scholarly journals The Many Facets of Therapy Resistance and Tumor Recurrence in Glioblastoma

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
Anshika Goenka ◽  
Deanna Tiek ◽  
Xiao Song ◽  
Tianzhi Huang ◽  
Bo Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Therapy Failure ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Radio Therapy ◽  
The Many ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Recurrent Gbm

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal type of primary brain cancer. Standard care using chemo- and radio-therapy modestly increases the overall survival of patients; however, recurrence is inevitable, due to treatment resistance and lack of response to targeted therapies. GBM therapy resistance has been attributed to several extrinsic and intrinsic factors which affect the dynamics of tumor evolution and physiology thus creating clinical challenges. Tumor-intrinsic factors such as tumor heterogeneity, hypermutation, altered metabolomics and oncologically activated alternative splicing pathways change the tumor landscape to facilitate therapy failure and tumor progression. Moreover, tumor-extrinsic factors such as hypoxia and an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are the chief causes of immunotherapy failure in GBM. Amid the success of immunotherapy in other cancers, GBM has occurred as a model of resistance, thus focusing current efforts on not only alleviating the immunotolerance but also evading the escape mechanisms of tumor cells to therapy, caused by inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Here we review the various mechanisms of therapy resistance in GBM, caused by the continuously evolving tumor dynamics as well as the complex TME, which cumulatively contribute to GBM malignancy and therapy failure; in an attempt to understand and identify effective therapies for recurrent GBM.

scholarly journals Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Influencing Employee Motivation: Lessons from AMREF Health Africa in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Morangi Nyambegera ◽  
Caroline Njambi Gicheru
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Salary Structure ◽  
Data Collection Instrument ◽  
Correlation Statistics ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

<p>The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influence employee motivation in Kenyan Organizations. The study was guided by the following research questions: (i) what are the extrinsic factors that influence employee motivation in AMREF Health Africa in Kenya? (ii) what intrinsic factors influence employee motivation in AMREF Health Africa in Kenya? A descriptive research design was adopted. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw a sample size of 96 respondents. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers.  A set of descriptive and correlation statistics were adopted for analysis. The study identified several intrinsic factors that influence employee motivation. These included employee achievements, recognition, work itself, responsibility and advancement, salary structure, the level to which the employees feel appreciated, and the employee perception of their jobs among other factors. The study further, established that the intrinsic factors that influence employee motivation include empowerment and autonomy, employees’ view of their work, organization trust, skill variety requirements among others. The study recommends that the organization should acknowledge and make use of a proper mix of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in their human resource management practices to ensure that employees are well motivated to perform their tasks.</p>

scholarly journals See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Mielby ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Sidsel Jensen ◽  
Anne Bertelsen ◽  
Ulla Kidmose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Carbonated Beverages ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

A study was designed to assess whether the individual and combined effects of product-intrinsic and product-extrinsic factors influence the perception of, and liking for, carbonated beverages. Four hundred and one participants tasted samples of one of three flavours (grapefruit, lemon, or raspberry) of carbonated aromatised non-alcoholic beer. The beverages were served in receptacles that differed in terms of their colour (red or black) and weight (lighter—no added weight, or heavier—20 g weight added). Each participant received the same beverage in each of the four different receptacles, and rated how much they liked the drink. They also evaluated the intensity of each beverage’s sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and carbonation. The results revealed a significant influence of the colour of the receptacle on perceived carbonation, with the beverages tasted from the red receptacles being rated as tasting more carbonated than when served in black receptacles. In terms of flavour, the participants liked the raspberry beverage significantly more than the others, while also rating it as tasting sweeter and less bitter than either of the other flavours. Furthermore, there was a more complex interaction effect involving the weight of the receptacle: Specifically, the perceived bitterness of the beverage moderated the relationship between the receptacle weight and the perceived carbonation. At high levels of bitterness, the drinks were perceived to be more carbonated when served from the heavier receptacle as compared to the lighter one. These findings highlight the complex interplay of product extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the flavour/mouthfeel perception and preference for beverages, and stress the importance of taking both internal product development and external packaging into account in the design of health-oriented beverages.

