scholarly journals Innate Immune Mechanisms and Immunotherapy of Myeloid Malignancies

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1631
Author(s):  
Sara Small ◽  
Yazan Numan ◽  
Leonidas C. Platanias
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Myeloid Malignancies ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

Similar to other cancers, myeloid malignancies are thought to subvert the immune system during their development. This subversion occurs via both malignant cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms and involves manipulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Multiple strategies are being studied to rejuvenate, redirect, or re-enforce the immune system in order to fight off myeloid malignancies. So far, the most successful strategies include interferon treatment and antibody-based therapies, though chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors are also promising therapies. In this review, we discuss the inherent immune mechanisms of defense against myeloid malignancies, currently-approved agents, and agents under investigation. Overall, we evaluate the efficacy and potential of immuno-oncology in the treatment of myeloid malignancies.

Immune mechanisms: innate immunity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy Noordenbos ◽  
Dominique Baeten
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Innate immune mechanisms are strongly implied in the pathophysiology of spondyloarthritis (SpA). This chapter discusses available data on the role of the innate immune system in relation to HLA-B27, genetic associations, and the cellular and molecular characteristics of disease target tissue. Regarding the linkage with MCH-class I molecule HLA-B27, the chapter discusses the arthritogenic peptide hypothesis and three popular antigen-independent theories. The genetic architecture of the disease argues against a role for the adaptive immune system and identifies cytokine pathways, such as IL-1, TNF, and IL-23/IL-17. In experimental as well as in human SpA, the importance of these cytokine pathways are confirmed by effective reduction of signs and symptoms upon blockade of specific molecules. In-depth cellular and molecular analysis of the target tissue identifies a contribution of cells with strong innate features, rather than cells of the adaptive immune system.

Immune system physiology in anaesthetic practice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen F. Galley ◽  
Heather M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System Physiology ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
Immune System Physiology

The immune system provides protection against invading pathogens, foreign cells including tumour cells, and macromolecules. It comprises an early, non-specific, innate immune response and a later, specific, adaptive immune response that helps prevent disease or recurrence of disease. Innate and adaptive immune systems work together with mutual interactivity distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self components’ to provide effective immune responses and prevent infection. This chapter describes the basic processes involved in immune responses and illustrates the particular relevance for some disease processes as well as highlighting stresses associated with anaesthesia and surgery that can modulate responses.

scholarly journals Planarians (Platyhelminthes)—An Emerging Model Organism for Investigating Innate Immune Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Johnson Kangale ◽  
Didier Raoult ◽  
Pierre-Edouard Fournier ◽  
Prasad Abnave ◽  
Eric Ghigo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

An organism responds to the invading pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi by engaging innate and adaptive immune system, which functions by activating various signal transduction pathways. As invertebrate organisms (such as sponges, worms, cnidarians, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, and echinoderms) are devoid of an adaptive immune system, and their defense mechanisms solely rely on innate immune system components. Investigating the immune response in such organisms helps to elucidate the immune mechanisms that vertebrates have inherited or evolved from invertebrates. Planarians are non-parasitic invertebrates from the phylum Platyhelminthes and are being investigated for several decades for understanding the whole-body regeneration process. However, recent findings have emerged planarians as a useful model for studying innate immunity as they are resistant to a broad spectrum of bacteria. This review intends to highlight the research findings on various antimicrobial resistance genes, signaling pathways involved in innate immune recognition, immune-related memory and immune cells in planarian flatworms.

Functions of the immune system

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Bhole
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System P ◽  
The Common ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

This chapter reviews the functions of the immune system, which has evolved to provide a defence mechanism against microbial challenges, and is divided into two main branches, innate and adaptive. In addition, there are physical and chemical barriers, including skin, mucous membrane, mucous secretions, saliva, and various enzymes, and these contribute to the first line of defence against pathogens. The innate immune system provides the initial quick response for rapid recognition and elimination of pathogens, as opposed to the adaptive immune system, which has evolved to provide a more definitive and finely tuned response. The common central feature of both of these systems is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. The recognition of non-self or ‘foreign’ pathogens and the subsequent immune response is orchestrated by a whole range of cells and soluble (humoral) factors in both innate and adaptive immune systems.

