scholarly journals Involvement of the Orexinergic System in Feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Pilar Marcos ◽  
Rafael Coveñas
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Differential Function ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Obesity Treatments

To know the processes involved in feeding, the dysregulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides promoting anorexigenic/orexigenic mechanisms must be investigated. Many neuropeptides are involved in this behavior and in overweight/obesity. Current pharmacological strategies for the treatment of obesity are unfortunately not very effective and, hence, new therapeutic strategies must be investigated and developed. Due to the crucial role played by orexins in feeding behavior, the aim of this review is to update the involvement of the orexinergic system in this behavior. The studies performed in experimental animal models and humans and the relationships between the orexinergic system and other substances are mentioned and discussed. Promising research lines on the orexinergic system are highlighted (signaling pathways, heterogeneity of the hypothalamic orexinergic neurons, receptor-receptor interaction, and sex differences). Each of the orexin 1 and 2 receptors plays a unique role in energy metabolism, exerting a differential function in obesity. Additional preclinical/clinical studies must be carried out to demonstrate the beneficial effects mediated by orexin receptor antagonists. Because therapies applied are in general ineffective when they are directed against a single target, the best option for successful anti-obesity treatments is the development of combination therapies as well as the development of new and more specific orexin receptor antagonists.

Regulation of homeostasis by neuropeptide Y: involvement in food intake

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Marcos Rabal ◽  
Rafael Coveñas
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Npy Receptor ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Orexigenic Peptide ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Obesity Drugs ◽  
Obesity Treatments

: Obesity leads to several metabolic disorders and, unfortunately, current pharmacological treatments for obesity are not very effective. In feeding mechanisms, the hypothalamus and some neuropeptides play an important role. Many data show that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in these mechanisms. The aim of this review is to update the physiological actions mediated by the orexigenic peptide NPY, via its receptors, in the control of food intake and to review its involvement in food intake disorders. The relationships between NPY and other substances involved in food intake mechanisms, hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic pathways involved in feeding and the potential pharmacological strategies to treat obesity will be discussed. Some research lines, focused on NPY, to be developed in the future are suggested. Neuropeptide systems are associated with redundancy and then therapies directed against a single target are generally ineffective. For this reason, other targets for the treatment of obesity are mentioned. It seems that combination therapies are the best option for successful anti-obesity treatments: new and more specific NPY receptor antagonists must be tested as anti-obesity drugs alone and in combination therapies.

scholarly journals Unique Role of Caffeine Compared to Other Methylxanthines (Theobromine, Theophylline, Pentoxifylline, Propentofylline) in Regulation of AD Relevant Genes in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Wild Type Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9015
Author(s):  
Daniel Janitschke ◽  
Anna A. Lauer ◽  
Cornel M. Bachmann ◽  
Martin Seyfried ◽  
Heike S. Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Purine Base ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Other Substances

Methylxanthines are a group of substances derived from the purine base xanthine with a methyl group at the nitrogen on position 3 and different residues at the nitrogen on position 1 and 7. They are widely consumed in nutrition and used as pharmaceuticals. Here we investigate the transcriptional regulation of 83 genes linked to Alzheimer’s disease in the presence of five methylxanthines, including the most prominent naturally occurring methylxanthines—caffeine, theophylline and theobromine—and the synthetic methylxanthines pentoxifylline and propentofylline. Methylxanthine-regulated genes were found in pathways involved in processes including oxidative stress, lipid homeostasis, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, as well as pathways involved in neuronal function. Interestingly, multivariate analysis revealed different or inverse effects on gene regulation for caffeine compared to the other methylxanthines, which was further substantiated by multiple comparison analysis, pointing out a distinct role for caffeine in gene regulation. Our results not only underline the beneficial effects of methylxanthines in the regulation of genes in neuroblastoma wild-type cells linked to neurodegenerative diseases in general, but also demonstrate that individual methylxanthines like caffeine mediate unique or inverse expression patterns. This suggests that the replacement of single methylxanthines by others could result in unexpected effects, which could not be anticipated by the comparison to other substances in this substance class.

Brief Review of the Effects of Recreational Marijuana Legislation on the Use and Abuse of Marijuana and other Substances

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Recreational Marijuana

A review of the current literature concludes that the recreational marijuana legislation did not reveal significant negative consequences on the use and abuse of marijuana and other substances but might even have exerted some beneficial effects.