The role of extrinsic variation—cohabiting juvenile fish species exhibit similar otolith elemental signatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 109-125
Author(s):  
LM Cavole ◽  
JA Miller ◽  
P Salinas-de-León ◽  
O Aburto-Oropeza ◽  
JR Marin Jarrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Galapagos Archipelago ◽  
Elemental Uptake ◽  
Yellow Snapper ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

The effect of extrinsic (environmentally based) and intrinsic (physiologically based) controls on otolith elemental signatures remains poorly understood. We evaluated the relative importance of both extrinsic and intrinsic factors using juvenile fish in Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) mangroves. To assess extrinsic influences, we compared the cohabiting yellow snapper Lutjanus argentiventris and sailfin grouper Mycteroperca olfax from the Galápagos Archipelago. To evaluate intrinsic influences, we compared yellow snapper from the Gulf of California (Mexico) and the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador). The 2 cohabiting species in the Galápagos exhibited very similar otolith elemental signatures, with no significant differences observed for Li, Cu, Mg, Mn, Rb, and Sr (univariate ANOVAs, p > 0.05), and a small separation achieved between these species (ANOSIM test, R = 0.01, p = 0.038). The yellow snappers from Galápagos and the Gulf of California exhibited distinct elemental signatures increasing from Rb, Cu, Mn, Sr, Li to Ba (univariate ANOVAs, p < 0.05), with a large separation between them (ANOSIM test, R = 0.55, p = 0.001). The present study suggests that extrinsic factors (e.g. water chemistry, temperature, salinity) can be more important than intrinsic factors (e.g. physiology, growth rates, genetics) for influencing elemental uptake in the otoliths of juveniles from mangrove waters. However, improved understanding of factors influencing elemental incorporation is still needed to ensure accurate interpretation of field data, especially in dynamic oceanographic systems, which is the case for both the Gulf of California and the Galápagos Archipelago.

scholarly journals Maternal aggression in rodents: brain oxytocin and vasopressin mediate pup defence

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1631) ◽  
pp. 20130085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Maternal Aggression ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

The most significant social behaviour of the lactating mother is maternal behaviour, which comprises maternal care and maternal aggression (MA). The latter is a protective behaviour of the mother serving to defend the offspring against a potentially dangerous intruder. The extent to which the mother shows aggressive behaviour depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors, as we have learned from studies in laboratory rodents. Among the extrinsic factors are the pups’ presence and age, as well as the intruders’ sex and age. With respect to intrinsic factors, the mothers’ innate anxiety and the prosocial brain neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) play important roles. While OXT is well known as a maternal neuropeptide, AVP has only recently been described in this context. The increased activities of these neuropeptides in lactation are the result of remarkable brain adaptations peripartum and are a prerequisite for the mother to become maternal. Consequently, OXT and AVP are significantly involved in mediating the fine-tuned regulation of MA depending on the brain regions. Importantly, both neuropeptides are also modulators of anxiety, which determines the extent of MA. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of OXT and AVP in MA and the link to anxiety.

scholarly journals The Many Facets of Tumor Heterogeneity: Is Metabolism Lagging Behind?

