Changes in Proline Levels during Seed Development of Orthodox and Recalcitrant Seeds of Genus Acer in a Climate Change Scenario

In the present study, we examined the utility of proline usage as a biochemical indicator of metabolic changes caused by climate change (mean temperature and precipitation) during seed development of two Acer species differing in desiccation tolerance: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.—desiccation tolerant—orthodox) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.—desiccation sensitive—recalcitrant). In plants, proline is an element of the antioxidant system, which has a role in response to water loss and high temperatures. Our study considered whether proline could be treated as an indicator of tree seed viability, crucial for genetic resources conservation. Proline content was measured biweekly in developing seeds (between 11 and 23 weeks after flowering) collected in consecutive years (2017, 2018, and 2019). We showed that proline concentrations in recalcitrant seeds were positively correlated with mean two-week temperature. In contrast, in orthodox seeds no such relationship was found. Proline content proved to be sensitive to thermal-moisture conditions changes, which makes it a promising biochemical marker of seed desiccation tolerance in different climatic conditions.

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The involvement of the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin PRXIIF in defining physiological differences between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds of two Acer species

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp13002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ewelina Ratajczak ◽

Elke Ströher ◽

Marie-Luise Oelze ◽

Ewa M. Kalemba ◽

Stanisława Pukacka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcript Level ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Initial Water Content ◽

2D Electrophoresis ◽

Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽

Recalcitrant Seeds ◽

Initial Water ◽

Norway Maple ◽

Physiological Differences

Norway maple (Acer platanoides L., orthodox) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L., recalcitrant) belong to the same genus and grow under similar climatic conditions, but their seeds differ in their tolerance to desiccation. The initial water content (WC) of the seeds used in this study was 50%, and they were dried to 40, 20 and 7%. The mitochondrial peroxiredoxin IIF (PRXIIF) was identified in seeds of both species by immunoblotting. Semiquantitative RT–PCR analyses indicated that the transcript level of PRXIIF in both types of seeds increased during different stages of desiccation and was higher in seeds of Norway maple than in sycamore. General proteome analyses showed important differences between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds. In sycamore seeds that had been desiccated to a 7% WC, the number of protein spots and the levels of those spots were lower than in desiccation-tolerant Norway maple seeds. Post-translational modifications of PRXIIF in seeds at a 50% WC were detected via 2D electrophoresis and subsequent western blot analysis. The detected shift in the pI values (± 0.3) in A. pseudoplatanus was possibly caused by phosphorylation because several potential phosphorylation sites were predicted in silico for that protein. The gene and amino acid sequences were obtained and aligned with known sequences of other plant PRXIIF genes and proteins. High values of sequence identity were noted between the PRXIIF protein sequences of Acer species, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The involvement of PRXIIF in defining the physiological differences between desiccation-tolerant and desiccation-sensitive Acer seeds is discussed in the context of its role in mitochondrial redox homeostasis.

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A model study of Abrahamsenbreen, a surging glacier in northern Spitsbergen

The Cryosphere ◽

10.5194/tc-9-767-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 767-779 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. Oerlemans ◽

W. J. J. van Pelt

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ice Core ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Ice Age ◽

Equilibrium Line ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽

Mass Budget ◽

Warming Climate ◽

Model Study

Abstract. The climate sensitivity of Abrahamsenbreen, a 20 km long surge-type glacier in northern Spitsbergen, is studied with a simple glacier model. A scheme to describe the surges is included, which makes it possible to account for the effect of surges on the total mass budget of the glacier. A climate reconstruction back to AD 1300, based on ice-core data from Lomonosovfonna and climate records from Longyearbyen, is used to drive the model. The model is calibrated by requesting that it produce the correct Little Ice Age maximum glacier length and simulate the observed magnitude of the 1978 surge. Abrahamsenbreen is strongly out of balance with the current climate. If climatic conditions remain as they were for the period 1989–2010, the glacier will ultimately shrink to a length of about 4 km (but this will take hundreds of years). For a climate change scenario involving a 2 m year−1 rise of the equilibrium line from now onwards, we predict that in the year 2100 Abrahamsenbreen will be about 12 km long. The main effect of a surge is to lower the mean surface elevation and thereby to increase the ablation area, causing a negative perturbation of the mass budget. We found that the occurrence of surges leads to a faster retreat of the glacier in a warming climate. Because of the very small bed slope, Abrahamsenbreen is sensitive to small perturbations in the equilibrium-line altitude. If the equilibrium line were lowered by only 160 m, the glacier would steadily grow into Woodfjorddalen until, after 2000 years, it would reach Woodfjord and calving would slow down the advance. The bed topography of Abrahamsenbreen is not known and was therefore inferred from the slope and length of the glacier. The value of the plasticity parameter needed to do this was varied by +20 and −20%. After recalibration the same climate change experiments were performed, showing that a thinner glacier (higher bedrock in this case) in a warming climate retreats somewhat faster.

