scholarly journals Dysregulation of TCTP in Biological Processes and Diseases

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1632
Author(s):  
Ulrich-Axel Bommer ◽  
Adam Telerman
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Cellular Defense ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), also called histamine releasing factor (HRF) or fortilin, is a multifunctional protein present in almost all eukaryotic organisms. TCTP is involved in a range of basic cell biological processes, such as promotion of growth and development, or cellular defense in response to biological stresses. Cellular TCTP levels are highly regulated in response to a variety of physiological signals, and regulatory mechanism at various levels have been elucidated. Given the importance of TCTP in maintaining cellular homeostasis, it is not surprising that dysregulation of this protein is associated with a range of disease processes. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in the characterisation of the basic biological functions of TCTP, in the description of mechanisms involved in regulating its cellular levels and in the understanding of dysregulation of TCTP, as it occurs in disease processes such as cancer.

scholarly journals The governor: Protein phosphorylation

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario R. Alessi and Elton Zeqiraj
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphorylation ◽  
Protein Molecule ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Phosphoryl Group ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Almost All

At first glance, the odds that the introduction of a diminutive and unsuspicious phosphoryl group on to a hydroxycontaining side chain of a much larger protein molecule would be selected by Nature as the most widely deployed mechanism to control biological processes, and be responsible for many major diseases, seems unlikely. However, this process termed protein phosphorylation is a vital regu lator of almost all events that take place in eukaryotic organisms. In this review we will outline what phosphorylation is, how it is regulated and why disruptions of the network of enzymes and proteins that regulate the phosphorylation are a principal cause of many maladies. We will also discuss how advances are leading to exciting strategies to develop drugs to treat diseases caused by disruptions of protein phosphorylation.

scholarly journals Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Qiu ◽  
Peiyao Li ◽  
Zuping Zhang ◽  
Minghua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Phospholipid Vesicles ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Biological Phenotype ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Almost All

Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.

scholarly journals Recent Progress on Relevant microRNAs in Autism Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwang Wu ◽  
Wanran Li ◽  
Yun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Almost All

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose pathogenesis is unclear and is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of single-stranded non-coding RNA with 20-22 nucleotides, which normally inhibit their target mRNAs at a post-transcriptional level. miRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes and are closely related to ASD and many other diseases. In this review, we summarize relevant miRNAs in ASD, and analyze dysregulated miRNAs in brain tissues and body fluids of ASD patients, which may contribute to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of ASD.

scholarly journals The Roles of Osteopontin in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Encephalitis

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Farzana Nazneen ◽  
Fengwei Bai
Keyword(s):  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 ◽  
Made In

Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional protein encoded by the secreted phosphoprotein-1 (Spp-1) gene in humans, plays important roles in a variety of physiological conditions, such as biomineralization, bone remodeling and immune functions. OPN also has significant roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, allergy and inflammatory diseases, as well as bacterial, fungal and viral infections. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus, is the leading agent for viral encephalitis in North America. Recent progress has been made in understanding both the biological functions of OPN and the pathogenesis of WNV. In this review article, we have summarized the current understanding of the biology of OPN and its vital roles in the pathogenesis of WNV encephalitis.

scholarly journals The cell biology of inflammasomes: Mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 213 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Sharma ◽  
Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Functional Output ◽  
Made In

Over the past decade, numerous advances have been made in the role and regulation of inflammasomes during pathogenic and sterile insults. An inflammasome complex comprises a sensor, an adaptor, and a zymogen procaspase-1. The functional output of inflammasome activation includes secretion of cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and induction of an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Recent studies have highlighted the intersection of this inflammatory response with fundamental cellular processes. Novel modulators and functions of inflammasome activation conventionally associated with the maintenance of homeostatic biological functions have been uncovered. In this review, we discuss the biological processes involved in the activation and regulation of the inflammasome.

