scholarly journals The Potential Use of Fly Ash from the Pulp and Paper Industry as Thermochemical Energy and CO2 Storage Material

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3348
Author(s):  
Saman Setoodeh Jahromy ◽  
Mudassar Azam ◽  
Christian Jordan ◽  
Michael Harasek ◽  
Franz Winter
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Cycling Stability ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Free Lime ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
X Ray

As a part of our research in the field of thermochemical energy storage, this study aims to investigate the potential of three fly ash samples derived from the fluidized bed reactors of three different pulp and paper plants in Austria for their use as thermochemical energy (TCES) and CO2 storage materials. The selected samples were analyzed by different physical and chemical analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size distribution (PSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) under different atmospheres (N2, CO2, and H2O/CO2). To evaluate the environmental impact, leaching tests were also performed. The amount of CaO as a promising candidate for TCES was verified by XRF analysis, which was in the range of 25–63% (w/w). XRD results indicate that the CaO lies as free lime (3–32%), calcite (21–29%), and silicate in all fly ash samples. The results of STA show that all fly ash samples could fulfill the requirements for TCES (i.e., charging and discharging). A cycling stability test of three cycles was demonstrated for all samples which indicates a reduction of conversion in the first three reaction cycles. The energy content of the examined samples was up to 504 kJ/kg according to the STA results. More energy (~1090 kJ/kg) in the first discharging step in the CO2/H2O atmosphere could be released through two kinds of fly ash samples due to the already existing free lime (CaO) in those samples. The CO2 storage capacity of these fly ash samples ranged between 18 and 110 kg per ton of fly ash, based on the direct and dry method. The leaching tests showed that all heavy metals were below the limit values of the Austrian landfill ordinance. It is viable to say that the valorization of fly ash from the pulp and paper industries via TCES and CO2 storage is plausible. However, further investigations such as cycling stability improvement, system integration and a life cycle assessment (LCA) still need to be conducted.

scholarly journals Comparing Fly Ash Samples from Different Types of Incinerators for Their Potential as Storage Materials for Thermochemical Energy and CO2

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Setoodeh Jahromy ◽  
Mudassar Azam ◽  
Florian Huber ◽  
Christian Jordan ◽  
Florian Wesenauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Cycling Stability ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Materials ◽  
Waste Incinerators

This study aims to investigate the physical and chemical characterization of six fly ash samples obtained from different municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), namely grate furnaces, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed reactor, to determine their potential for CO2 and thermochemical energy storage (TCES). Representative samples were characterized via simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) in different atmospheres, i.e., N2, air, H2O, CO2, and H2O/CO2, to identify fly ash samples that can meet the minimum requirements, i.e., charging, discharging, and cycling stability, for its consideration as TCES and CO2-storage materials and to determine their energy contents. Furthermore, other techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, leachability tests, specific surface area measurement based on the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and particle-size distribution measurement, were performed. XRF analysis showed that calcium oxide is one of the main components in fly ash, which is a potentially suitable component for TCES systems. XRD results revealed information regarding the crystal structure and phases of various elements, including that of Ca. The STA measurements showed that the samples can store thermal heat with energy contents of 50–394 kJ/kg (charging step). For one fly ash sample obtained from a grate furnace, the release of the stored thermal heat under the selected experimental conditions (discharging step) was demonstrated. The cycling stability tests were conducted thrice, and they were successful for the selected sample. One fly ash sample could store CO2 with a storage capacity of 27 kg CO2/ton based on results obtained under the selected experimental conditions in STA. Samples from rotary kiln and fluidized bed were heated up to 1150 °C in an N2 atmosphere, resulting in complete melting of samples in crucibles; however, other samples obtained from grate furnaces formed compacted powders after undergoing the same thermal treatment in STA. Samples from different grate furnaces showed similarities in their chemical and physical characterization. The leachability test according to the standard (EN 12457-4 (2002)) using water in a ratio of 10 L/S and showed that the leachate of heavy metals is below the maximum permissible values for nonhazardous materials (except for Pb), excluding the fly ash sample obtained using fluidized bed technology. The leachate contents of Cd and Mn in the fly ash samples obtained from the rotary kiln were higher than those in other samples. Characterization performed herein helped in determining the suitable fly ash samples that can be considered as potential CO2-storage and TCES materials.

