Evaluation of the Energy Utilization Index in Sheep Milk Cooling Systems

The energy consumption of sheep milk cooling systems (MCSs) was quantified in this study to provide original information filling a literature gap on the impact of sheep milk cooling on the energy and economic balance in dairy farms. Performance and energy monitoring tests were conducted simultaneously on 22 MCSs in Sardinia (Italy). The results determined the cooling time as a function of the performance class and number of milkings. The Energy Utilization Index (EUI) was applied to measure the energy required to cool down the milk and estimate the incidence on its price. The average EUI was 1.76 kWh 100 L−1 for two-milkings and 2.43 kWh 100 L−1 for four-milkings MCSs, whereas the CO2 emissions ranged from 998 to 1378 g CO2 100 L−1 for two- and four-milkings MCSs, respectively. The estimated energy consumption for the storage of refrigerated sheep milk was 0.12 kWh 100 L−1. The malfunctioning MCSs averagely consumed 31% more energy than regular systems. The energy cost for cooling accounted for 0.61% on the current sheep milk price in Italy. Based on the analysis, the reported EUI values can be used as a preliminary indicator of the regular operation of MCSs.

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Analysis of China’s Provincial Energy Efficiency Based on the Generalized DEA Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.890 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 953-954 ◽

pp. 890-895

Author(s):

Hui Min Li ◽

Cun Bin Li ◽

Zhan Xin Ma

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

Rapid Economic Growth ◽

Technology Changes ◽

Dea Method ◽

Save Energy ◽

The Impact

In recent years, with the rapid economic growth, the demand on the amount of energy in China is increasing. So the problem of how to improve the energy utilization efficiency and save energy consumption has to be tackled. The traditional CCR model and BCC model used in the study of provincial energy efficiency do not take the impact of technological progress into consideration. Therefore, the paper uses the generalized DEA method to research the energy utilization efficiency of China’s 29 provinces, that is, to evaluate and analyze the energy utilization efficiency by selecting the capital stock, employment and total energy consumption of China’s provinces as input factors and GDP, per capital GDP as output factors, and then draw tables showing each province’s change of average annual overall efficiency and the pure technology changes, and finally analyze the regularities underlying these changes.

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Drivers and Policy Choices of Industrial Total-Factor Coal Productivity: Evidence From Eastern China

Frontiers in Energy Research ◽

10.3389/fenrg.2020.627125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Di Wang ◽

Yueying Zhao ◽

Zhiyuan Zhang ◽

Xiaodi Yang ◽

Xinchen Wen

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Eastern China ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Frontier Analysis ◽

Regulatory Policies ◽

The Impact ◽

D Investment

Identifying the critical factors of industrial total-factor coal productivity (TCP) and its promotion paths will help achieve the goals of regional energy conservation and pollution reduction. Based on the perspective of total-factor productivity, this paper integrates the methods of stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), Kaya identity, and STIRPAT model to systematically diagnose the temporal and spatial characteristics and the heterogeneous sources of the industrial TCP in 11 provinces of eastern China, and it proposes some differentiated regulatory policies for different provinces. The results show that the TCP is increasing year by year and tends to converge, which indicates that increasing TCP is more and more challenging. Further research shows that there are significant spatial differences in the impact of the economic development level (EDL), industrial economic structure (IES), energy consumption intensity (ECI), and energy consumption structure (ECS) on industrial TCP. As the original driving factors of technological progress, the impact of R&D investment intensity (RII) and R&D investment levels (RIL) on industrial TCP is relatively consistent in different regions. The former has a negative congestion effect on TCP due to the imbalance of R&D investment structure, while the latter has a positive effect on TCP. Therefore, the eastern region should increase R&D expenditure and optimize R&D expenditure structure as a general way to improve TCP in each region and adopt differentiated regulatory policies in economic development and energy utilization according to local conditions.

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Research on the Impact of Industrial Development on Energy Utilization Efficiency under the Background of Urban Agglomeration Planning

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202128302026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 283 ◽

pp. 02026

Author(s):

Yuan Zheng ◽

Bo Yue ◽

Xuesong Han ◽

Zheng Li

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Urban Agglomeration ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

Central Cities ◽

Urban Agglomerations ◽

The Impact

At present, the trend of central cities leading the development of urban agglomerations and urban agglomerations driving regional development is becoming more and more significant. Based on the panel data of 16 cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2015, this paper uses a fixedeffect model to study the relationship between industrial development and energy efficiency in urban agglomerations, central cities, and surrounding cities. The empirical results show that for the overall urban agglomerations, central cities and surrounding cities, the scale of the secondary industry has a negative correlation with energy consumption per unit of GDP. Industrial development will increase the total energy consumption, but it also contributes to energy efficiency. In order to achieve the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality", cities must find a balance in development and seek ecological protection during development.

