scholarly journals Stiffness Data of High-Modulus Asphalt Concretes for Road Pavements: Predictive Modeling by Machine-Learning

Coatings ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Nicola Baldo ◽  
Matteo Miani ◽  
Fabio Rondinella ◽  
Jan Valentin ◽  
Pavla Vackcová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Bayesian Optimization ◽  
High Modulus ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marshall Stability

This paper presents a study about a Machine Learning approach for modeling the stiffness of different high-modulus asphalt concretes (HMAC) prepared in the laboratory with harder paving grades or polymer-modified bitumen which were designed with or without reclaimed asphalt (RA) content. Notably, the mixtures considered in this study are not part of purposeful experimentation in support of modeling, but practical solutions developed in actual mix design processes. Since Machine Learning models require a careful definition of the network hyperparameters, a Bayesian optimization process was used to identify the neural topology, as well as the transfer function, optimal for the type of modeling needed. By employing different performance metrics, it was possible to compare the optimal models obtained by diversifying the type of inputs. Using variables related to the mix composition, namely bitumen content, air voids, maximum and average bulk density, along with a categorical variable that distinguishes the bitumen type and RAP percentages, successful predictions of the Stiffness have been obtained, with a determination coefficient (R2) value equal to 0.9909. Nevertheless, the use of additional input, namely the Marshall stability or quotient, allows the Stiffness prediction to be further improved, with R2 values equal to 0.9938 or 0.9922, respectively. However, the cost and time involved in the Marshall test may not justify such a slight prediction improvement.

scholarly journals Production And Use Of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement And Its Performance In A Highway Project By Addidng Anti-Stripping Agent

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 915-918
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Extraction Test ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Bitumen Extraction

During the maintenance or the construction of asphalt pavement the utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can diminish the cost of the project, time consumption, conservation of natural resources and most importantly no harm to the environment. In this paper we are going to study the performance of pavement containing RAP (20%, 30%, 40% and 50% excluding the RAP aggregates of size 20 mm), anti-stripping agent Zycotherm, 1% of virgin bitumen contain are replaced by bitumen attached on RAP aggregates after the screening process. Tests performed for conventional and modified pavement sample are Marshall Stability and flow. Test for virgin aggregates and RAP aggregates are impact test, crushing test, shape test, specific gravity and bitumen extraction test. Test for virgin bitumen and modified bitumen are softening and penetration test.

Recycling of Waste Originating Form Flexible Pavements for Bound-Base Courses of Flexible Pavements

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-408
Author(s):  
Kumari Monu ◽  
G.D. Ransinchung R.N. ◽  
Surender Singh ◽  
Gaurav Singh Raghav
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Flexible Pavements ◽  
Rutting Resistance ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Base Course ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marshall Stability

Reclaimed Asphalt pavement (RAP) is a C&D waste originating from the reclamation of asphalt pavement which has completed its service life. Using RAP would potentially reduce reliance on primary aggregates and lowers the environmental impact of construction. The present study is an attempt made to utilize RAP judiciously as a bound base course of the flexible pavement. Natural coarse aggregates were replaced by RAP in proportions of 50% & 100% with & without Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), for production of bound-base course mixes. To ensure the long run performance, the aging condition was simulated in the laboratory and mechanical properties such as Marshall Stability, Tensile Strengths, Marshall Stability Retained, Indirect Tensile Ratio, rutting resistance, Fatigue life, and abrasion resistance were considered. With the incorporation of 50-100% coarse RAP, the Marshall Stability, rutting resistance and abrasion were found to be improved by 30-32%, 43-104% and 11-17% respectively. Similarly, total cost saving is about 15-35%, which is quite significant. However, the addition of WMA enhanced the cost by 3-4%, which is insignificant when combined with RAP, furthermore, the reductions in fume emission enhance the sustainability aspect of the technology.

