scholarly journals Brain Activity after Intermittent Hypoxic Brain Condition in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Bora Mun ◽  
Yun-Chol Jang ◽  
Eun-Jong Kim ◽  
Ja-Hae Kim ◽  
Min-Keun Song
Keyword(s):  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Hypoxia Exposure ◽  
Hypoxic Brain Injury ◽  
Hypoxic Brain ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Hypoxic brain injury is accompanied by a decrease in various functions. It is also known that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause hypoxic brain injury. This study aimed to produce a model of an intermittent hypoxic brain condition in rats and determine the activity of the brain according to the duration of hypoxic exposure. Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the control group (n = 10), the 2 h per day hypoxia exposure group (n = 10), the 4 h per day hypoxia exposure group (n = 10), and the 8 h per day hypoxia exposure group (n = 10). All rats were exposed to a hypoxic chamber containing 10% oxygen for five days. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) brain images were acquired using a preclinical PET-CT scanner to evaluate the activity of brain metabolism. All the rats were subjected to normal conditions. After five days, PET-CT was performed to evaluate the recovery of brain metabolism. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The mean SUV was elevated in the 2 h per day and 4 h per day groups, and all brain regions showed increased metabolism except the amygdala on the left side, the auditory cortex on the right side, the frontal association cortex on the right side, the parietal association cortex on the right side, and the somatosensory cortex on the right side immediately after hypoxic exposure. However, there was no difference between 5 days rest after hypoxic exposure and control group. Western blot analysis revealed the most significant immunoreactivity for VEGF in the 2, 4, and 8 h per day groups compared with the control group and quantification of VEGF immunohistochemistry showed more expression in 2 and 4 h per day groups compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference in immunoreactivity for BDNF among the groups. The duration of exposure to hypoxia may affect the activity of the brain due to angiogenesis after intermittent hypoxic brain conditions in rats.

UNBIASING THE BRAIN: THE EFFECTS OF MEDITATION UPON THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Meissner ◽  
Michael Pirot
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Transcendental Meditation ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Twenty males with a strong right hand preference underwent 120 simple reaction time trials to a 500 hz auditory stimulus presented to right, left and both ears. Ten Transcendental Meditators served as their own controls in twenty minute meditation and relaxation conditions and were also compared to a ten Non-Meditator control group who relaxed only in two 20-minute conditions. The reaction time trials were administered after the conditions. When the ears were compared to each other a significant right-ear (left hemisphere) advantage (REA) occurred in all relaxation conditions of the Meditator and Non-Meditator control groups. However, no REA emerged after meditation conditions of the Meditator group. The Meditator group after meditation compared to their own baseline relaxation condition showed a significant suppression of reaction time latencies to stimulation delivered to the left hemisphere and a significant facilitation to stimulation delivered to the right hemisphere. The meaning of these findings suggest Transcendental Meditation is an attentional strategy that disrupts the usual biases of the brain which also has implications as a clinical method. A neuropsychological explanation of the results suggest a comprehensive theory of Transcendental Meditation.

The evaluation of central pain mechanisms in patients with microvascular angina

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Leonova ◽  
N Burova ◽  
S Boldueva ◽  
M Demidova ◽  
A Khomulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Microvascular Angina ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. In patients with microvascular angina (MVA) besides of chest pain, a high neuronal activity of certain parts of the head (right anterior insula cortex) was revealed, which is not observed in the control in patients with coronary heart disease with coronary atherosclerosis. There is an opinion that the abnormal sensation of pain is caused not by myocardial ischemia, but by a violation of neuronal regulation. Functional MRI (fMRI) is currently a widely used method of functional mapping of the brain. The principle of the method is to register a BOLD signal (blood oxygen level-depended) from voxels (volumetric points) when examining the brain in response to the fulfillment of a task (paradigm). In response to the activation of a particular region of the brain, hemodynamic parameters change in it, which leads to a decrease in the level of deoxyhemoglobin and an increase in the level of oxyhemoglobin. With neuroimaging, this phenomenon is characterized by an increase in signal intensity in a series of T2 * images, the quantitative assessment of which allows indirectly determining the degree of neuronal activation. The study included 11 patients with MVA (3 men, 8 women). The average age of the patients was 61.45 ± 7.80 years. MVA was proved classic criteria and microvascular disorders (perfusion abnormalities) by cardiac PET. Neuroimaging examination included positron emission tomography scanning using 18-fluoro deoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning using the GO / NOGO two-stimulus experimental paradigm. Throughout the study, fMRI and PET data were obtained for 11 patients with MVA and 20 healthy volunteers (control group). Results In patients with MVA, a decrease in neuronal activity was detected during the execution of actions ("GO" tests) compared with the norm in some brain structures: bilateral anterior and middle cingulate gyrus, additional motor region, postcentral gyrus, left in the islet cortex, on the right in the supramarginal gyrus. When ignoring the second stimulus ("P-P ignore."). A decrease compared with the norm was found bilaterally in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, the wedge, on the right in the cortex of the rolandic operculum and supramarginal gyrus. The detected clusters of decreased neuronal activity when performing actions and ignoring the second stimulus intersect bilaterally in the middle and anterior cingulate cortex, in the left paracentral lobe, and the right supramarginal gyrus. When suppressing actions ("NOGO samples"), no significant differences were found. According to PET, no significant changes in the level of glucose metabolism in patients with MVA compared with the control group were found. Conclusion In patients with MVA, a decrease in neuronal activity was found when performing actions compared to the norm in some brain structures.