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BIM application for analyzing impacts of construction parameters on energy use and energy costs in buildings

Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE ◽

10.31814/stce.nuce2021-15(3)-12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 144-156

Author(s):

Ngoc-Tri Ngo ◽

Ngo Dinh Khoa Lam ◽

Bui Minh Hieu ◽

Nguyen Thi Thu Hang ◽

Tang Thu Ha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Cost Saving ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Domain Knowledge ◽

Building Energy ◽

Information Modeling ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Building Parameters

Energy-saving solutions in buildings in Vietnam are a great concern for sustainable development nowadays. However, energy-efficient and cost-saving designs based on the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and building energy analysis are still limited. This study aims to provide energy-efficient and cost-saving designs for buildings by performing the cloud-based building energy simulation. Particularly, the analysis of the impact of changing building parameters on energy consumption and energy cost was performed in this study. Considered building parameters includes building orientation, wall construction, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), lighting efficiency, daylighting and occupancy controls, and, heating ventilation, and air conditioning system. The findings of the study can facilitate building designers, building owners or investors can obtain the best solution for designing the buildings. The first contribution of the study, to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of the building parameters of energy cost and energy consumption. The second contribution is to contribute to the domain knowledge promotion of the digital transformation in the construction industry.

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Comparative Analysis of Different In Row Cooler Management Configurations in a Hybrid Cooling Data Center

Volume 1: Thermal Management ◽

10.1115/ipack2015-48069 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tianyi Gao ◽

Bahgat G. Sammakia ◽

James Geer ◽

Bruce Murray ◽

Russell Tipton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Data Center ◽

Power Plants ◽

Data Centers ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Design Guidelines ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Density Data ◽

Hybrid Cooling ◽

The Impact

The heat dissipated by electronic equipment inside data centers is increasing at a rapid rate due to the increasing of performance requirement and package density. This ever increasing power leads to critical challenges of thermal management for these high power density data centers. Energy consumption is also a key issue for high density data centers. Roughly 1.5% of all U.S. electricity consumption in the year 2006 was related to data centers, while that number increased to 2% by the year 2010. In 2013, U.S. data centers consumed approximately 91 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. This amount of the electricity equals the annual output of 34 500-megawatt coal-fired power plants [1]. Cooling systems constitute a significant portion of the energy consumption of data centers, being approximately 25%∼35% of the total energy usage. Therefore, there is a large potential to save energy by optimizing current existing cooling systems and investigating new cooling technologies, and, at the same time, improving the overall cooling capacity and efficiency. This paper describes and investigates a hybrid cooling technology which utilizes in row coolers in existing raised floor air cooled data centers. The in row cooler functions as a liquid-to-air heat exchanger. In addition to the traditional raised floor cold aisle-hot aisle arrangements, the in row cooler is installed between the IT equipment to enable delivering the liquid coolant medium closer to the IT equipment. The in row coolers intake the hot air from the hot aisle, condition it, and supply the chilled air to the cold aisle. Thus, by extracting a large portion of the heat more directly into the cooling liquid through the in row coolers compared with the perimeter CRAH unit, the overall cooling performance and efficiency can potentially be improved. CFD models for an in row cooler and a representative data center room are developed. Experimentally characterized performance data are used to calibrate and validate the models. The models are then used to conduct a detailed computational analysis to assess the effectiveness of different arrangement configurations of in row cooler units in two rows of racks along one cold aisle. The detailed performance of the entire cold aisle is characterized using the rack inlet air temperature and a temperature nonuniformity factor. The impact of CRAH location and room layout are also investigated. This study is based on a practical problem and the corresponding results and analysis provide basic installation and design guidelines for future equipment upgrading in certain parts of the data center.

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Impact of Adding Comfort Cooling Systems on the Energy Consumption and EPC Rating of an Existing UK Hotel

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072950 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2950

Author(s):

Shiva Amirkhani ◽

Ali Bahadori-Jahromi ◽

Anastasia Mylona ◽

Paulina Godfrey ◽

Darren Cook

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Minimum Energy ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Emission Rates ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Heating Systems ◽

Energy Efficiency Standard ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

In light of the recent launch of the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standard and its expected impact on the commercial buildings sector, this study investigated the impact of adding cooling systems on the annual energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and energy performance certificate (EPC) rating of an existing UK hotel. Thermal Analysis Software (TAS) was used to conduct the study, and the baseline model was validated against the actual data. As is the current accepted procedure in EPC generating in the UK, the cooling set points of the guest rooms were set to 25 °C, resulting in a small increase in the annual energy consumption and emission rates, but not enough to change the energy performance certificate rating. Also, it was found that an improvement in energy consumption and energy performance certificate rating of the hotel would be achieved if the new systems replaced the existing heating systems in the guest rooms. Further simulations investigated more realistic situations, in which occupants may decide to keep their rooms at cooler temperatures. The results from this round of simulations showed considerable increase in the energy consumption and emissions of the building; however, these results would not be considered in the current approved procedure for EPC generating.