Modeling of Polypropylene Modified Bitumen Mix Design Results Using Regression Analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 256-275
Author(s):  
Kaval Chhabra ◽  
Divesh Agrawal ◽  
Saladi S. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Unit Weight ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Marshall Test ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Plastic Content

This study investigates the effects of mixing Polypropylene waste plastics in the bituminous mix for the design of Flexible Pavement. Since, obtaining Marshall Test results from the bituminous mix is time-consuming, so if the practitioners measure the values of stability and flow by mechanical testing, other computations can be done by applying simple mathematical calculations. So, this study carried out stability and flow tests on different specimens made with varying bitumen and polypropylene plastic content. From the initial test results, the optimum bitumen and plastic contents are found. Further, the test results obtained from Marshall Test are modelled by identifying various input variables, which are various physical properties of the mix such as plastic content, bitumen content, air voids and unit weight. The regression modeling framework is adopted in this study to predict the Marshall stability and flow value. Since the developed models have yielded good results, these can be effectively used in parameter estimation, and thus aids the future researchers.

scholarly journals Basic Experimental Studies on Coconut Shell Charcoal Ash in Modified Bitumen

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Void Ratio ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Stability Test ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Synthetic Resin ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Air Void

Abstract. For reducing the cost in bitumen roads and also increasing the efficiency of bituminuous roads, varieties of materials are used for improving the road by using coconut shell charcoal ash as fillers in the flexible pavement. In the literature work, the main descriptive of the work is to compare the results with different percentages of coconut shell charcoal ash in bitumen. The Properties of the coconut shell charcoal possesses are resistance to breaking the materials, absorbing the heat, moisture content of surface, grading, heating and synthetic resin glues which is important for pavement of bitumen roads. Therefore, its stability of Marshall stability test and flow value in Marshall stability and air void ratio are obtained. So that it can be compared with different modified percentage as 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% and 6% in test on Bitumen. From this test we can establish so that it can be useful as a substitute as a coconut shell charcoal ash for improving the strength, quality and durability of bitumnious road. For carrying out these experiments, Marshall stability test is used for obtaining better results for normal mix and modified mix for the bitumen.

scholarly journals Use of Plastic Wastes and Reclaimed Asphalt for Sustainable Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-196
Author(s):  
Umar Hayat ◽  
Abdur Rahim ◽  
Ammad Hassan Khan ◽  
Zia Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Modified Binder ◽  
Marshall Stability

The increased cost of virgin material, declining resources and increasing plastic wastes have turned the research momentum towards sustainable and green pavements. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) from the construction industry and plastic wastes disposal is the main problem for Pakistan as well as other developing countries in the face of fewer funds for the construction, repair, and rehabilitation of the extensive road network. In this research, the attempt has been made to study the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and plastic wastes to counter these issues. Virgin binder was modified with three different contents (2%, 4%, and 6%) of Polyethylene Terephthalate and three contents (20%, 30%, and 40%) of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. Conventional properties of the modified binder were determined by penetration and softening point. At the same time, thermal stability was checked by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, and resistance against rutting was evaluated with the help of Dynamic Shear Rheometer. It is observed that modified binder remains stable up to a temperature of 470 °C and showed improved resistance against rutting. Marshall mix properties were determined and compared to specifications of the National Highway Authority of Pakistan. Optimum Marshall stability was observed with 4% Polyethylene Terephthalate, and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, while flow and air voids remained in limits. As per the results, utilisation of plastic wastes in asphalt pavements enhances the performance and helps to reduce the environmental pollution and landfill problems due to Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and plastic wastes.

Modeling of Polypropylene Modified Bitumen Mix Design Results Using Regression Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1644-1663
Author(s):  
Kaval Chhabra ◽  
Divesh Agrawal ◽  
Saladi S. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Unit Weight ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Marshall Test ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Plastic Content

This study investigates the effects of mixing Polypropylene waste plastics in the bituminous mix for the design of Flexible Pavement. Since, obtaining Marshall Test results from the bituminous mix is time-consuming, so if the practitioners measure the values of stability and flow by mechanical testing, other computations can be done by applying simple mathematical calculations. So, this study carried out stability and flow tests on different specimens made with varying bitumen and polypropylene plastic content. From the initial test results, the optimum bitumen and plastic contents are found. Further, the test results obtained from Marshall Test are modelled by identifying various input variables, which are various physical properties of the mix such as plastic content, bitumen content, air voids and unit weight. The regression modeling framework is adopted in this study to predict the Marshall stability and flow value. Since the developed models have yielded good results, these can be effectively used in parameter estimation, and thus aids the future researchers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the potential of sasobit polymer as an additive in bitumen and asphaltic concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
H. Mohammed ◽  
S.A. Adefesobi
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Mixture ◽  
Asphaltic Concrete ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Specific Density ◽  
Mineral Aggregate ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Construction Company ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Mineral Aggregates