The role of S100B protein, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the evaluation of hypoxic brain injury in acute carbon monoxide poisoning

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1113-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
HU Akdemir ◽  
T Yardan ◽  
C Kati ◽  
L Duran ◽  
H Alacam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
S100b Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Co Poisoning ◽  
Hypoxic Brain Injury ◽  
Hypoxic Brain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Unconscious Patients

The main purpose of this study was to assess the role of S100B protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the evaluation of hypoxic brain injury in acute carbon monoxide (CO)-poisoned patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients with acute CO poisoning who referred to the emergency department in a 1-year period. Serum levels of S100B protein, NSE, and GFAP were determined on admission. A total of 55 CO-poisoned patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 45 ± 20.3 years; 60% women) were included in the study. The control group consisted of 25 healthy adults. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they were conscious or unconscious. The serum levels of S100B, NSE, and GFAP were higher in patients than that in the control group. There was no significant difference between unconscious and conscious patients with respect to these markers. There was a statistically significant difference between the conscious and unconscious patients and the control group in terms of S100B and NSE levels. There was also a statistically significant difference between the unconscious patients and the control group in terms of GFAP levels. Increased serum S100B, NSE, and GFAP levels are associated with acute CO poisoning. These biomarkers can be useful in assessing the clinical status of patients with CO poisoning.

Semantic and Perceptual Processing of Number Symbols: Evidence from a Cross-linguistic fMRI Adaptation Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Holloway ◽  
Christian Battista ◽  
Stephan E. Vogel ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fmri Adaptation ◽  
The Brain

The ability to process the numerical magnitude of sets of items has been characterized in many animal species. Neuroimaging data have associated this ability to represent nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes (e.g., arrays of dots) with activity in the bilateral parietal lobes. Yet the quantitative abilities of humans are not limited to processing the numerical magnitude of nonsymbolic sets. Humans have used this quantitative sense as the foundation for symbolic systems for the representation of numerical magnitude. Although numerical symbol use is widespread in human cultures, the brain regions involved in processing of numerical symbols are just beginning to be understood. Here, we investigated the brain regions underlying the semantic and perceptual processing of numerical symbols. Specifically, we used an fMRI adaptation paradigm to examine the neural response to Hindu-Arabic numerals and Chinese numerical ideographs in a group of Chinese readers who could read both symbol types and a control group who could read only the numerals. Across groups, the Hindu-Arabic numerals exhibited ratio-dependent modulation in the left IPS. In contrast, numerical ideographs were associated with activation in the right IPS, exclusively in the Chinese readers. Furthermore, processing of the visual similarity of both digits and ideographs was associated with activation of the left fusiform gyrus. Using culture as an independent variable, we provide clear evidence for differences in the brain regions associated with the semantic and perceptual processing of numerical symbols. Additionally, we reveal a striking difference in the laterality of parietal activation between the semantic processing of the two symbols types.