Structural insights into the molecular mechanism underlying Sirt5-catalyzed desuccinylation of histone peptides

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianrong Hang ◽  
Wanbiao Chen ◽  
Minhao Wu ◽  
Li Zhan ◽  
Chengliang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Enzyme Recognition ◽  
Structural Insights

Abstract Histone modification is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism involved in a variety of biological processes, including gene expression, DNA damage repair, cell differentiation, and ontogenesis. Succinylation sites on histones have been identified and may have functional consequences. Here, we demonstrate that human sirtuin 5 (Sirt5) catalyzes the sequence-selective desuccinylation of numerous histone succinyl sites. Structural studies of Sirt5 in complex with four succinyl peptides indicate an essential role for the conserved main chain hydrogen bonds formed by the succinyl lysine (0), +1, and +3 sites for substrate-enzyme recognition. Furthermore, biochemical assays reveal that the proline residue at the +1 site of the histone succinylation substrate is unfavorable for Sirt5 interaction. Our findings illustrate the molecular mechanism underlying the sequence-selective desuccinylase activity of Sirt5 and provide insights for further studies of the biological functions associated with histone succinylation and Sirt5.

scholarly journals Human Mitochondrial RNA Processing and Modifications: Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7999
Author(s):  
Marta Jedynak-Slyvka ◽  
Agata Jabczynska ◽  
Roman J. Szczesny
Keyword(s):  
Rna Processing ◽  
Mitochondrial Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Rna ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate Production ◽  
Made In

Mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouses of cells, are vital organelles that are present in almost all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. They are the key energy suppliers as the site of adenosine triphosphate production, and are involved in apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, and regulation of the innate immune response. Abnormalities occurring in mitochondria, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and disturbances at any stage of mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) processing and translation, usually lead to severe mitochondrial diseases. A fundamental line of investigation is to understand the processes that occur in these organelles and their physiological consequences. Despite substantial progress that has been made in the field of mtRNA processing and its regulation, many unknowns and controversies remain. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge of RNA processing in human mitochondria and sheds some light on the unresolved issues.

Auto Markets in the World and Strategy of Japan’s Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Matsuoka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Auto Industry ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Made In

In the world auto market, top three companies are VW(Volkswagen), Runault-Nissan-Mistubishi, and Toyota. About some selected countries and areas, China, England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, USA, Brazil, UAE, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand are more competitive. However, the situation is different. Seeing monopolistic market countries and areas, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, France, India, and Pakistan, in particular, the influence of Japan to Taiwan, India, and Pakistan is very big. But in Korea and France, their own companies’ brands occupy the market. In Japan domestic market, the overall situation is competitive. Almost all vehicles made in Japan are Japanese brand. From now on, we have to note the development of electric vehicle (EV) and other new technologies such as automatic driving and connected car. That is because they will give a great impact on the auto industry and market of Japan. Now Japan’s auto industry is going to be consolidated into three groups, Honda, Toyota group, and Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi group for seeking the scale merit of economy. Therefore, I will pay attention to the worldwide development of EV and other new technologies and the reorganization of auto companies groups.

Comparison and Analysis of Computational Methods for Identifying N6 - methyladenosine Sites in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengmian Feng ◽  
Lijing Feng ◽  
Chaohui Tang
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Precise Location ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past

Background and Purpose: N 6 -methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in a broad set of biological processes. Knowledge about the precise location of m6A site in the transcriptome is vital for deciphering its biological functions. Although experimental techniques have made substantial contributions to identify m6A, they are still labor intensive and time consuming. As good complements to experimental methods, in the past few years, a series of computational approaches have been proposed to identify m6A sites. Methods: In order to facilitate researchers to select appropriate methods for identifying m6A sites, it is necessary to give a comprehensive review and comparison on existing methods. Results: Since researches on m6A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are relatively clear, in this review, we summarized recent progresses on computational prediction of m6A sites in S. cerevisiae and assessed the performance of existing computational methods. Finally, future directions of computationally identifying m6A sites were presented. Conclusion: Taken together, we anticipate that this review will provide important guides for computational analysis of m 6A modifications.

Potential of Nanoparticles in Combating Candida Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Abul Qais ◽  
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan ◽  
Iqbal Ahmad ◽  
Abdullah Safar Althubiani
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Made In

Aims: The aim of this review is to survey the recent progress made in developing the nanoparticles as antifungal agents especially the nano-based formulations being exploited for the management of Candida infections. Discussion: In the last few decades, there has been many-fold increase in fungal infections including candidiasis due to the increased number of immunocompromised patients worldwide. The efficacy of available antifungal drugs is limited due to its associated toxicity and drug resistance in clinical strains. The recent advancements in nanobiotechnology have opened a new hope for the development of novel formulations with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved drug delivery and low toxicity. Conclusion: Metal nanoparticles have shown to possess promising in vitro antifungal activities and could be effectively used for enhanced and targeted delivery of conventionally used drugs. The synergistic interaction between nanoparticles and various antifungal agents have also been reported with enhanced antifungal activity.

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