scholarly journals Energy Parameters of Miscanthus Biomass Pellets Supplemented with Copra Meal in Terms of Energy Consumption during the Pressure Agglomeration Process

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4167
Author(s):  
Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz ◽  
Tomasz Słowik ◽  
Grzegorz Zając ◽  
Agata Blicharz-Kania ◽  
Beata Zdybel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Copra Meal ◽  
Energy Parameters ◽  
Agglomeration Process ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Total Fat

The process of pelleting miscanthus biomass often encounters issues related to the low durability of the obtained pellets and high energy inputs. To solve these issues, the use of copra meal as a supplement is proposed. This paper presents the results of research on energy parameters of miscanthus biomass pellets supplemented with copra meal in terms of energy consumption in the pressure agglomeration process. As part of this research, the energy parameters of miscanthus biomass, copra meal biomass, and their blends were characterized. Next, the raw materials were used for the production of pellets in the pressure agglomeration process. The investigations included proximate and ultimate analysis and estimation of heating values. Moreover, the total fat content, mechanical durability, kinetic strength, and bulk density were determined, and the energy consumption in the pelleting process was assessed. The results indicate that the energy consumption in the miscanthus biomass pelleting process can be substantially reduced by adding copra meal as a biocomponent. When the copra meal addition did not exceed 30%, the pellets exhibited over 95% durability, over 1200 kg∙m−3 density, and over 417 kg∙m−3 bulk density. Given the 44% reduction in energy consumption in the pellet production process and the energy efficiency of 4815 Wh·kg−1 determined in this study, copra meal may be an interesting material for use as an additive in the production of miscanthus biomass pellets.

scholarly journals Influence of Raw Material Drying Temperature on the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Biomass Agglomeration Process—A Preliminary Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Wróbel ◽  
Marcin Jewiarz ◽  
Krzysztof Mudryk ◽  
Adrian Knapczyk
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Compaction Process ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Agglomeration Process ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Storage

For biomass compaction, it is important to determine all aspects of the process that will affect the quality of pellets and briquettes. The low bulk density of biomass leads to many problems in transportation and storage, necessitating the use of a compaction process to ensure a solid density of at least 1000 kg·m−3 and bulk density of at least 600 kg·m−3. These parameters should be achieved at a relatively low compaction pressure that can be achieved through the proper preparation of the raw material. As the compaction process includes a drying stage, the aim of this work is to determine the influence of the drying temperature of pine biomass in the range of 60–140 °C on the compaction process. To determine whether this effect is compensated by the moisture, compaction was carried out on the material in a dry state and on the materials with moisture contents of 5% and 10% and for compacting pressures in the 130.8–457.8 MPa range. It was shown that drying temperature affects the specific density and mechanical durability of the pellets obtained from the raw material in the dry state, while an increase in the moisture content of the raw material neutralizes this effect.

Study on Eco-Clothing with Multiple Style Transformation in the Background of Cyclic Economy

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 3239-3242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhen Wang ◽  
Shu Lian Yu ◽  
Qi Zhen Wang ◽  
Yu Bing Luan ◽  
Jing Zhen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Clothing Style ◽  
Consumption Situation ◽  
High Energy Consumption

In view of high energy consumption situation in the apparel industry in the background of cyclic economy, the author conducts technical experiment for clothing style change according to transformation design of clothing structure elements, and establishes the environmental protection philosophy of enabling raw materials for one garment to satisfy the function of raw materials for two or more garments. This not only maximizes the energy efficiency of clothing materials, but also optimizes life cycle of products, and accordingly promotes the energy-saving and environment-friendly eco-civilization construction in the apparel industry.

scholarly journals The Perspective of Total Lighting as a Key Factor to Increase the Sustainability of Strategic Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Peña-García ◽  
Ferdinando Salata
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Key Factor

In the last decades, lighting has evolved from a branch of engineering ensuring safety and performance in indoor and outdoor installations, to a key discipline interacting with a wide spectrum of fields and having a deep impact on our daily lives. Although this evolution also applies to other areas of knowledge, the special features of lighting make its potential and also its limitations different. It is not the typical field where a well-established mathematical framework allows a departure from well-defined input and identifying clear effects and conclusions. The reason is that lighting is a field dealing with the interaction between a physical phenomenon and a physiological and psychological system, the human being. In addition to the complexity of its basis, the relationship between lighting and sustainability has become stronger in recent years. This relationship is bi-directional in some cases: on one hand, advanced societies require more and more complex lighting installations, which means high energy consumption, use of raw materials, financial costs, manufacturing and maintenance processes, waste and emissions to the atmosphere. On the other hand, good lighting has an impact on issues like productivity, well-being, happiness, disease avoidance, safety, and many other qualitative aspects whose direct or indirect impact on sustainability is remarkable. This work will analyze how lighting can give answers to questions related to sustainability, not only from the classic topics of energy consumption and waste management, but from a wider and global perspective. The results of these works are analyzed, and the basis of the new framework of total lighting, discussed.