Repeated hypoxia exposure induces cognitive dysfunction, brain inflammation, and amyloidβ/p-Tau accumulation through reduced brain O-GlcNAcylation in zebrafish

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2110273
Author(s):  
Jiwon Park ◽  
Sunhee Jung ◽  
Sang-Min Kim ◽  
In young Park ◽  
Ngan An Bui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Hypoxia Exposure ◽  
Hypoxic Brain Damage ◽  
Hypoxic Brain ◽  
Glucose Metabolites ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Repetitive hypoxia (RH) exposure affects the initiation and progression of cognitive dysfunction, but little is known about the mechanisms of hypoxic brain damage. In this study, we show that sublethal RH increased anxiety, impaired learning and memory (L/M), and triggered downregulation of brain levels of glucose and several glucose metabolites in zebrafish, and that supplementation of glucose or glucosamine (GlcN) restored RH-induced L/M impairment. Fear conditioning (FC)-induced brain activation of and PKA/CREB signaling was abrogated by RH, and this effect was reversed by GlcN supplementation. RH was associated with decreased brain O-GlcNAcylation and an increased O-GlcNAcase (OGA) level. RH increased brain inflammation and p-Tau and amyloid β accumulation, and these effects were suppressed by GlcN. Our observations collectively suggest that changes in O-GlcNAc flux during hypoxic exposure could be an important causal factor for neurodegeneration, and that supplementation of the HBP/ O-GlcNAc flux may be a potential novel therapeutic or preventive target for addressing hypoxic brain damage.

scholarly journals The time course of changes in the state of monoaminergic systems in the brain of mice under the acute hypoxia with hypercapnia

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-497
Author(s):  
I.V. Karpova ◽  
V.V. Mikheev ◽  
V.V. Marysheva ◽  
N.A. Kuritcyna ◽  
E.R. Bychkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Metabolite Level ◽  
Hypoxia With Hypercapnia ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

In socially isolated male outbred albino mice, the changes of monoaminergic systems under acute hypoxia with hypercapnia were studied. In cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of the right and left sides of the brain, the concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites – dihydroxyphenylacetic, homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids were investigated using the HPLC method. In isolated mice, which were not subjected to hypoxia with hypercapnia, higher levels of dopamine and serotonin in the left cortex were found. There was no asymmetry in monoamines and their metabolites in other studied brain structures. 10 min after the onset of exposure, acute hypoxia with hypercapnia resulted in a right-sided increase in norepinephrine levels and a decrease in dopamine levels in the striatum and serotonin levels in the hippocampus. In the cerebral cortex, 10 min after of hypoxic exposure beginning, there was a left-sided decrease in the dopamine content, while the original asymmetry found in the cortex of intact animals disappeared. In isolated mice perished of hypoxia with hypercapnia, almost all parameters returned to the control level. The exception was the ratio of serotonin metabolite level to the neurotransmitter, which in the right cortex became lower than in control animals. In white outbred mice, the brain monoaminergic systems are suggested to be relatively resistant to the negative consequences of hypoxia and hypercapnia, and corresponding shifts resulting in the reflex brain response to changes in the gas composition of the respiratory air.

scholarly journals Elamipretide (SS-31) Improves Functional Connectivity in Hippocampus and Other Related Regions Following Prolonged Neuroinflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Aged Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Huiqun Fu ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Binbin Nie ◽  
Fangyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Astrocyte Activation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major cause for neurocognitive diseases. Although the hippocampus has been considered an important region for cognitive dysfunction, the influence of hippocampal neuroinflammation on brain functional connectivity (FC) has been rarely studied. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in the aged rat brain, while elamipretide (SS-31) was used for treatment. Systemic and hippocampal inflammation were determined using ELISA, while astrocyte responses during hippocampal neuroinflammation were determined by interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) double staining immunofluorescence. Oxidative stress was determined by reactive oxidative species (ROS), electron transport chain (ETC) complex, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Short- (<7 days) and long-term (>30 days) learning and spatial working memory were tested by the Morris water maze (MWM). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to analyze the brain FC by placing seed voxels on the left and right hippocampus. Compared with the vehicle group, rats with the LPS exposure showed an impaired MWM performance, higher oxidative stress, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. The neuroimaging examination showed decreased FC on the right orbital cortex, right olfactory bulb, and left hippocampus on day 3, 7, and 31, respectively, after treatment. In contrast, rats with SS-31 treatment showed lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, less astrocyte activation in the hippocampus, and improved MWM performance. Neuroimaging examination showed increased FC on the left-parietal association cortex (L-PAC), left sensory cortex, and left motor cortex on day 7 with the right flocculonodular lobe on day 31 as compared with those without SS-31 treatment. Our study demonstrated that inhibiting neuroinflammation in the hippocampus not only reduces inflammatory responses in the hippocampus but also improves the brain FC in regions related to the hippocampus. Furthermore, early anti-inflammatory treatment with SS-31 has a long-lasting effect on reducing the impact of LPS-induced neuroinflammation.

