waste during the process. The traditional technology corresponding to FDM is Polymer Injection Moulding, in which polymeric pellets are injected by pressure into a mould using the required geometry. The increasing use of PA6 in Additive Manufacturing makes it necessary to study the possibility of replacing certain parts manufactured by injection moulding with those created using FDM. In this work, PA6 was selected due to its higher mechanical properties in comparison with PA12. Moreover, its higher melting point has been a limitation for 3D printing technology, and a further study of composites made of PA6 using 3D printing processes is needed. Nevertheless, analysis of the mechanical response of standardised samples and the influence of the manufacturing process on the polyamide’s mechanical properties needs to be carried out. In this work, a comparative study between the two processes was conducted, and conclusions were drawn from an engineering perspective.

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