scholarly journals Polyamine Metabolism in Scots Pine Embryogenic Cells under Potassium Deficiency

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1244
Author(s):  
Riina Muilu-Mäkelä ◽  
Jaana Vuosku ◽  
Hely Häggman ◽  
Tytti Sarjala
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Embryogenic Cells ◽  
Embryogenic Cell

Polyamines (PA) have a protective role in maintaining growth and development in Scots pine during abiotic stresses. In the present study, a controlled liquid Scots pine embryogenic cell culture was used for studying the responses of PA metabolism related to potassium deficiency. The transcription level regulation of PA metabolism led to the accumulation of putrescine (Put). Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) had an increased expression trend under potassium deficiency, whereas spermidine synthase (SPDS) expression decreased. Generally, free spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)/ thermospermine (t-Spm) contents were kept relatively stable, mostly by the downregulation of polyamine oxidase (PAO) expression. The low potassium contents in the culture medium decreased the potassium content of the cells, which inhibited cell mass growth, but did not affect cell viability. The reduced growth was probably caused by repressed metabolic activity and cell division, whereas there were no signs of H2O2-induced oxidative stress or increased cell death. The low intracellular content of K+ decreased the content of Na+. The decrease in the pH of the culture medium indicated that H+ ions were pumped out of the cells. Altogether, our findings emphasize the specific role(s) of Put under potassium deficiency and strict developmental regulation of PA metabolism in Scots pine.

scholarly journals Polyamine metabolism during exponential growth transition in Scots pine embryogenic cell culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1274-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vuosku ◽  
M. Suorsa ◽  
M. Ruottinen ◽  
S. Sutela ◽  
R. Muilu-Makela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Embryogenic Cell

scholarly journals Overexpression of arginine decarboxylase in transgenic plants

1997 ◽  
Vol 325 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel BURTIN ◽  
Anthony J. MICHAEL
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Polyamine Conjugate ◽  
And Control

The activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC), a key enzyme in plant polyamine biosynthesis, was manipulated in two generations of transgenic tobacco plants. Second-generation transgenic plants overexpressing an oat ADC cDNA contained high levels of oat ADC transcript relative to tobacco ADC, possessed elevated ADC enzyme activity and accumulated 10–20-fold more agmatine, the direct product of ADC. In the presence of high levels of the precursor agmatine, no increase in the levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine was detected in the transgenic plants. Similarly, the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were unchanged. No diversion of polyamine metabolism into the hydroxycinnamic acid–polyamine conjugate pool or into the tobacco alkaloid nicotine was detected. Activity of the catabolic enzyme diamine oxidase was the same in transgenic and control plants. The elevated ADC activity and agmatine production were subjected to a metabolic/physical block preventing increased, i.e. deregulated, polyamine accumulation. Overaccumulation of agmatine in the transgenic plants did not affect morphological development.

Effects of potassium deficiency and simulated acid rain, alone and in combination, on the ultrastructure of Scots pine needles

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1402-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toini Holopainen ◽  
Pekka Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Resting Period ◽  
Lipid Structures ◽  
Parenchyma Tissue

The effects of potassium deficiency and artificial acid precipitation, alone and in combination, on Scots pine (Pinussilvestris L.) needles were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The seedling material was grown in quartz sand culture and watered with nutrient solution containing 45, 20, 10, or 5 mg of potassium/L; the concentration of other nutrients was constant and equally available for all seedlings. A portion of the seedlings from each group received consecutive acidified water spraying of pH 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, and 3.0, each for 4 days with a 3-day resting period between applications. The potassium deficiency caused an increase in the proportional vacuolar space and severe vesiculation of the tonoplast. Irregularly shaped lipid structures increased in number in the cytoplasm, and lipid bodies also appeared in the vacuoles and occasionally in the chloroplasts. The symptoms related to potassium deficiency were more severe in the transfusion parenchyma cells than in the mesophyll. The lowest level of potassium produced almost complete disorganization of the cellular structures in the transfusion parenchyma tissue, but severe changes were also seen in the mesophyll. The simulated acid rain treatment caused the formation of protrusions in the chloroplasts and an increase in irregularly shaped lipid structures in the cytoplasm throughout the mesophyll tissue, but no clear symptoms were observed inside the bundle sheath. In general, the changes caused by acid rain in the chloroplasts were slight and did not cause serious disorganization of these organelles. When the seedlings were exposed to combination treatment, the typical symptoms of both exposures were observable. The results suggest that the stresses caused by potassium deficiency and short-term foliar acid rain treatment can be distinguished in the needle ultrastructure.

