scholarly journals Reliability and Validity of the Six Spot Step Test in People with Intellectual Disability

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
María Mercedes Reguera-García ◽  
Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez ◽  
Eva Fernández-Baro ◽  
Lorena Álvarez-Barrio
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Four Square

Clinical tests for the evaluation of balance in people with intellectual disability that have been most commonly used depend on the subjective evaluation of the evaluator, easily reach the ceiling effect and are poorly sensitive to small changes; but new tests have been developed, such as the Six Spot Step Test. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and within-day and day-to-day test–retest reliability of the Six Spot Step Test in people with intellectual disability. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 18 people with intellectual disability. The participants conducted the Six Spot Step Test three times and a set of five clinical tests for the balance assessment. The relative reliability was excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.86 − 0.97), and the absolute reliability ranged between 4.7% and 7.3% for coefficient variation and between 0.6 and 1.2 for the standard error of measurement. Linear regression models showed that that test can explain the results of the Timed Up & Go, Four Square Step Test and the Berg Balance Scale. The Six Spot Step Test proved to be as valid and reliable for the evaluation of dynamic balance in people with intellectual disability as the most frequently used tests for the clinical evaluation of postural control.

The Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE–RIFT): a brief measure of functional impairment

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. LEON ◽  
D. A. SOLOMON ◽  
T. I. MUELLER ◽  
C. L. TURVEY ◽  
J. ENDICOTT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Effect

Background. The literature documents that functional impairment is associated with affective disorders. Nevertheless, the choice among thorough, yet brief, well-validated assessments of functional impairment is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a brief scale of functional impairment, the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE–RIFT).Method. The study sample included subjects who presented with major depressive disorder at intake into the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS). The LIFE–RIFT is composed of items that are included in the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE). The reliability and validity were examined using data from LIFE–RIFT assessments conducted at four points in time: 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after intake into the CDS.Results. Cross-sectional one factor models accounted for the covariance structure among the four scale items. A longitudinal factor model, with an invariant factor structure over time, also fitted the data well and indicated that the scale items are measures of one construct, namely functional impairment. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was supported with alpha coefficients ranging from 0·81 to 0·83. The inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0·94. Mixed-effect linear regression models showed that those in episode were significantly more impaired than those in recovery. Furthermore, in analyses of predictive validity, impairment was positively associated with subsequent recurrence and negatively associated with subsequent recovery.Conclusions. This psychometric evaluation provides empirical support for the reliability and validity of the LIFE–RIFT, a brief measure of functional impairment.

scholarly journals Balance and Reactive Steps in Older Adults With and Without Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 521-522
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Delgado ◽  
Cheryl Der Ananian ◽  
Daniel Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Musculoskeletal Conditions ◽  
Four Square ◽  
Reactive Stepping

Abstract Older adults with musculoskeletal conditions (MSC), including arthritis and osteoporosis, may have a higher risk of falls and falls-related injuries. Differences in balance between individuals with and without self-reported MSC are not well understood. Therefore, this study compared measures of balance (static and dynamic) and reactive stepping between older adults (N=99) with (75.79±5.38 years, n=38, 82% female) and without (75.93±6.36 years, n=61, 67% female) MSC. A cross-sectional design was used. Static balance was assessed via postural sway area (PSA) and PSA root mean square (PSARMS) during quiet stance. Dynamic balance was assessed with the Timed Up & Go (TUG), a dual-task cognitive TUG (TUG-COG), and the Four Square Step Test (FSST). Reactive stepping was measured as the first step latency, length, width, time, total number of recovery steps, and time until balance recovery after a backward lean and release. Linear regression was used to assess group differences. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and grip strength, there were no significant differences between groups in static balance (PSA (p=0.884); PSARMS (p=0.246)) and reactive stepping outcomes (first step latency (p=0.184); total number of steps (p=0.423); step width (p=0.964)). The other reactive step outcomes are not reported since explained variance was not statistically significant (p>0.05). With dynamic balance, significant group differences showed individuals with MSC took more time to complete TUG (p=0.011) and TUG-COG (p=0.005), but not the FSST (p=0.493). Our findings suggest improving dynamic balance, especially with a walking component, in older adults with self-reported MSC is needed.

scholarly journals Factors associated with dynamic balance in people with Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD): a cross-sectional study using a virtual-reality Four Square Step Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe M. H. Aharoni ◽  
Anat V. Lubetzky ◽  
Liraz Arie ◽  
Tal Krasovsky
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Balance Confidence ◽  
Task Duration ◽  
Head Kinematics ◽  
Perceived Disability ◽  
Four Square

