Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application

Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.

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Targeting MicroRNAs in Cancer Gene Therapy

10.20944/preprints201701.0046.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Weidan Ji ◽

Bin Sun ◽

Changqing Su

Keyword(s):

Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽

Cancer Gene Therapy ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Cancer Gene ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Tumor Tissues ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Almost All ◽

Multiple Molecules

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of conserved small non-coding RNAs that participate in regulating gene expression by targeting multiple molecules. Early studies have shown that the expression of miRNAs changes significantly in different tumor tissues and cancer cell lines. It is well acknowledged that such variation is involved in almost all biological processes, including cell proliferation, mobility, survival and differentiation. Increasing experimental data indicate that miRNA dysregulation is a biomarker of several pathological conditions including cancer, and that miRNA can exert a causal role, as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, in different steps of the tumorigenic process. Anticancer therapies based on miRNAs are currently being developed with a goal to improve outcomes of cancer treatment. In our present study, we review the function of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and development, and discuss the latest clinical applications and strategies of therapy targeting miRNAs in cancer.

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N6-methyladenine modification in noncoding RNAs and its function in cancer

Biomarker Research ◽

10.1186/s40364-020-00244-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xinyu Yang ◽

Xiang Hu ◽

Jinting Liu ◽

Ruiqing Wang ◽

Chen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Progression ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Rna Modification ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

New Perspective ◽

Main Component ◽

Almost All ◽

Tumor Gene Expression ◽

Tumor Gene

Abstract Non-coding RNAs are the main component of the extensive transcription results of the mammalian genome. They are not transcribed into proteins but play critical roles in regulating multiple biological processes and affecting cancer progression. m6A modification is one of the most abundant internal RNA modification of mammalian cells, and it involves almost all aspects of RNA metabolism. Recent research revealed tight correlations between m6A modification and ncRNAs and indicated the interaction between m6A and ncRNAs act a pivotal part in the development of cancer. The correlation between m6A modification and ncRNAs provides a new perspective for exploring the potential regulatory mechanism of tumor gene expression, and suggest that m6A modification and ncRNAs may be important prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for multiple cancers. In this review, we summarize the potential regulatory mechanisms between m6A methylation and ncRNAs, highlighting how their relationship affects biological functions in cancer.

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Insights into the Functions of LncRNAs in Drosophila

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20184646 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (18) ◽

pp. 4646 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Keqin Li ◽

Yuanliangzi Tian ◽

Ya Yuan ◽

Xiaolan Fan ◽

Mingyao Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Embryo Development ◽

Stress Resistance ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides (nt). LncRNAs have high spatiotemporal specificity, and secondary structures have been preserved throughout evolution. They have been implicated in a range of biological processes and diseases and are emerging as key regulators of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Comparative analyses of lncRNA functions among multiple organisms have suggested that some of their mechanisms seem to be conserved. Transcriptome studies have found that some Drosophila lncRNAs have highly specific expression patterns in embryos, nerves, and gonads. In vivo studies of lncRNAs have revealed that dysregulated expression of lncRNAs in Drosophila may result in impaired embryo development, impaired neurological and gonadal functions, and poor stress resistance. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms of lncRNAs and mainly focus on recent insights into the transcriptome studies and biological functions of lncRNAs in Drosophila.

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Non-coding RNAs: New therapeutic targets and opportunities for hepatocellular carcinoma

Advances in Modern Oncology Research ◽

10.18282/amor.v2.i1.91 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Yu Cuiyun ◽

Qian Ning ◽

Zhi-Ping Li ◽

Wen Huang ◽

Jia Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Open Reading Frame ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Rna Molecules ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Diagnosis Therapy

<p align="left">Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA molecules without protein coding functions owing to the lack of an open reading frame (ORF). Based on the length, ncRNAs can be divided into long and short ncRNAs; short ncRNAs include miRNAs and piRNAs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most frequent forms of cancer worldwide and its incidence is increasing rapidly. Studies have found that ncRNAs are likely to play a crucial role in a variety of biological processes including the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. In this review, we summarized the regulation mechanism and biological functions of ncRNAs in HCC with respect to its application in HCC diagnosis, therapy and prognosis.</p>

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Identification of Expressed miRNAs in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Computational Approach – Discovery of a New miR-7167 from Human

MicroRNA ◽

10.2174/2211536608666181204111438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simon Durai Raj Christian ◽

Krishnaraj Thirugnanasambantham ◽

Mohamed Ibrahim Hairul Islam ◽

Mathan Kumar Sudalaimuthu ◽

Sandhya Sundaram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Computational Approach ◽

Homology Search ◽

Human Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Human Beings ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease leading to bones and joints destruction. It is one of the major causes of lifetime disability and mortality among humans in the developing and developed countries. It was evident that epigenetic dysregulation is related to the pathogenesis of RA. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are epigenetic regulators for diverse biological processes and also provided novel molecular insights in the formation of arthritis. Objective: The influences of miRNAs in the alteration of gene regulation during the pathogenesis of arthritis were exposed in recent years. Method: The computational approach to identify miRNA through EST-based homology is more powerful, economical and time-efficient. In this study, we applied EST-based homology search to identify miRNAs responsible for the development of arthritis in human beings. Results: Our study on 36519 ESTs in human RA condition revealed the expression of four miRNAs, HSA-miR-198, HSA-miR-4647, has-miR-7167-5p and has-miR-7167-3p. The present study is the first report about has-miR-7167 that was homologous to Macaca mulatta. Conclusion: The predicted targets of these identified miRNAs revealed many biological functions in the pathogenesis of RA. Further elaborated studies on these miRNAs will help to understand their function in the development of RA and the use of miRNAs as therapeutic targets in the future.