Effects of the sap of the common oleander Nerium indicum (Apocyanaceae) on male fertility and spermatogenesis in the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (22) ◽  
pp. 3935-3942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Eun Jeong ◽  
Yun Lee ◽  
Jeong Hee Hwang ◽  
Douglas C. Knipple
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Helicoverpa Assulta ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

SUMMARY We investigated the effects of sap of the common oleander Nerium indicum (Apocyanaceae) on male fertility and spermatogenesis in the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta. We found that continuous feeding of oleander sap during the larval period significantly affects fertility in males but not in females. This effect was also induced by direct injection of oleander sap into the hemocoel of 2-day-old pupae. Histological analyses of developing testes following oleander injection revealed a developmental delay and progressively more severe morphological abnormalities in the later stages of development. The effects of oleander sap on spermatogenesis in H. assulta were associated with greatly reduced levels of the two major polyamines, spermidine and spermine, in testis compared with saline-injected controls. In contrast, levels of putrescine, which is a precursor of both spermidine and spermine, and the activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase, which are involved in the biosynthesis of putrescine, were initially elevated following oleander injection, but subsequently failed to undergo the induction that normally occurs during late pupal development. The effects of oleander sap on spermidine and spermine levels could be the result of direct inhibition by chemical constituents of the oleander sap of one of the enzymes used in common in the conversions of putrescine to spermidine and spermidine to spermine; alternatively, these effects on polyamine metabolism could be secondary to the disruption of a more fundamental process in the developmental program guiding spermatogenesis in H. assulta.

scholarly journals Endogenous Polyamines and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Relation to Germination of Osmoprimed Brassica napus Seeds under Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Lechowska ◽  
Łukasz Wojtyla ◽  
Muriel Quinet ◽  
Szymon Kubala ◽  
Stanley Lutts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Growth State ◽  
Early Seedling

Currently, seed priming is reported as an efficient and low-cost approach to increase crop yield, which could not only promote seed germination and improve plant growth state but also increase abiotic stress tolerance. Salinity represents one of the most significant abiotic stresses that alters multiple processes in plants. The accumulation of polyamines (PAs) in response to salt stress is one of the most remarkable plant metabolic responses. This paper examined the effect of osmopriming on endogenous polyamine metabolism at the germination and early seedling development of Brassica napus in relation to salinity tolerance. Free, conjugated and bound polyamines were analyzed, and changes in their accumulation were discussed with literature data. The most remarkable differences between the corresponding osmoprimed and unprimed seeds were visible in the free (spermine) and conjugated (putrescine, spermidine) fractions. The arginine decarboxylase pathway seems to be responsible for the accumulation of PAs in primed seeds. The obvious impact of seed priming on tyramine accumulation was also demonstrated. Moreover, the level of ethylene increased considerably in seedlings issued from primed seeds exposed to salt stress. It can be concluded that the polyamines are involved in creating the beneficial effect of osmopriming on germination and early growth of Brassica napus seedlings under saline conditions through moderate changes in their biosynthesis and accumulation.

scholarly journals Effect of arginine, putrescine and spermidine on the polyamine, proline and chlorophyll content of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Ákos Mendel ◽  
László Kovács ◽  
Erzsébet Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Spermine Synthase ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Exogenous Addition ◽  
Precursor Molecules

Polyamines, such as spermidine (Spd) spermine (Spm) and their direct precursor, the diamine putrescine (Put) are vital and essential aliphatic amines which are also present in plants. Although ethylene and polyamines are also involved in fruit ripening, the genes coding them must also take part in other biosynthetic pathways. In the ethylene and polyamines play an important role in development of salt stress tolerance, and in responses for biotic and abiotic stresses. Exogenous application of all three main polyamines (Put, Spd, Spm) increase salt tolerance of plants, but, accordingly to previous experiments, spermidine has the main effect on the enhancement of salt tolerance. Nicotiana tabacum L. plants were grown in vitro on MS medium, the treatments were as follows: arginine (150 mg l-1), putrescine (10 mg l-1), spermidine (10 mg l-1). Proline, chlorophyll a, b and polyamine contents were measured. The obtained results show that the arginine decarboxylase and the spermidine synthase genes involved in polyamine metabolism, cannot be enhanced by exogenous addition of their precursor molecules. On the contrary, the spermine synthase gene has a positive effect to the lower-class forms of polyamines.

scholarly journals Cell lineage allocation in equine blastocysts produced in vitro under varying glucose concentrations

Reproduction ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Ho Choi ◽  
Pablo Ross ◽  
Isabel C Velez ◽  
B Macías-García ◽  
Fernando L Riera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Glucose ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Embryo Culture Medium ◽  
Effect Of Glucose

Equine embryos developin vitroin the presence of high glucose concentrations, but little is known about their requirements for development. We evaluated the effect of glucose concentrations in medium on blastocyst development after ICSI. In experiment 1, there were no significant differences in rates of blastocyst formation among embryos cultured in our standard medium (DMEM/F-12), which contained >16 mM glucose, and those cultured in a minimal-glucose embryo culture medium (<1 mM; Global medium, GB), with either 0 added glucose for the first 5 days, then 20 mM (0-20) or 20 mM for the entire culture period (20-20). In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in the rates of blastocyst development (31–46%) for embryos cultured in four glucose treatments in GB (0-10, 0-20, 5-10, or 5-20). Blastocysts were evaluated by immunofluorescence for lineage-specific markers. All cells stained positively forPOU5F1. An inner cluster of cells was identified that included presumptive primitive endoderm cells (GATA6-positive) and presumptive epiblast (EPI) cells. The 5-20 treatment resulted in a significantly lower number of presumptive EPI-lineage cells than the 0-20 treatment did.GATA6-positive cells appeared to be allocated to the primitive endoderm independent of the formation of an inner cell mass, as was previously hypothesized for equine embryos. These data demonstrate that equine blastocyst development is not dependent on high glucose concentrations during early culture; rather, environmental glucose may affect cell allocation. They also present the first analysis of cell lineage allocation inin vitro-fertilized equine blastocysts. These findings expand our understanding of the factors that affect embryo development in the horse.