This paper evaluated the effects of sasobit polymer (Sasobit®) on the characteristics of asphaltic concrete with a view to investigating its suitability as an additive in asphaltic concrete. Sasobit®, bitumen and aggregates were procured from a Construction Company site office, along Shagamu-Ibadan expressway. Sasobit® modified bitumen was prepared by adding Sasobit® to bitumen with increasing weight of Sasobit® at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 % by the weight of the bitumen. Penetration and softening point tests were carried out on the samples and the mix-ratio for the bitumen – polymer mixture was determined. Asphaltic concrete samples with and without Sasobit® were prepared. The samples were subjected to Marshall Stability test. The stability, flow, specific density, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), air voids (VA) and voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) weredetermined. The values of stability, flow, specific density, voids filled with bitumen, air voids and voids filled in the mineral aggregates for sample without Sasobit® were 13.63 kN 2.91 mm, 2.51, 64.64 %, 4.29 % and 18.19 %, respectively, while for those with Sasobit® at mix – ratio of 1.7 % bitumen – polymer mixture, the values were 14.67 kN, 2.41 mm, 2.55, 73.30 %, 3.96 % and 16.39 % respectively. The result showed that, Sasobit® as additive in asphaltic concrete improved its properties. Keywords: Sasobit®, Asphaltic Concrete, Stability, Flow, Voids filled with bitumen, Air voids, Voids in mineral aggregate

Constructing Images of Deviance: A Look at State Intervention into the Problem of Wife-Battery

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Wife Battering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

Patricia Morgan's paper describes what happens when the state intervenes in the social problem of wife-battering. Her analysis refers to the United States, but there are clear implications for other countries, including Britain. The author argues that the state, through its social problem apparatus, manages the image of the problem by a process of bureaucratization, professionalization and individualization. This serves to narrow the definition of the problem, and to depoliticize it by removing it from its class context and viewing it in terms of individual pathology rather than structure. Thus refuges were initially run by small feminist collectives which had a dual objective of providing a service and promoting among the women an understanding of their structural position in society. The need for funds forced the groups to turn to the state for financial aid. This was given, but at the cost to the refuges of losing their political aims. Many refuges became larger, much more service-orientated and more diversified in providing therapy for the batterers and dealing with other problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. This transformed not only the refuges but also the image of the problem of wife-battering.

scholarly journals An Integrated Approach of Mechanistic-Modeling and Machine-Learning for Thickness Optimization of Frozen Microwaveable Foods

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Ran Yang ◽  
Zhenbo Wang ◽  
Jiajia Chen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Mechanistic Modeling ◽  
Bayesian Optimization ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Thickness Optimization ◽  
Heating Uniformity ◽  
Food Design

Mechanistic-modeling has been a useful tool to help food scientists in understanding complicated microwave-food interactions, but it cannot be directly used by the food developers for food design due to its resource-intensive characteristic. This study developed and validated an integrated approach that coupled mechanistic-modeling and machine-learning to achieve efficient food product design (thickness optimization) with better heating uniformity. The mechanistic-modeling that incorporated electromagnetics and heat transfer was previously developed and validated extensively and was used directly in this study. A Bayesian optimization machine-learning algorithm was developed and integrated with the mechanistic-modeling. The integrated approach was validated by comparing the optimization performance with a parametric sweep approach, which is solely based on mechanistic-modeling. The results showed that the integrated approach had the capability and robustness to optimize the thickness of different-shape products using different initial training datasets with higher efficiency (45.9% to 62.1% improvement) than the parametric sweep approach. Three rectangular-shape trays with one optimized thickness (1.56 cm) and two non-optimized thicknesses (1.20 and 2.00 cm) were 3-D printed and used in microwave heating experiments, which confirmed the feasibility of the integrated approach in thickness optimization. The integrated approach can be further developed and extended as a platform to efficiently design complicated microwavable foods with multiple-parameter optimization.

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