scholarly journals TREM Receptors Connecting Bowel Inflammation to Neurodegenerative Disorders

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Natale ◽  
Francesca Biagioni ◽  
Carla Letizia Busceti ◽  
Stefano Gambardella ◽  
Fiona Limanaqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Circumventricular Organs ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Disease Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Alterations in Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM-1/2) are bound to a variety of infectious, sterile inflammatory, and degenerative conditions, ranging from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to neurodegenerative disorders. TREMs are emerging as key players in pivotal mechanisms often concurring in IBD and neurodegeneration, namely microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, and inflammation. In conditions of dysbiosis, compounds released by intestinal bacteria activate TREMs on macrophages, leading to an exuberant pro-inflammatory reaction up to damage in the gut barrier. In turn, TREM-positive activated macrophages along with inflammatory mediators may reach the brain through the blood, glymphatic system, circumventricular organs, or the vagus nerve via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This leads to a systemic inflammatory response which, in turn, impairs the blood-brain barrier, while promoting further TREM-dependent neuroinflammation and, ultimately, neural injury. Nonetheless, controversial results still exist on the role of TREM-2 compared with TREM-1, depending on disease specificity, stage, and degree of inflammation. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide an update on the role of TREMs in the pathophysiology of IBD and neurodegeneration. The evidence here discussed the highlights of the potential role of TREMs, especially TREM-1, in bridging inflammatory processes in intestinal and neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Formyl Peptide Receptor Dysfunction to the Course of Neuroinflammation: A Potential Role in the Brain Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Trojan ◽  
Natalia Bryniarska ◽  
Monika Leśkiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Regulska ◽  
Katarzyna Chamera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Formyl Peptide Receptor ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Formyl Peptide ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

: Chronic inflammatory processes within the central nervous system (CNS) are in part responsible for the development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. These processes are associated with, among other things, the increased and disturbed activation of microglia and the elevated production of proinflammatory factors. Recent studies indicated that the disruption of the process of resolution of inflammation (RoI) may be the cause of CNS disorders. It is shown that the RoI is regulated by endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which interact with specific membrane receptors. Some SPMs activate formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors take part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of the inflammation process. Therefore, the activation of FPRs might have complex consequences. : This review discusses the potential role of FPRs, and in particular the role of FPR2 subtype, in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions and their involvement in processes underlying neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders as well as ischemia, the pathogenesis of which involves the dysfunction of inflammatory processes.

scholarly journals Role of Adipose Tissue in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4226
Author(s):  
Eva Karaskova ◽  
Maria Velganova-Veghova ◽  
Milos Geryk ◽  
Hana Foltenova ◽  
Veronika Kucerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Endocrine Activity ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. There are increasing clinical and experimental data showing that obesity, especially visceral adiposity, plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Obesity seems to be an important risk factor also for IBD disease severity and clinical outcomes. Visceral adipose tissue is an active multifunctional metabolic organ involved in lipid storage and immunological and endocrine activity. Bowel inflammation penetrates the surrounding adipose tissue along the mesentery. Mesenteric fat serves as a barrier to inflammation and controls immune responses to the translocation of gut bacteria. At the same time, mesenteric adipose tissue may be the principal source of cytokines and adipokines responsible for inflammatory processes associated with IBD. This review is particularly focusing on the potential role of adipokines in IBD pathogenesis and their possible use as promising therapeutic targets.

Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (42) ◽  
pp. 4510-4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biancamaria Longoni ◽  
Irene Fasciani ◽  
Shivakumar Kolachalam ◽  
Ilaria Pietrantoni ◽  
Francesco Marampon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
The Brain

: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells that are also found in most biological fluids and tissues. While they were initially thought to act as compartments for removal of cellular debris, they are now recognized as important tools for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of pathogens between the cells. They have attracted particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases for their potential role in transferring prion-like proteins between neurons, and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), they have been shown to spread oligomers of α-synuclein in the brain accelerating the progression of this pathology. A potential neuroprotective role of exosomes has also been equally proposed in PD as they could limit the toxicity of α-synuclein by clearing them out of the cells. Exosomes have also attracted considerable attention for use as drug vehicles. Being nonimmunogenic in nature, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of exosomes and their potential application as drug delivery systems in PD.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Fatima ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN LINOMIDE-TREATED NOD MICE AND THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF A Th1/Th2 SHIFT ON AUTOIMMUNE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES

Cytokine ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola Weiss ◽  
Vivian Barak ◽  
Michael Zeira ◽  
Ali Abdul-Hai ◽  
Israel Raibstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Eric J. Yang ◽  
Sahil Sekhon ◽  
Kristen M. Beck ◽  
Isabelle M. Sanchez ◽  
Tina Bhutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Treatments for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis have progressed at a rapid rate over the past 20 years, but treating patients with recalcitrant disease still remains a difficult task. Current therapies for these diseases involve topical agents, phototherapy, and systemic immunosuppression. However, the role of the nervous system in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis remains largely unexplored. Recent animal studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation can decrease inflammatory processes in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. In this article, we outline the existing knowledge of the nervous system’s role in chronic inflammatory disease and discuss how these findings could be utilized in the future for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

scholarly journals The application of omics techniques to understand the role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 175628481882225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Segal ◽  
Benjamin H. Mullish ◽  
Mohammed Nabil Quraishi ◽  
Animesh Acharjee ◽  
Horace R. T. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Compositional Changes

The aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involves the complex interaction between a patient’s genetic predisposition, environment, gut microbiota and immune system. Currently, however, it is not known if the distinctive perturbations of the gut microbiota that appear to accompany both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the cause of, or the result of, the intestinal inflammation that characterizes IBD. With the utilization of novel systems biology technologies, we can now begin to understand not only details about compositional changes in the gut microbiota in IBD, but increasingly also the alterations in microbiota function that accompany these. Technologies such as metagenomics, metataxomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabonomics are therefore allowing us a deeper understanding of the role of the microbiota in IBD. Furthermore, the integration of these systems biology technologies through advancing computational and statistical techniques are beginning to understand the microbiome interactions that both contribute to health and diseased states in IBD. This review aims to explore how such systems biology technologies are advancing our understanding of the gut microbiota, and their potential role in delineating the aetiology, development and clinical care of IBD.

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