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Putative desiccation tolerance mechanisms in orthodox and recalcitrant seeds of the genusAcer

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500000362 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 317-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Valerie Greggains ◽

William E. Finch-Savage ◽

W. Paul Quick ◽

Neil M. Atherton

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Seed Development ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Alpha Tocopherol ◽

Recalcitrant Seeds ◽

Viability Loss ◽

Norway Maple ◽

Recalcitrant Species

AbstractRecalcitrant seeds are shed moist from the plant and do not survive desiccation to the low moisture contents required for prolonged storage. It has been widely hypothesised that during desiccation of these seeds a stress induced metabolic imbalance develops that leads to free radical mediated damage and viability loss. We investigated this hypothesis in a comparison of two sympatric species ofAcerduring late seed development and post-harvest desiccation:A. platanoides(Norway maple) has orthodox seeds andA. pseudoplatanus(sycamore) has recalcitrant seeds. In both species, respiration rates declined to similar levels at shedding, and the extent of defences against free radicals appears no less in sycamore than that in Norway maple. During drying there was no evidence for the accumulation of a stable free radical, increased lipid peroxidation or decline in free radical scavenging enzymes in either species. In addition, there was a very similar, large increase in total tocopherol in both species. This increase in sycamore was largely of alpha-tocopherol, whereas in Norway maple the increase was largely from its precursor, gamma-tocopherol. Arguably this suggests a similar mechanism in both species, but increased oxidative stress in sycamore. In general, the results suggest that, although damage resulting in viability loss was clearly taking place, the limitation to desiccation tolerance did not result from inadequate free radical scavenging. Soluble carbohydrates and dehydrin-like proteins were also measured during late seed development and drying in sycamore and Norway maple. The greater concentrations of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose and amounts of dehydrins in the radicles and cotyledons of Norway maple compared with those in sycamore was consistent with greater desiccation tolerance in the former. Sycamore seeds are dormant and at the tolerant end of the continuum of desiccation sensitivity among recalcitrant species, and this may account for their different response to that of the seeds of other more sensitive recalcitrant species studied.

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Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-18728-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Arie Staal ◽

Ingo Fetzer ◽

Lan Wang-Erlandsson ◽

Joyce H. C. Bosmans ◽

Stefan C. Dekker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Amazon Forest ◽

Recent Climate ◽

Severe Climate Change ◽

The Tropics

Abstract Tropical forests modify the conditions they depend on through feedbacks at different spatial scales. These feedbacks shape the hysteresis (history-dependence) of tropical forests, thus controlling their resilience to deforestation and response to climate change. Here, we determine the emergent hysteresis from local-scale tipping points and regional-scale forest-rainfall feedbacks across the tropics under the recent climate and a severe climate-change scenario. By integrating remote sensing, a global hydrological model, and detailed atmospheric moisture tracking simulations, we find that forest-rainfall feedback expands the geographic range of possible forest distributions, especially in the Amazon. The Amazon forest could partially recover from complete deforestation, but may lose that resilience later this century. The Congo forest currently lacks resilience, but is predicted to gain it under climate change, whereas forests in Australasia are resilient under both current and future climates. Our results show how tropical forests shape their own distributions and create the climatic conditions that enable them.

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Brazilian Coffee Production and the Future Microbiome and Mycotoxin Profile Considering the Climate Change Scenario

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040858 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 858

Author(s):

Deiziane Gomes dos Santos ◽

Caroline Corrêa de Souza Coelho ◽

Anna Beatriz Robottom Ferreira ◽

Otniel Freitas-Silva

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Climate Change Scenario ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

World Market ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Coffee Production

Brazil holds a series of favorable climatic conditions for agricultural production including the hours and intensity of sunlight, the availability of agricultural land and water resources, as well as diverse climates, soils and biomes. Amidst such diversity, Brazilian coffee producers have obtained various standards of qualities and aromas, between the arabica and robusta species, which each present a wide variety of lineages. However, temperatures in coffee producing municipalities in Brazil have increased by about 0.25 °C per decade and annual precipitation has decreased. Therefore, the agricultural sector may face serious challenges in the upcoming decades due to crop sensitivity to water shortages and thermal stress. Furthermore, higher temperatures may reduce the quality of the culture and increase pressure from pests and diseases, reducing worldwide agricultural production. The impacts of climate change directly affect the coffee microbiota. Within the climate change scenario, aflatoxins, which are more toxic than OTA, may become dominant, promoting greater food insecurity surrounding coffee production. Thus, closer attention on the part of authorities is fundamental to stimulate replacement of areas that are apt for coffee production, in line with changes in climate zoning, in order to avoid scarcity of coffee in the world market.