Synthesis and Evaluation of New Arylsulfonamidomethylcyclohexyl Derivatives as Human Neuropeptide Y Y5 Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Obesity.

ChemInform ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Moreno ◽  
Silvia Perez ◽  
Silvia Galiano ◽  
Laura Juanenea ◽  
Oihana Erviti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Grouting Technique Applications during Housing Construction

2015 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
You Mo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Specific Pressure ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
Small Opening ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Inherent Nature

The housing construction grouting technique is to select a specific pressure feed approach to pour the slurry in gel into the loose soil or the rock cracks with water. The slurry, through condensation and the particles consolidation in this category, will be filled into the rock cracks in the section so as to improve the inherent nature of the soil and the mechanical properties of the other substances. During the construction period, the slurry can be fed into the injected holes within this segment through the unique role of the pressure. The small opening surrounding the grouting holes, the preset requirements will be met. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the specific applications of grouting techniques.

scholarly journals Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Fluorinated Derivative as Natural Anti-obesity Agents (P06-089-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Srujana Rayalam ◽  
Devin Mills ◽  
Yusra Azhar ◽  
Ebony Miller ◽  
Xinyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Methyl Xanthine

Abstract Objectives Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis from honeybee hives, is well studied for its beneficial effects on cancer, inflammation and diabetes. There are however limited studies investigating the effects of CAPE on obesity. Currently, several natural products are under investigation for their effects on adipocyte life cycle. A multi-targeted approach for prevention and treatment of obesity includes targeting adipocytes at all the stages of life cycle by decreasing adipocyte differentiation, inducing lipolysis and/or by inducing adipocyte apoptosis. In this study, we examined the effects of CAPE on preadipocyte viability, adipogenesis and lipolysis. Earlier reports on CAPE indicate that CAPE is liable to enzymatic hydrolysis in vivo making this compound unstable for therapeutic applications. In the current study, we compared the anti-adipogenic effects of CAPE with its novel fluorinated derivative (FCAPE), a more stable compound. Methods 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated using a cocktail consisting of insulin, dexamethasone, and isobutyl methyl xanthine in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS following adipogeneic differentiation. Pre- and mature adipocytes were incubated with CAPE or FCAPE for 24–48 hours and their effects on viability, lipolysis, and adipogenesis was tested using Prestoblue, Lipolysis assay (Zen-Bio) and AdipoRed assay respectively. Results Our results indicate that neither CAPE nor FCAPE significantly altered preadipocyte viability within the tested dose range. Although both CAPE and FCAPE significantly decreased adipogenesis compared to control, FCAPE decreased lipid content by 73.6 ± 1.6% while CAPE reduced lipid content by only 36.8 ± 9.1% at 25 μM concentration. In contrast to adipogenesis data, our preliminary results with lipolysis assay indicate that only CAPE, but not FCAPE induces lipolysis in mature adipocytes. Conclusions These findings suggest that both CAPE and FCAPE possess anti-adipogenic properties. Further studies are needed to elucidate their differential effects on adipogenesis and lipolysis. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Department of Research, PCOM.

scholarly journals Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piriyah Sinclair ◽  
Neil Docherty ◽  
Carel W le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND Obesity can be defined as a chronic subcortical brain disease, as there is an important neurophysiological component to its etiology based on changes in the functioning of those areas of the brain controlling food intake and reward. Extensive metabolic changes accompany bariatric surgery-based treatment of obesity. Consequently, the term “metabolic” surgery is being increasingly adopted in relation to the beneficial effects these procedures have on chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes. CONTENT In the present review, we focus on the key biochemical and physiological changes induced by metabolic surgery and highlight the beneficial effects accrued systemically with the use of an organ-based approach. Understanding the impact on and interactions between the gut, brain, adipose tissue, liver, muscle, pancreas, and kidney is key to understanding the sum of the metabolic effects of these operations. SUMMARY Further mechanistic studies are essential to assess the true potential of metabolic surgery to treat metabolic comorbidities of obesity beyond type 2 diabetes. Approaches that may mitigate the metabolic side effects of surgery also require attention. Understanding the positive impact of metabolic surgery on metabolic health may result in a wider acceptance of this intervention as treatment for metabolic, comorbid conditions.

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