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The Impact of Occupancy-Driven Models on Cooling Systems in Commercial Buildings

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14061722 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1722

Author(s):

Seyyed Danial Nazemi ◽

Esmat Zaidan ◽

Mohsen A. Jafari

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Optimization Algorithm ◽

Cooling System ◽

Linear Optimization ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Commercial Buildings ◽

Optimization Approach ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Rule Based ◽

The Impact

Cooling systems play a key role in maintaining human comfort inside buildings. The key challenges that are facing conventional cooling systems are the rapid growth of total cooling energy and annual electricity consumption in commercial buildings. This is even more significant in countries with an arid climate, where the cooling systems are typically working 80% of the year. Thus, there has been growing interest in developing smart control models to assign optimal cooling setpoints in recent years. In the present work, we propose an occupancy-based control model that is based on a non-linear optimization algorithm to efficiently reduce energy consumption and costs. The model utilizes a Monte-Carlo method to determine the approximate occupancy schedule for building thermal zones. We compare our proposed model to three different strategies, namely: always-on thermostat, schedule-based model, and a rule-based occupancy-driven model. Unlike these three rule-based algorithms, the proposed optimization approach is a white-box model that considers the thermodynamic relationships in the cooling system to find the optimal cooling setpoints. For comparison, different case studies in five cities around the world were investigated. Our findings illustrate that the proposed optimization algorithm is able to noticeably reduce the cooling energy consumption of the buildings. Significantly, in cities that were located in severe hot regions, such as Doha and Phoenix, cooling energy consumption can be reduced by 14.71% and 15.19%, respectively.

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Effect of Climate Change and Occupant Behaviour on the Environmental Impact of the Heating and Cooling Systems of a Real Apartment. A Parametric Study through Life Cycle Assessment

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14248356 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (24) ◽

pp. 8356

Author(s):

Gianmarco Fajilla ◽

Emiliano Borri ◽

Marilena De Simone ◽

Luisa F. Cabeza ◽

Luís Bragança

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Cooling System ◽

Occupant Behaviour ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

The Impact

Climate change has a strong influence on the energy consumption of buildings, affecting both the heating and cooling demand in the actual and future scenario. In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the influence of both the occupant behaviour and the climate change on the environmental impact of the heating and cooling systems of an apartment located in southern Italy. The analysis was conducted using IPCC GWP and ReCiPe indicators as well as the Ecoinvent database. The influence of occupant behaviour was included in the analysis considering different usage profiles during the operational phase, while the effect of climate change was considered by varying the weather file every thirty years. The adoption of the real usage profiles showed that the impact of the systems was highly influenced by the occupant behaviour. In particular, the environmental impact of the heating system appeared more influenced by the operation hours, while that of the cooling system was more affected by the natural ventilation schedules. Furthermore, the influence of climate change demonstrated that more attention has to be dedicated to the cooling demand that in the future years will play an ever-greater role in the energy consumption of buildings.

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An overview on passive cooling systems in green building architectures

10.36811/ojae2019.110001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 01-15

Author(s):

Jani DB

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Thermal Comfort ◽

Heat Dissipation ◽

Green Building ◽

Passive Cooling ◽

High Grade ◽

Cooling Systems ◽

Mechanical Methods ◽

Passive Cooling Systems ◽

The Impact

The continuous progressive demand of building construction raises many issues regarding supply of high grade electricity. It creates many environmental issues for its production like as global warming. So, the passive cooling buildings were welcomed to respond variable climate in order to reduce energy supply for thermal comfort as well as health of building users. The aim of designing a passive building is to take best advantage of the regional outdoor ambient conditions. Passive cooling refers to a building architectural approach that mainly goal on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a architectural structure in order to ameliorate the indoor thermal comfort with low or nil energy consumption. Passive cooling systems use non-mechanical methods to sustain a comfortable indoor temperature and are a main aim in extenuating the impact of buildings on the regional environment. The energy consumption in buildings is very much with the anticipation to further increase because of improving standards of leaving and the increase of industrialization. The use of HVAC in building has exponentially rises over the past few decades and quite enough to contribute in the enormous use of high grade electrical energy consumption. This paper reviews various passive cooling techniques used in the green building and their role in providing thermal comfort and its significance in energy conservation with the help of architectural interventions.

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Analysis of the Impact of China’s Energy Consumption Structure on Energy Security

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202124501054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 245 ◽

pp. 01054

Author(s):

Wang Ning ◽

Li Zhao ◽

Zhang Bei

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Security ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Consumption Structure ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

The Impact

Energy, as the guarantee of China’s economic development, plays an important role in it. Nowadays, however, oil production almost reaches its upper limit and is going downhill. The yearly rising output of natural gas fails to meet the increasingly huge energy demand. Although coal reserves are large, it still gets into a bottleneck period due to environmental and technological reasons. Therefore, the adjustment and optimization of energy consumption structure is the primary problem for China’s energy security, and it has become, and will still remain as the core of China’s energy strategy in the future. So, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to delve into the inter relationship between energy consumption structure and energy security, and then to optimize energy consumption structure under the new situation. After an in-depth analysis on how to adjust the energy consumption structure to ensure energy security, the author finds several problems, for instance, an unreasonable energy consumption structure, a serious environmental pollution, a low energy utilization rate, and a recessive role of energy price market. To solve the practical problems, this paper puts forward three measures namely deepening the supply side reform, accelerating the energy technology innovation, and changing the concept in energy use. The improvement in energy consumption structure is not only of general significance to improve the energy security theory, but also of great significance for China to achieve the goal of greenhouse gas emission reduction and ensure energy security.

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