Delphinidin-induced autophagy protects pancreatic β cells against apoptosis resulting from high-glucose stress via AMPK signaling pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1242-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengni Lai ◽  
Mingyong Huang ◽  
Lingyan Zhao ◽  
Yan Tian ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
Ampk Signaling ◽  
Compound C ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Abstract Hyperglycemia, a diagnostic characteristic of diabetes mellitus, is detrimental to pancreatic β cells. Delphinidin, a member of the anthocyanin family, inhibits glucose absorption, increases glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, and improves insulin secretion in diabetes. However, whether delphinidin plays a protective role in pancreatic β-cell mass and function is not clear. In this study, delphinidin was found to decrease the high-glucose-induced apoptosis of RIN-m5F pancreatic β cells. In addition, delphinidin induced autophagy in RIN-m5F cells under the normal and high-glucose conditions, while 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibition of autophagy significantly diminished the protective role of delphinidin against high-glucose-induced apoptosis of pancreatic β cells. Delphinidin also decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3 and increased the phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) Thr172. Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, was found to decrease the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, and the apoptotic rate of high-glucose-injured cells was increased after treatment with delphinidin, indicating that delphinidin attenuated the negative effects of high-glucose stress to cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that delphinidin protects pancreatic β cells against high-glucose-induced injury by autophagy regulation via the AMPK signaling pathway. These findings might shed light on the underlying mechanisms of diabetes and help improve the prevention and therapy of this common disease.

97 Loss of aggregation capacity of bovine invitro-produced embryos and blastocyst-derived trophoblasts from Day 6 of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
V. Alberio ◽  
M. Yauri Felipe ◽  
D. Salamone
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Sodium Pyruvate ◽  
Trophoblastic Cells ◽  
Stereoscopic Observation ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Humidified Air ◽  
Oviductal Fluid

Embryo aggregation consists of placing more than one zona-free (ZF) embryo in contact during development to obtain a unique structure. It has been reported in different species that aggregated cloned embryos show certain benefits compared with nonaggregated embryos. One way to obtain these benefits in IVF embryos would be to generate a transient chimera by the introduction of trophoblastic cells. Bovine trophoblastic cells can be obtained by embryo bisection of blastocysts, cutting asymmetrically to use trophoblasts (Tr) for aggregation and leaving aside the portion that contains the inner cell mass (ICM). Taking all this into account, the objectives of this work are to study the aggregation of Tr at different days of development and to determine the appropriate time of aggregation. To this aim, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in tissue culture medium 199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 10µgmL−1 FSH, 0.3mM sodium pyruvate, 100mM cysteamine and 2% antibiotic-antimycotic for 24h, at 6.5% CO2 in humidified air and 38.5°C. We performed IVF with 16×106 spermatozoa per mL for 5h. Afterwards, presumptive zygotes were cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) for 7 days in a humidified atmosphere at 38.5°C, 5% O2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2. In Experiment 1, embryo bisection of Day 7 blastocysts was performed manually under stereoscopic observation with a microblade to obtain Tr. These were aggregated, with the bisected part containing the ICM (n=22) or with ZF embryos of Days 4 (n=23), 5(n=25), or 6 (n=22) and blastocysts (n=25), and placed in microwells in a 100-μL SOF drop covered by mineral oil (Gambini et al. 2012 Biol. Reprod. 87, 15; https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.112.098855). In Experiment 2, ZF synchronous whole embryos were aggregated in microwells at different developmental days: Day 3 (n=18), 4 (n=18), 5 (n=47), 6 (n=48), and 7 (n=45). In both experiments, aggregation was assessed at Day 8. In Experiment 1, no aggregation was observed between the Tr and the embryos or the bisected ICM. Experiment 2 showed embryo aggregation on Days 3 (55%), 4 (27%), and 5 (61%), whereas on Days 6 and 7 no aggregation was observed. According to these results, we can conclude that, in our culture conditions, Tr obtained by blastocyst bisection have no capacity for aggregation. Day 6 and 7 whole ZF embryos also do not aggregate. As a general conclusion, there is a period from Days 0-5 of the invitro development of bovine embryos in which aggregation is possible. Aggregation of blastocyst-derived Tr to cloned or high-value IVF embryos, aiming for quality improvement, is not an effective strategy.

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