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Emerging Role of MicroRNA-200 Family in Dentistry

Non-Coding RNA ◽

10.3390/ncrna7020035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 35

Author(s):

Pei-Ling Hsieh ◽

Chun-Chung Huang ◽

Cheng-Chia Yu

Keyword(s):

Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Therapeutic Application ◽

Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Potentially Malignant ◽

Dental Diseases ◽

Non Coding Rnas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs ~22 nucleotides in length, which have been shown to participate in various biological processes. As one of the most researched miRNAs, the miR-200 family has been found to regulate several factors that are associated with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) behavior. In this review, we briefly summarize the background of the miR-200 family and their implication in various dental diseases. We focus on the expression changes, biological functions, and clinical significance of the miR-200 family in oral cancer; periodontitis; oral potentially malignant disorder; gingival overgrowth; and other periodontal diseases. Additionally, we discuss the use of the miR-200 family as molecular biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostic, and therapeutic application.

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Long Non-Coding RNAs in Insects

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11041118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1118

Author(s):

Chhavi Choudhary ◽

Shivasmi Sharma ◽

Keshav Kumar Meghwanshi ◽

Smit Patel ◽

Prachi Mehta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Protein Translation ◽

Small Subset ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Insect Development ◽

Transfer Rnas ◽

Rna Molecules ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Almost All

Only a small subset of all the transcribed RNAs are used as a template for protein translation, whereas RNA molecules that are not translated play a very important role as regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Besides traditionally known RNAs (ribosomal and transfer RNAs), ncRNAs also include small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The lncRNAs, which were initially thought to be junk, have gained a great deal attention because of their regulatory roles in diverse biological processes in animals and plants. Insects are the most abundant and diverse group of animals on this planet. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of lncRNAs in almost all aspects of insect development, reproduction, and genetic plasticity. In this review, we describe the function and molecular mechanisms of the mode of action of different insect lncRNAs discovered up to date.

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Hsa_circ_0000673 is down-regulated in gastric cancer and inhibits the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells by targetting miR-532-5p

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20180538 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Peng Chang ◽

Furong Wang ◽

Yumin Li

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Circular Rnas ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Mirna Sponge ◽

New Class ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Proliferation And Invasion

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a new class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, have recently been known to play critical roles in various cellular biological processes, including tumorigenesis, in which they act as an miRNA sponge that regulates gene expression. Thus, revealing the functions of circRNAs in carcinogenesis and cancer development has been of great interest. However, their expression and functions in gastric cancer (GC) development are still largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify novel deregulated circRNAs in GC and reveal their biological functions and molecular mechanisms in GC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the expression levels of circRNAs in GC tissues, cell lines, and plasma. The MTT assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, and tumor xenografts in vivo were used to evaluate the effects of circRNAs on the proliferation and invasion of GC. The abovementioned methods coupled with Western blotting were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms. The current study showed that hsa_circ_0000673 was significantly down-regulated in GC. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0000673 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of GC cells. In contrast, hsa_circ_0000673 down-regulation promoted the proliferation and invasion of GC cells. Further studies revealed that hsa_circ_0000673 targetted miR-532-5p and up-regulated the expression of RUNX3. The present study showed that hsa_circ_0000673 was decreased in GC and it exerted tumor-suppressing effects by targetting miR-532-5p and up-regulating RUNX3 expression level. Hsa_circ_0000673 may be a promising diagnosis biomarker and therapeutic target in GC.

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Ligands as Stabilizers of G-Quadruplexes in Non-Coding RNAs

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26206164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (20) ◽

pp. 6164

Author(s):

Joana Figueiredo ◽

Tiago Santos ◽

André Miranda ◽

Daniela Alexandre ◽

Bernardo Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Molecules ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Mirna Biogenesis ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Stem Loop ◽

Rna Transcripts ◽

Non Coding Rnas

The non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA transcripts with different sizes, structures and biological functions that do not encode functional proteins. RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) have been found in small and long ncRNAs. The existence of an equilibrium between rG4 and stem−loop structures in ncRNAs and its effect on biological processes remains unexplored. For example, deviation from the stem−loop leads to deregulated mature miRNA levels, demonstrating that miRNA biogenesis can be modulated by ions or small molecules. In light of this, we report several examples of rG4s in certain types of ncRNAs, and the implications of G4 stabilization using small molecules, also known as G4 ligands, in the regulation of gene expression, miRNA biogenesis, and miRNA−mRNA interactions. Until now, different G4 ligands scaffolds were synthesized for these targets. The regulatory role of the above-mentioned rG4s in ncRNAs can be used as novel therapeutic approaches for adjusting miRNA levels.

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Dysregulation of TCTP in Biological Processes and Diseases

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9071632 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1632

Author(s):

Ulrich-Axel Bommer ◽

Adam Telerman

Keyword(s):

Recent Progress ◽

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Physiological Signals ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Multifunctional Protein ◽

Cellular Defense ◽

Eukaryotic Organisms ◽

Almost All ◽

Made In

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), also called histamine releasing factor (HRF) or fortilin, is a multifunctional protein present in almost all eukaryotic organisms. TCTP is involved in a range of basic cell biological processes, such as promotion of growth and development, or cellular defense in response to biological stresses. Cellular TCTP levels are highly regulated in response to a variety of physiological signals, and regulatory mechanism at various levels have been elucidated. Given the importance of TCTP in maintaining cellular homeostasis, it is not surprising that dysregulation of this protein is associated with a range of disease processes. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in the characterisation of the basic biological functions of TCTP, in the description of mechanisms involved in regulating its cellular levels and in the understanding of dysregulation of TCTP, as it occurs in disease processes such as cancer.

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