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Loponte ◽  
Sara Lovisa ◽  
Angela K. Deem ◽  
Alessandro Carugo ◽  
Andrea Viale
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Intratumoral Heterogeneity ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Metabolic Heterogeneity ◽  
The Many ◽  
Metabolic Strategies

Tumor functional heterogeneity has been recognized for decades, and technological advancements are fueling renewed interest in uncovering the cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence tumor development and therapeutic response. Intratumoral heterogeneity is now arguably one of the most-studied topics in tumor biology, leading to the discovery of new paradigms and reinterpretation of old ones, as we aim to understand the profound implications that genomic, epigenomic, and functional heterogeneity hold with regard to clinical outcomes. In spite of our improved understanding of the biological complexity of cancer, characterization of tumor metabolic heterogeneity has lagged behind, lost in a century-old controversy debating whether glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration is more influential. But is tumor metabolism really so simple? Here, we review historical and current views of intratumoral heterogeneity, with an emphasis on summarizing the emerging data that begin to illuminate just how vast the spectrum of metabolic strategies a tumor can employ may be, and what this means for how we might interpret other tumor characteristics, such as mutational landscape, contribution of microenvironmental influences, and treatment resistance.

scholarly journals Frequent Major Changing: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Firmin ◽  
Lisa M. MacKillop
Keyword(s):  
Practice Theory ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Personal Interests ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Twenty undergraduates participated in individual, semi-structured interviews concerning their decisions to change majors. We found three common extrinsic and three intrinsic factors related to their decisions. Extrinsic factors included parents who were supportive but not meaningfully directive, lack of familial external guidance, and lack of knowledge concerning chosen majors and future careers. Intrinsic factors included students' difficulty making long-term decisions, desires for a major that meshed well with their personal interests, and satisfaction with majors that met those requirements. Relative Emphasis: research, practice, theory

scholarly journals Present Status of Spiculed Red Cells and Their Relationship to the Discocyte-Echinocyte Transformation: A Critical Review

Blood ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brecher ◽  
M. Bessis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Fresh Plasma ◽  
The Many ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The literature on spiculed red cells, contains a redundant nomenclature and contradictory claims on the pathogenesis of the abnormal red cells. A resolution of these difficulties requires knowledge of the many conditions that induce crenation in normal and abnormal red cells because these artifacts have frequently been confused with spiculed cells in the patient’s circulation. The biconcave red cells (disocytes) can be transformed into crenated red cells (echinocytes) (1) by extrinsic factors (plasma incubated at 37°C for 24 hr, lysolecithin, high levels of fatty acid or physiologic levels of fatty acid in the presence of lysolecithin and many others); (2) by intrinsic factors, such as aging of red cells, which are probably related to depressed ATP; and (3) by washing in saline and the "glass effect" of observing cells between slide and cover slip. The extrinsically induced discocyte-echinocyte transformation is generally reversible by washing in fresh plasma, the intrinsically induced transformation is not. The discocyte-echinocyte transformation due to glass contact is prevented by observation between plastic cover slips. Echinocytes probably occur in various diseases, but such claims must be reevaluated because examination of fresh cells between plastic cover slips is necessary to exclude artifactual crenation during preparation of smears. Sphero-echinocytes and spherocytes may develop with higher concentration of echinocytogenic agents. The relationship of these cells to echinocytes, on one hand, and prelytic spheres, on the other, needs further clarification. The spiculed cells in the circulation of certain patients with liver disease are indistinguishable from the acanthocytes of abetalipoproteinemia. Acanthocytes can develop crenation superimposed on their own spicules and become acanthoechinocytes. It is suggested that the term burr cell for echinocyte and spur cells for the acanthocytes of liver disease be abandoned because they are redundant and do not allow for designation of the mixed forms of acantho-echinocytes which are of diagnostic importance. Speculations are presented on the pathogenesis of echinocyte formation and their importance for an understanding of the structure of the red cell membrane.

scholarly journals Rarity of Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. lushii and protocol for its ex-situ conservation in the Indian desert

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2155-2163
Author(s):  
Suresh Kumar ◽  
Chandan Singh Purohit ◽  
R. N. Kulloli
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Indian Desert ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Ceropegia Bulbosa