Abstract Background Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a condition characterized by chronic subjective dizziness and exacerbated by visual stimuli or upright movement. Typical balance tests do not replicate the environments known to increase symptoms in people with PPPD—crowded places with moving objects. Using a virtual reality system, we quantified dynamic balance in people with PPPD and healthy controls in diverse visual conditions. Methods Twenty-two individuals with PPPD and 29 controls performed a square-shaped fast walking task (Four-Square Step Test Virtual Reality—FSST-VR) using a head-mounted-display (HTC Vive) under 3 visual conditions (empty train platform; people moving; people and trains moving). Head kinematics was used to measure task duration, movement smoothness and anterior–posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) ranges of movement (ROM). Heart rate (HR) was monitored using a chest-band. Participants also completed a functional mobility test (Timed-Up-and-Go; TUG) and questionnaires measuring anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI), balance confidence (Activities-Specific Balance Confidence; ABC), perceived disability (Dizziness Handicap Inventory) and simulator sickness (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire). Main effects of visual load and group and associations between performance, functional and self-reported outcomes were examined. Results State anxiety and simulator sickness did not increase following testing. AP-ROM and HR increased with high visual load in both groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant between-group differences in head kinematics. In the high visual load conditions, high trait anxiety and longer TUG duration were moderately associated with reduced AP and ML-ROM in the PPPD group and low ABC and  high perceived disability were associated with reduced AP-ROM (|r| =  0.47 to 0.53; p < 0.05). In contrast, in controls high STAI-trait, low ABC and longer TUG duration were associated with increased AP-ROM (|r| = 0.38 to 0.46; p < 0.05) and longer TUG duration was associated with increased ML-ROM (r = 0.53, p < 0.01). Conclusions FSST-VR may shed light on movement strategies in PPPD beyond task duration. While no main effect of group was observed, the distinct associations with self-reported and functional outcomes, identified using spatial head kinematics, suggest that some people with PPPD reduce head degrees of freedom when performing a dynamic balance task. This supports a potential link between spatial perception and PPPD symptomatology.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pilates Training on the Balance of Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Zaičenkovienė ◽  
Renata Rakovaitė
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Square ◽  
And Control

Research background. Falling is one of the most important problems in the elderly’s mobility disorder, which is most often affected by the loss of balance. It is known that Pilates exercises could help to increase the deep muscle strength, improve posture and proprioception, which affects the improvement of the balance. Objective – to evaluate the effects of Pilates exercises on the elderly’s static and dynamic balance. Methodology. The study population consisted of 20 volunteers, men and women, who were divided into Pilates exercises (n = 10, age 65.1 ± 2.6) and control (n = 10, age 68.6 ± 4.9) groups. The study group participated in Pilates classes 2 times per week for six weeks (session duration 60 minutes). The control group did not participate in any physical activity, but they were physically active as usually in their daily life. The main outcome measures were assessed before and after the intervention. The static balance was assessed by measuring posturographic parameters using the force platform, dynamic balance was measured with the Timed up and Go Test (TUG) and the Four Square Step Test (FSST). Results. The results showed signifcant improvement in static balance of the experimental group after the Pilates exercises during standing tests when the feet were apart, eyes opened and closed and when the feet together with eyes opened, and when the foot was in front of the other foot. The results of the control group did not differ during both tests. The results of both groups did not differ in the static balance tests before and after the study, but after the Pilates exercises, the results of the Pilates group signifcantly differed from the control group test results when the feet were in shoulder line with open eyes. The results of the dynamic balance after Pilates exercises signifcantly improved in both tests in the study group. Before the study, there were not statistically signifcant differences in the dynamic balance results between the groups. Conclusions. Six-week Pilates exercises had a positive effect on the elderly’s static and dynamic balance.Keywords: Pilates training, static balance, dynamic balance.

Reliability and Validity of the Ladder Agility Test Among Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouwien Smits-Engelsman ◽  
Wendy Aertssen ◽  
Emmanuel Bonney
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Explosive Power ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to evaluate the test–retest reliability of a new agility test among children and (2) to determine the physical performance and anthropometric variables that may influence agility performance in this population. Methods: For aim 1, participants (n = 34) completed the Ladder Agility Test (LAT) twice, with a 2-week interval between the first and second test occasions. For aim 2, participants (n = 125) were assessed on the LAT as well as other measures thought to be necessary for agility such as motor coordination, explosive power of the lower extremity, dynamic balance, age, and body mass index. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient of the LAT total score was .94 (95% confidence interval, .88–.97). Cronbach alpha of .85 was found between the 4 test items. An R2 of .466 was found to represent the explained variance of the LAT total score by the predicting variables. Dynamic balance (2-legged side jumps) (P < .001), motor coordination (P < .01), and age (P < .06) were found to be the major predictors of the LAT total score. Conclusions: This study shows that the LAT is a reliable and valid field-based test that can be used to evaluate agility performance in children. Factors such as dynamic balance, motor coordination, and age may influence agility performance.

scholarly journals Development and validation of continuity measures for inpatients receiving rehabilitation care

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Silvana L. Oliveira Sousa ◽  
Francesc Medina-Mirapeix ◽  
Pilar Escolar-Reina ◽  
Sean M. Collins ◽  
M. Carmen Lillo-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rehabilitation Care ◽  
Individual Measure ◽  
Relational Management ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Development And Validation