Stabilization of Cr-rich tannery waste in fly ash matrices

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 818-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreana Daniil ◽  
George P Dimitrakopulos ◽  
Savvas Varitis ◽  
George Vourlias ◽  
George Kaimakamis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Cementitious Material ◽  
Hazardous Wastes ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Elemental Mapping ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Amorphous Form ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Trivalent State ◽  
Backscattered Electron

In the present work, the stabilization/solidification of a Cr-rich ash obtained from the anoxic incineration of tannery hazardous wastes was studied. Chromium in the starting waste was exclusively in amorphous form and in trivalent state. The waste was embedded in fly ash-based cementitious material matrices. Calcium and sodium hydroxides, as well as sodium silicate, were used as activators. The proposed process combines mechanical activation with hydrothermal curing. Successful immobilization of chromium was achieved, as attested by standard leaching tests. Backscattered electron images revealed the existence of the C-S-H gel, and elemental mapping by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed a good interdispersion of chromate and aluminosilicate species, verifying that chromium was well distributed in the final amorphous cementitious matrix. X-ray diffraction confirmed the absence of Cr-rich crystalline phases of calcium aluminosilicates, where chromium can enter in hexavalent state. The stiffness of the stabilized samples was reduced with increasing the amount of added Cr-rich ash, as attested by measurements of the dynamic Young’s modulus.

scholarly journals Studi karakteristik sub kronis limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun fly ash industri pulp dan kertas PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper

Jurnal Zona ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jailani Jailani ◽  
Aras Mulyadi ◽  
Rahmat Karnila
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Food And Beverage

Sub chronic Characteristics Study of Hazardous waste fly ash Pulp and Paper Industry PT Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper aimed to observed hazardous waste characteristics, both physical or toxically characteristics (TCLP, LD50, and Sub chronic), to observe the influence of fly ash doses to mice trough toxic sub chronic characteristics tes . The research methods used survey and experimental method. Survey method is used to analyze certificate of analysis data from fly ash characteristic tesed .Experimental method is used for sub chronic tes to mice animals tes in 90 days with dosage, control (0 mg/kg body weight ), low (5 mg/kg body weight), medium (50 mg/kg body weigh), and high (500 mg/kg body weight). Results of this research showed that fly ash from Pulp and Paper Industry PT RAPP passed characteristics tes of explosive, flammable, reactive and toxic characteristics (TCLP, LD50, and Sub chronic). Dosage of fly ash level in 0 mg/kg body weight, 5 mg/kg body weight, 50 mg/kg body weight, 500 mg/kg body weight for 90 days are not influences for increasing the weight of mice body, food and beverage intake, metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, hematology and NOAEL value is over 500 mg/kg weight of body.  Based on this research had been concluded that fly ash from Pulp and Paper Industry PT RAPP not identified as hazardous waste and can be submitted to KLHK for do exceptions study as hazardous waste in accordance with article 191 PP 101 Year 2014.

The Utilization of Boiler Fly Ash for Treatment of Wastewater Color by Adsorption Process: Case Study for Pulp and Paper Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 718 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Yuvarat Ngernyen ◽  
Atip Laungphairojana ◽  
Thitima Nikronsangkhaphinit ◽  
Sinsupa Kaewketkam
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Color Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater

This research aimed to investigate the possibility of utilizing coal fly ash and eucalyptus fly ash from boilers in pulp and paper industry as adsorbents for color removal of biological treated wastewater. The physical properties of fly ash such as pore properties (surface area, pore volume and average pore size), thermal degradation and functional group were analyzed. The results showed that both types of fly ash were mesopore adsorbents. The percentage of color removal increased with the increasing of amount of adsorbent. The maximum percentage of color removal for amount of adsorbent at 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g are 76%, 86%, 90% and 94%, respectively. The adsorption reaches equilibrium at 48 hours for all experiments. The adsorbents were reused and the experiments showed that the adsorbent can be reused twice without any regeneration before the percentage of color removal went below the target number of industry at 58%. The scale up of adsorption process was also studied. The experimental results showed that increasing amount of adsorbent and adsorbate 2 to 10 times do not have any significant effect on the percentage of color removal. The coal fly ash yielded higher percentage of color removal (90%) than eucalyptus fly ash (82%).

scholarly journals Pulp and Paper Mill Fly Ash: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinchu Cherian ◽  
Sumi Siddiqua
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industries ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