scholarly journals Innovative heat-technology of processing phytoestrogenic raw materials into functional powders

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Zhanna Petrova ◽  
Kateryna Slobodianiuk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Heat Technology ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials

Outdated technologies in drying processes can lead to iПеrrational use of energy, as a consequence, high energy consumption and increased energy consumption. Therefore, the issues of energy saving and energy efficiency are the most important tasks to be solved. Nowadays, energy saving and energy efficiency are also part of the environmental problem. Ukraine, which has a unique geographical position for Europe, is fully supplied with natural resources, - one of the countries where there is inefficient use of energy resources. One of the energy-consuming areas of vegetable processing is drying. In the modern world, the issue of energy efficiency of drying methods is one of the most relevant areas of research. Convective drying of vegetable raw materials requires a rational use of regime parameters of the process corresponding to the biochemical properties of the processed object. The primary objectives of this area of processing of vegetable raw materials are to reduce energy costs and ensure high quality characteristics of the final product. This article presents the developed heat-technology for obtaining phytoestrogenic powder from soybeans and spinach. Which includes 3 stages: preliminary preparation of raw materials for drying; drying of thermolabile vegetable raw materials; dispersion and packaging of the obtained phytoestrogenic powder. As a result of previously conducted comprehensive research, it was found that the use of heat technology reduces energy costs at the stage of preparation of raw materials through the improvement of existing hydrothermal treatment of soybeans, as well as energy savings of 21% through the use of developed step modes. Studies of the qualitative characteristics of the obtained phytoestrogenic powder confirm the high quality of the final product.

Freight Energy Use Disaggregated by Commodity: Comparisons and Discussion

1998 ◽  
Vol 1641 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis M. Vanek ◽  
Edward K. Morlok
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Commodity Group ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Intensity Estimate

The analysis of energy consumption in freight transportation is almost always approached by disaggregating overall energy consumption by mode, which then provides a basis for understanding trends and underlying factors that influence them and for developing conservation policies. Another important approach is to disaggregate by commodity, because it is commodity flows that generate the modal vehicle flows and hence the modal energy consumption in transportation. Thus changes in energy use by commodity are important factors in understanding trends in energy consumption and may provide a basis for energy conservation policies centered on industries using transportation. Total freight energy consumption is estimated for a range of commodity groups using an activitybased approach to energy consumption, where total freight activity is decomposed into components by mode and by commodity group, and then each component is multiplied by an intensity estimate to calculate total energy use for that commodity group. Two important findings are discussed: ( a) commodity groups with high energy growth between 1972 and 1993 had a combination of substantial ton-mile growth and modal shift to truck, and ( b) commodity groups of finished products with a high average value per ton in general have a much higher average freight energy intensity than raw materials with a low average value per ton.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on the Energy Consumption, Physical, and Thermal Properties of a Novel Pellet Fuel Made from Wood Residues with Microalgae as a Binder

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui ◽  
Yang ◽  
Shi ◽  
Lei ◽  
Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Mechanical Durability

Co-pelletization of waste biomass and microalgae is an attractive option for using bioenergy efficiently. This work investigates the potential of microalgae as a binder to improve the energy consumption and physical and thermal properties of a novel pellet. Wood waste biomass was blended with microalgae in proportions of 15%, 30%, and 50% to investigate its properties using a single pelleting device and thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that, under the conditions of temperature (80–160 °C), pressure (120–200 MPa), and moisture content (6%–14%), blending microalgae can effectively increase the bulk density and mechanical durability of the pellets by 9%–36% and 0.7%–1.6%, respectively, and can significantly reduce the energy consumption of pelleting by 23.5%–40.4%. Blending microalgae can significantly reduce the energy consumption of pelleting by 23.5%–40.4%. Moreover, when the amount of Chlorella vulgaris powder (CVP) is 50%, a maximum bulk density (BD) of 1580.2 kg/m3, a durability (DU) of 98%, and a minimum energy consumption of 25.2 kJ/kg were obtained under the optimum conditions of temperature (120 °C), pressure (120 MPa), and moisture content (10%), respectively. Besides, the interaction between the microalgae and sawdust does exist, and their effect on the co-combustion process is inhibitive (0–300 °C) and accelerative (300–780 °C). When the amount of microalgae was 15%, the average activation energy of the pellet was a minimum value, which was 133.21 kJ/mol and 134.60 kJ/mol calculated by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method, respectively. Therefore, the energy consumption, physical, and thermal properties of the novel pellet could be improved and meet the ISO standard (International Organization for Standardization of 17225, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016) by blending 15% of microalgae. Overall, the use of microalgae as a binder can indeed improve pellet quality, and it can be considered a significant way to utilize microalgae in the future.