Objective: The main goal of this study was to exemplify the development of a measure of continuity of care (COC) from inpatients’ perspective. This measure is focused on several aspects related to physiotherapy.Methods: A cross-sectional self-report based psychometric study was carried out in a public hospital in southeast Spain. One hundred and fifty two patients with neurological and orthopaedic disorders who received rehabilitation care during stay at hospital were included in the study. A self-report questionnaire was used to examine experiences of patients related to the three types of COC, relational, management and informational continuity. The questionnaire also includes questions about sociodemographic characteristics, patient/therapist affiliation and trust with therapist. To examine reliability were used test-retest and internal consistency. For validation analysis, there were used convergent and known group strategies.Results: Of the 19 indicators included, 13 were selected to demonstrate adequate reliability and validity. From these indicators were generated three composite measures (Relational, management and COC index) and one individual measure (Informational continuity). Test-retest reliability indicated excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.75) for the three indexes. The range of Cronbach’s value was from 0.60 to 0.73. Total scores of all the indexes were moderately correlated with the satisfaction scale (r > 0.30). Regarding the known groups, all indexes scores were similar for men and woman. However, significant differences were found for management index and for relational index, based on trust with therapist and patient/therapist affiliation, respectively.Conclusions: The continuity self-reported measures is a valid and reliable method to assessing the COC in hospitalized patients receiving physiotherapy.

Interrater and Intrarater Reliability and Validity of 3 Measurement Methods for Shoulder-Position Sense

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir K. Vafadar ◽  
Julie N. Cote ◽  
Philippe S. Archambault
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Laser Pointer ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional

Context: Joint-position sense (JPS) plays a critical role in the stability of shoulder joint. Restoration of JPS is essential to improve rehabilitation outcomes in individuals with shoulder injury. However, the number of affordable and reliable shoulder-JPS measurement methods for everyday clinical practice is limited. Objective:To estimate reliability and validity of 3 simple shoulder-JPS measurement methods. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 25 healthy men and women. Main Outcome Measure: Absolute-error scores of JPS in 3 ranges of shoulder flexion (low, mid, and high), measured with a laser pointer, an inclinometer, and a goniometer in 2 separate sessions (48 h apart). Results: Overall interrater and intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients were .86 and .78 for the laser pointer, .67 and .70 for the inclinometer, and .60 and .50 for the goniometer, respectively. There was excellent reliability in the low range for the laser pointer and inclinometer methods, but fair to good and poor reliability in mid- and high ranges, respectively. All methods showed strong validity. Conclusion: The laser pointer and inclinometer JPS measurement methods are reliable and can be used by clinicians during rehabilitation of shoulder injuries.

The Phone-FITT: A Brief Physical Activity Interview for Older Adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn P. Gill ◽  
Gareth R. Jones ◽  
GuangYong Zou ◽  
Mark Speechley
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Exercise Programs ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The purpose of this study was to develop a brief physical activity interview for older adults (Phone-FITT) and evaluate its test–retest reliability and validity. Summary scores were derived for household, recreational, and total PA. Reliability was evaluated in a convenience sample from a fall-prevention study (N= 43, 79.4 ± 2.9 years, 51% male), and validity, in a random sample of individuals in older adult exercise programs (N= 48, 77.4 ± 4.7 years, 25% male). Mean time to complete the Phone-FITT was 10 min for participants sampled from exercise programs. Evaluation of test–retest reliability indicated substantial to almost perfect agreement for all scores, with intraclass correlation coefficients (95% confidence intervals) ranging from .74 (.58–.85) to .88 (.8–.94). For validity, Spearman’s rho correlations of Phone-FITT scores with accelerometer counts ranged from .29 (.01–.53) to .57 (.34–.73). Correlations of Phone-FITT recreational scores with age and seconds to complete a self-paced step test ranged from –.29 (–.53 to –.01) to –.45 (–.68 to –.14). This study contributes preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the Phone-FITT.

scholarly journals Reliability and validity of a new clinical test for assessment of the sacroiliac joint dysfunction

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apurv Shimpi ◽  
Renuka Hatekar ◽  
Ashok Shyam ◽  
Parag Sancheti
Keyword(s):  
Sacroiliac Joint ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Asymptomatic Volunteers

Background: Dysfunctional sacroiliac joint (SIJ) has been cited as a source of low backache (LBA). Numerous non-invasive clinical tests are available for its assessment having poor validity and reliability which challenges their clinical utility. Thus, introduction of a new clinical test may be necessary.Objective: To assess reliability and validity of a new clinical test for the assessment of patients with SIJ movement dysfunction.Methods: Forty-five subjects (23 having LBA of SIJ origin and 22 healthy asymptomatic volunteers) with mean age 28.62 [Formula: see text] 5.26 years were assessed by 2 blinded examiners for 3 different clinical tests of SIJ, including the new test. The obtained values were assessed for reliability by intraclass correlation, kappa coefficient and percentage agreement. Validity was assessed by averaging sensitivity and specificity. Positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were assessed.Results: The new test demonstrates good intra- [Formula: see text] and inter-rater [Formula: see text] reliability with substantial agreement between raters [Formula: see text]. It has 79.9% validity, 82% sensitivity, 77% specificity, 79% positive-predictive, 80% negative-predictive value and accuracy.Conclusion: The new “Shimpi Prone SIJ test” has a good intra- and inter-rater reliability with a substantial rater agreement and a good validity and accuracy for the assessment of patients with SIJ movement dysfunction.

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