The continual growth of pulp and paper industry has led to the generation of tremendous volumes of fly ash as byproducts of biomass combustion processes. Commonly, a major part of it is landfilled; however, updated environmental regulations have tended to restrict the landfilling of fly ash due to rising disposal costs and the scarcity of suitable land. The pulp and paper industries are therefore urgently seeking energy-efficient mechanisms and management for the beneficial use of fly ash in an ecological and economical manner. This paper offers a comprehensive review of existing knowledge on the major physicochemical and toxicological properties of pulp and paper mill fly ash to assess its suitability for various bound and unbound applications. The current state of various methods used for the valorization of pulp and paper mill fly ash into more sustainable geomaterials is briefly discussed. This paper also presents promising and innovative applications for pulp and paper mill fly ash, with particular reference to agriculture and forestry, the construction and geotechnical industries, and the immobilization of contaminants. It was identified from a literature review that modified pulp and paper mill fly ash can be environmentally and economically advantageous over commercial coal-based fly ash in various sustainable applications.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency challenges in pulp and paper manufacturing: A tutorial review

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 8567-8639
Author(s):  
Martin A. Hubbe
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Chemical Pulping

The pulp and paper industry is highly energy-intensive. In mills that use chemical pulping, roughly half of the higher heating value of the cellulosic material used to manufacture the product typically is incinerated to generate steam and electricity that is needed to run the processes. Additional energy, much of it non-renewable, needs to be purchased. This review considers publications describing steps that pulp and paper facilities can take to operate more efficiently. Savings can be achieved, for instance, by minimizing unnecessary losses in exergy, which can be defined as the energy content relative to a standard ambient condition. Throughout the long series of unit operations comprising the conversion of wood material to sheets of paper, there are large opportunities to more closely approach a hypothetical ideal performance by following established best-practices.

scholarly journals ANALISA UNSUR HARA MIKRO DARI FLY ASH LIMBAH INDUSTRI PULP DAN KERTAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Maria Peratenta Sembiring ◽  
Chairul Chairul ◽  
Zulfansyah Zulfansyah
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Peat Soils

The pulp and paper industry continues to grow and produces large amounts of fly ash waste from the biomass combustion process. Alternative waste management besides landfills needs to be developed so that the use of fly ash can be ecologically and economically acceptable, such as for land applications in industrial plantations, especially on peat soils. This paper presents the results of the analysis of micro nutrients from fly ash from pulp and paper mill waste that can be used for agriculture and forestry. The elemental content of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) can be detected in fly ash samples both by lauryl amine extraction and stearyl amine extraction, where the optimum amount is obtained using 15 gram of fatty amine and n-hexane solvent with a processing time of 4 hours. Stearyl amine gives a higher yield than lauryl amine because it has a longer saturated carbon chain.  

The nature of green alkaline iron sulfide solutions and the preparation of sodium iron(III) sulfide, NaFeS2

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (22) ◽  
pp. 2797-2802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Taylor ◽  
David W. Shoesmith
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Green Liquor ◽  
Iron Salts

The intense emerald green solutions formed by the reaction of iron salts with alkali metal sulfides at pH 11–13 have been found to contain colloidal MFeS2, M = Li, Na, K. Solid KFeS2 and NaFeS2 have been recovered from these systems. X-ray powder diffraction studies confirmed the identity of KFeS2, and showed NaFeS2 to have a structure different from those of other MFeS2 compounds, and related to that of the mineral rasvumite, K3Fe9S14. Some aspects of the crystal structures and chemistry of different MFeS2 compounds are discussed. A mechanism for the formation of colloidal MFeS2 is proposed on the basis of kinetic data. It is likely that colloidal NaFeS2 is responsible for the colour of the "green liquor" of the pulp and paper industry.

Hydration of Partially Sulphated CFBC Ash With Saturated Steam

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghai Wu ◽  
Edward J. Anthony ◽  
Lufei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Hydration Process ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Free Lime ◽  
X Ray

The hydration of partially sulphated fluidized bed combustion (FBC) ash with saturated steam was carried out in the laboratory. The ash samples were obtained from a commercial-scale 165 MWe circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) firing a petroleum coke and coal blend. Both bottom ash and fly ash were tested, and in addition the bottom ash was also separated into five size fractions and tested. These solid streams and the “as-received” fly ashes were hydrated by steam produced in a pressure bomb for different lengths of time at different saturated temperatures. Samples of the ashes were analyzed for free lime and calcium hydroxide content before and after the hydration process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDX) was employed to determine physical characteristics of the samples. X-ray diffractograms (XRD) were also used to determine the phase composition. These results show that after hydration treatment with saturated steam at elevated pressures, the unreacted CaO in the partially sulphated material can be quantitatively converted to Ca(OH)2. However, the free lime content is also observed to change throughout the hydration process, which indicates that the hydration of CaO is not the only reaction occurring in this system. It is also clear that for fines, i.e., fly ash and <75 μm size fraction bottom ash, the effectiveness of the hydration depends much more strongly on hydration time and temperature than for coarser ashes and it is also clear that the behaviour of each particle size fraction is different.

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