Over expolitation of tubers of Ceropegia bulbosa var. lushii which is a narrow endemic in the Indian Desert has drastically declined its populations and made it threatened. This was confirmed by its absence at its previously reported sites in Barmer, Jodhpur, Jalore, Jhunjhunun and Jaisalmer. Its occurance in Jhalawar, a previously reported site and at another unreported site at Jalore with density of only 4-12 plants/ha confirmed that it has become rarer. Reasons for declining populations in terms of density and occurrence of C. bulbosa var. lushii due to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors (= threats) have been investigated in this paper. Extrinsic factors include overexploitation of tubers, habitat loss and fragmentation due to mining. Six tubers brought from its native sites regenerated successfully at Desert Botanical Garden , CAZRI, Jodhpur. Intrinsic threats were experimentally assessed by studying its life cycle for three years. Seeds produced by these plants under captivity showed 30-35% germination. Germination, phenology and growth of plants both, from seeds for one year and tubers for three years revealed many sensitive, risk prone stages which indicated potential threat to its regeneration in its native places. These included failure to seed set due to lack of pollinator, falling of immature follicles, exposure of seeds to open sun, sapling damage by wild animals and digging out of perenating tubers by wild ungulates and human being. Both extrinsic and intrinsic factors are responsible for its rarity in the wild. It emerged that for success in its ex-situ conservation, mature seeds, availability of partial shade and safety from wild animals are essential requirements.

scholarly journals Gene Mutation and Epigenetic Modification Origin in Glioma Initiation: Are the GDNF and SOX1 Overexpression the Causes of Its Initiation?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouminin Kanwore ◽  
Xiao-xiao Guo ◽  
Ayanlaja Abdulrahman Abiola ◽  
Piniel Alphayo Kambey ◽  
Adekunle Adebayo Oluwafemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Protein Overexpression ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Oncogene Protein ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

The extrinsic and intrinsic factors are essential in glioma initiation. Many extrinsic factors (UV, radiation, food, etc.) and intrinsic factors (proteins, hormones, ageing, DNA and RNA damages, etc.) was reported to being responsible for glioma initiation and progression. However, the cell responsible for glioma origin is still unknown. Many research papers have reported that glioma stem cells, senescent cells, injured cells, and death neurons are the cells of glioma origin. However, gene mutation and oncogene protein overexpression doesn&rsquo;t occur only in cancer but during life evolution. The source of genetic mutations has become a fundamental issue in understanding its role in the initiation of glioma. The glioma is the precise coordination of several distant factors that work together in the initiation and development of glioma. However, the role and effects of the genes (GDNF and SOX1) on cancer cells are well known, but their gene mutation origin is controversial. Several models and theories have been proposed to explain the origins of GDNF and SOX1 genetic mutations and epigenetic modification related to cancer. Our aim in this review is to clear that incertitude about glioma origin (gene mutation and epigenetic modifications) and those factors involved in glioma initiation and recurrence.

Institutional Environment, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention of Company Employees

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Devi Angrahini Anni Lembana ◽  
Yu Yu Chang ◽  
Wen Ke Liang
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors

From the intentionality-based view, individuals' actual behaviors to initiate a new venture is driven by their entrepreneurial intentions. Company employees have accumulated professionalism and practical experience, which both enable them to discover some unmet market demand and industrial gaps. However, in establishing a new business, not everyone with certain knowledge or expertise has the desire to become an entrepreneur. Prior research has shown that entrepreneurial intentions are under the profound influences of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. On the one hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the key psychological states that makes someone dare to initiate entrepreneurial activities. Institutional environment, on the other hand, can either enhance and hinder an individuals' entrepreneurial motivation by offering incentives or causing barriers. Little work has been done to understand how the institutional environment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly affect company employees' intention to quit their job and start an enterprising career. By using hierarchical regression on a sample of 325 Indonesian company employees, this paper shows that the entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are positively related to employees' entrepreneurial intentions. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy strengthens the effect of normative Approval on entrepreneurial intention, whereas the regulatory Support from Government is detrimental to company employees' intention to start a new venture regardless the entrepreneurial self-efficacy is high or low.

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