scholarly journals Influence of raw material properties on energy consumption during briquetting process

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 02006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanova ◽  
Bohumil Havrland ◽  
Radek Novotny ◽  
Alexandru Muntean ◽  
Petr Hutla
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Biomass is doubtless a very significant source of renewable energy being worldwide abundant with high energy potential. This paper deals with assessment energy consumption at especially grinding and briquetting processes, which should result in essential economy of energy at solid biofuel production. Various types of raw materials were used at the experiment such as hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass, two species of Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus x gigantheus) and apple wood biomass. These materials were dried, grinded and pressed by piston press having pressing chamber diameter of 65 mm. Materials were grinded into three fractions (4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm). Material throughput (kg.h-1) and energy consumption (kWh.t-1) were registered. As to results: the highest throughput at both grinding cases as well as briquetting was found at apple wood biomass; however the energy consumption during briquetting of apple wood was relatively high. The worst results concerning throughput and energy consumption (especially at briquetting) were found at hemp biomass. Nevertheless, briquettes made of hemp had the best mechanical durability. Both Miscunthus species (herbaceous biomass) have very similar parameters and showed quite good relation between throughput and energy consumption at the used machines.

scholarly journals Decrease of the Maximum Speed in Highway Tunnels as a Measure to Foster Energy Savings and Sustainability

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Peña-García ◽  
Ferdinando Salata ◽  
Iacopo Golasi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

The high energy consumption of the lighting installations in highway tunnels has become a hot topic in the last few years due to the high figures in terms of money, consumed energy, use of raw materials, emissions of greenhouse gases due to the remarkable number of manufactured elements, and maintenance, among others. In spite of the different strategies proposed up to date and their savings, the potential benefits of decreasing the maximum speed allowed in tunnels have not been considered in depth as a complementary measure yet. In this work, the impact of such a decrease in terms of energy consumption, number projectors, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and yearly costs in energy is analyzed and discussed. The results strongly suggest the convenience of introducing maximum speed reduction in traffic regulations which, in addition, could create positive synergies with traffic safety.

scholarly journals Study on optimization experiment and characteristic test of biomass granule forming machine

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 02025
Author(s):  
Heng Wang ◽  
Shukun Cao ◽  
Xiangwen Song ◽  
Hao Shen ◽  
Yi Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Molding Rate

According to the biomass pellet fuel forming machine, problems such as high energy consumption, easy clogging, and low efficiency exist in the granulation process. In this paper, corn and wheat stalks are used as raw materials to study the effects of the size of the raw materials and the moisture content on the formation rate, particle average length, particle density, mechanical durability, and heating value of the particulate fuel. The influence of parameters such as spindle speed and die diameter on the productivity, molding rate, mechanical durability, and particle density of the molding machine was investigated. Compressor and ANSYS were used to study the compression characteristics and flow characteristics of corn stalk, and the characteristics of the pellets were determined. The results showed that the corn stalk with a grain size of 4 mm with a moisture content of 14% and wheat straw with a grain size of 4 mm with a moisture content of 15% had high molding rate, good particle density, and good mechanical durability.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of the oil extrusion process with pre-grinding of raw materials in a twin-screw extruder

10.5219/1436 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 937-944
Author(s):  
Mikhailo Mushtruk ◽  
Maxim Gudzenko ◽  
Igor Palamarchuk ◽  
Volodymyr Vasyliv ◽  
Natalia Slobodyanyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Twin Screw Extruder ◽  
Pressure Force ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Energy Parameters ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Power And Energy

The extrusion process of oil-containing raw materials using a twin-screw extruder is becoming increasingly common in food technology. The problem of high energy costs for the implementation of this process is solved by reducing the resistance of the process mass due to the preliminary grinding of raw materials. The classical theory of extrusion is based mainly on the use of theoretical solutions of mathematical models of processes, which are simplified and allow determining integral parameters using coefficients, the preparation of which for the calculation of the corresponding processes and equipment is a rather complicated and approximate procedure. Mathematical modelling of the movement of the technological medium at the individual stages of the processing of raw materials allows us to determine the analytical dependences for the power and energy parameters of the system and to carry out their effective technical and economic evaluation. Using the methods of mathematical analysis and data processing in the MathCAD software environment, graphical dependences of the power and energy parameters of the research technical system were obtained. By increasing the density of the oil-containing raw materials, which is extruded in the research extruder by 40.5% the pressure force increases by 41%, that is, there is an almost proportional relationship between the pressure force and the density of the processed raw material. With an increase in the angular velocity of the drive shaft ω more than 8 rad.s-1, the pressure force in the research process increases sharply. With an increase in the density of raw materials, it is grinded before extrusion by 40%, the power consumption for the grinding process increases by 2.8 times for the recommended operating mode. Energy losses for pressing completely grinded raw materials are reduced by 2.52 times.

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