scholarly journals Immune System Efficiency in Cancer and the Microbiota Influence

Pathobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ana Margarida Barbosa ◽  
Alexandra Gomes-Gonçalves ◽  
António G. Castro ◽  
Egídio Torrado
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antitumor Immune Response ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Cancer Immunosurveillance

The immune system plays a critical role in preventing cancer development and progression. However, the complex network of cells and soluble factor that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) can dictate the differentiation of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and shift the antitumor immune response into promoting tumor growth. With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, there has been a reinvigorated interest in defining how the TME shapes the antitumor immune response. This interest brought to light the microbiome as a novel player in shaping cancer immunosurveillance. Indeed, accumulating evidence now suggests that the microbiome may confer susceptibility or resistance to certain cancers and may influence response to therapeutics, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors. As we move forward into the age of precision medicine, it is vital that we define the factors that influence the interplay between the triad immune system-microbiota-cancer. This knowledge will contribute to improve the therapeutic response to current approaches and will unravel novel targets for immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Rethinking immune checkpoint blockade: ‘Beyond the T cell’

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuting Liu ◽  
Graham D Hogg ◽  
David G DeNardo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade

The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has highlighted the central role of the immune system in cancer control. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can reinvigorate anti-cancer immunity and are now the standard of care in a number of malignancies. However, research on immune checkpoint blockade has largely been framed with the central dogma that checkpoint therapies intrinsically target the T cell, triggering the tumoricidal potential of the adaptive immune system. Although T cells undoubtedly remain a critical piece of the story, mounting evidence, reviewed herein, indicates that much of the efficacy of checkpoint therapies may be attributable to the innate immune system. Emerging research suggests that T cell-directed checkpoint antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) can impact innate immunity by both direct and indirect pathways, which may ultimately shape clinical efficacy. However, the mechanisms and impacts of these activities have yet to be fully elucidated, and checkpoint therapies have potentially beneficial and detrimental effects on innate antitumor immunity. Further research into the role of innate subsets during checkpoint blockade may be critical for developing combination therapies to help overcome checkpoint resistance. The potential of checkpoint therapies to amplify innate antitumor immunity represents a promising new field that can be translated into innovative immunotherapies for patients fighting refractory malignancies.

scholarly journals Adipocytes, Innate Immunity and Obesity: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia M. Blaszczak ◽  
Anahita Jalilvand ◽  
Willa A. Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The role of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obesity and its multiple related-complications is a rapidly expanding area of scientific interest. Within the last 30 years, the role of the adipocyte as an endocrine and immunologic cell has been progressively established. Like the macrophage, the adipocyte is capable of linking the innate and adaptive immune system through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines; exosome release of lipids, hormones, and microRNAs; and contact interaction with other immune cells. Key innate immune cells in AT include adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s). The role of the innate immune system in promoting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity will be highlighted in this review. T cells and B cells also play important roles in contributing to AT inflammation and are discussed in this series in the chapter on adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals The neuropeptide receptor NMUR-1 regulates the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity against pathogen infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Wibisono ◽  
Shawndra Wibisono ◽  
Jan Watteyne ◽  
Chia-Hui Chen ◽  
Durai Sellegounder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Functional Assays

A key question in current immunology is how the innate immune system generates high levels of specificity. Like most invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans does not have an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against pathogen attacks, yet it can still differentiate different pathogens and launch distinct innate immune responses. Here, we have found that functional loss of NMUR-1, a neuronal GPCR homologous to mammalian receptors for the neuropeptide neuromedin U, has diverse effects on C. elegans survival against various bacterial pathogens. Transcriptomic analyses and functional assays revealed that NMUR-1 modulates C. elegans transcription activity by regulating the expression of transcription factors, which, in turn, controls the expression of distinct immune genes in response to different pathogens. Our study has uncovered a molecular basis for the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity that could provide mechanistic insights into understanding the specificity of vertebrate innate immunity.

scholarly journals Innate immunity and the pneumococcus

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin K. Paterson ◽  
Tim J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Made In

The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defence against microbes and is crucial both in the development and effector stages of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Consistent with its importance, study of the innate immune system is a broad and fast-moving field. Here we provide an overview of the recent key advances made in this area with relation to the important pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus).

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