Abstract 2713: Functional Recovery Associated with Connectivity Changes in Contralesional Hemisphere after Severe Transient Stroke.

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
WOO HYUN SHIM ◽  
Bruce Rosen ◽  
Jaeseung Jeong ◽  
Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sensorimotor Deficit ◽  
Stroke Models ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Stroke impairs connections in the brain system, commonly resulting in significant sensorimotor deficits. Some degree of functional recovery typically occurs even after a severe stroke, yet changes in the brain connectivity that underlie such recovery are poorly understood. In this study, using rat stroke models, we monitored functional connectivity when the sensorimotor deficit recovered after a severe ischemic stroke (defined DWI by more than 15% of the entire brain volume). We used seven Sprague-Dawley rats (∼350g), which showed nearly full recovery of both motor and sensory functions approximately 180 days after 90 min occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Six healthy age controlled rats were used for the control group. BOLD MRI time courses during rest (10min, TR=1s, 9 slices) were collected. Both the seed-voxel analysis and the ROI-based analysis were performed, in which seed voxels were selected in the left S1FL, and multiple ROIs were placed over the somatosensory regions. Stroke rats showed the markedly decreased functional connectivity in the ipsilesional side (right) for both voxelwise and ROI-based methods. Interestingly, in contralesional (non-stroke) side (left), the voxelwise connectivity spatially expanded into the entire cortical area. The cross-correlation coefficient values between ROI’s slightly increased in the contralesional hemisphere compared to the control rats. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the restoration of sensorimotor function is associated more with the increase and spatial expansion of functional connectivity within the contralesional than the ipsilesional hemisphere.

scholarly journals Distinctive Frontal and Occipitotemporal Surface Features in Neglectful Parenting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Inmaculada León ◽  
María José Rodrigo ◽  
Ileana Quiñones ◽  
Juan Andrés Hernández-Cabrera ◽  
Lorna García-Pentón
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Emotional Availability ◽  
Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Although the brain signatures of adaptive human parenting are well documented, the cortical features associated with maladaptive caregiving are underexplored. We investigated whether cortical thickness and surface area vary in a small group of mothers who had neglected their children (24 in the neglect group, NG) compared to a control group of mothers with non-neglectful caregiving (21 in the control group, CG). We also tested whether the cortical differences were related to dyadic mother-child emotional availability (EA) in a play task with their children and whether alexithymia involving low emotional awareness that characterizes the NG could play a role in the cortical-EA associations. Whole-brain analysis of the cortical mantle identified reduced cortical thickness in the right rostral middle frontal gyrus and an increased surface area in the right lingual and lateral occipital cortices for the NG with respect to the CG. Follow-up path analysis showed direct effects of the right rostral middle frontal gyrus (RMFG) on the emotional availability (EA) and on the difficulty to identify feelings (alexithymia factor), with a marginal indirect RMFG-EA effect through this factor. These preliminary findings extend existing work by implicating differences in cortical features associated with neglectful parenting and relevant to mother-child interactive bonding.

scholarly journals Effects of Spontaneous Neural Activity during Learning Football Juggling—A Randomized Control Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4079
Author(s):  
Dandan Chen ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Sebastian Klich ◽  
Lina Zhu ◽  
Xiaoxiao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spontaneous Neural Activity ◽  
Motion Learning ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

To establish the characteristics of spontaneous neural activity during learning football juggling. We used fMRI to see which parts of the brain were changed by learning football juggling. Through recruitment, 111 college students (37 females and 74 males) were selected and randomly divided into football juggling (FJ) (n = 68, 23 females and 45 males) and a control group (CON) (n = 43, 14 females and 29 males). The FJ group learned football juggling 70 times, while CON had regular study sessions at the same time. Static functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure the dynamic changes of spontaneous nerve activity during learning football juggling. The result shows that the ALFF value in the right cerebellum 8 area was significantly higher than that before the 70 times of learning football juggling. The present study provides initial evidence that learning football juggling 70 times effectively increased the level of spontaneous neural activity in the cerebellum region. These promising findings provide new evidence to fully reveal the relationship between motion learning and brain plasticity.

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