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Modifications of Grapevine Berry Composition Induced by Main Viral and Fungal Pathogens in a Climate Change Scenario

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.717223 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Markus Rienth ◽

Nicolas Vigneron ◽

Robert P. Walker ◽

Simone Diego Castellarin ◽

Crystal Sweetman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Future Research ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Berry Quality ◽

Wide Range ◽

Grapevine Berry ◽

The Impact

The grapevine is subject to high number of fungal and viral diseases, which are responsible for important economic losses in the global wine sector every year. These pathogens deteriorate grapevine berry quality either directly via the modulation of fruit metabolic pathways and the production of endogenous compounds associated with bad taste and/or flavor, or indirectly via their impact on vine physiology. The most common and devastating fungal diseases in viticulture are gray mold, downy mildew (DM), and powdery mildew (PM), caused, respectively by Botrytis cinerea, Plasmopara viticola, and Erysiphe necator. Whereas B. cinerea mainly infects and deteriorates the ripening fruit directly, deteriorations by DM and PM are mostly indirect via a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. Nevertheless, mildews can also infect berries at certain developmental stages and directly alter fruit quality via the biosynthesis of unpleasant flavor compounds that impair ultimate wine quality. The grapevine is furthermore host of a wide range of viruses that reduce vine longevity, productivity and berry quality in different ways. The most widespread virus-related diseases, that are known nowadays, are Grapevine Leafroll Disease (GLRD), Grapevine Fanleaf Disease (GFLD), and the more recently characterized grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD). Future climatic conditions are creating a more favorable environment for the proliferation of most virus-insect vectors, so the spread of virus-related diseases is expected to increase in most wine-growing regions. However, the impact of climate change on the evolution of fungal disease pressure will be variable and depending on region and pathogen, with mildews remaining certainly the major phytosanitary threat in most regions because their development rate is to a large extent temperature-driven. This paper aims to provide a review of published literature on most important grapevine fungal and viral pathogens and their impact on grape berry physiology and quality. Our overview of the published literature highlights gaps in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions, which are valuable for conceiving future research programs dealing with the different pathogens and their impacts on grapevine berry quality and metabolism.

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Desiccation tolerance in two species with recalcitrant seeds: Clausena lansium (Lour.) and Litchi chinensis (Sonn.)

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500002245 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 257-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. R. Fu ◽

J. P. Jin ◽

Y. F. Peng ◽

Q. H. Xia

Keyword(s):

Seed Development ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Recalcitrant Seeds ◽

Embryonic Axes ◽

Air Drying ◽

Litchi Chinensis ◽

Physiological Maturity ◽

Desiccation Sensitivity ◽

Days After Anthesis

AbstractSeeds were collected at weekly intervals from mid-maturation to the fully ripened stage. As seed development progressed, desiccation tolerance increased. Desiccation tolerance of C. lansium seeds was greatest at 67 days after anthesis (DAA), when they tolerated air drying for 9 days; 74 DAA was considered as physiological maturity, and their full viability was only maintained for up to 3 days of drying; overripened seeds (88 DAA) had the lowest desiccation tolerance. In L. chinensis, the desiccation sensitivity of seeds at 98 DAA (fully mature) was higher than that at 84 and 91 DAA (less mature); among the excised embryonic axes at different developmental stages, the less mature ones were less sensitive to desiccation than the fully mature ones; excised embryonic axes of the same stage were more tolerant of desiccation than whole seeds.

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Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7217 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Arie Staal ◽

Ingo Fetzer ◽

Lan Wang-Erlandsson ◽

Joyce Bosmans ◽

Stefan Dekker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Amazon Forest ◽

Recent Climate ◽

Severe Climate Change ◽

The Tropics

<p>Tropical forests modify the conditions they depend on through feedbacks on different spatial scales. These feedbacks shape the hysteresis (history-dependence) of tropical forests, thus controlling their resilience to deforestation and response to climate change. Here we present the emergent hysteresis from local-scale tipping points and regional-scale forest-rainfall feedbacks across the tropics under the recent climate and a severe climate-change scenario. By integrating remote sensing, a global hydrological model, and detailed atmospheric moisture tracking simulations, we find that forest-rainfall feedback expands the range of possible forest distributions especially in the Amazon. The Amazon forest could partially recover from complete deforestation, but may lose that resilience later this century. The Congo forest lacks resilience, but gains it under climate change, whereas forests in Australasia are resilient under both current and future climates. Our results show how tropical forests shape their own distributions and create the climatic conditions that enable them.</p>

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Possible impacts of temperature changes on recreational and tourist activities in Ukraine’s regions

Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal ◽

10.31481/uhmj.18.2016.03 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 18-28

Author(s):

T. Safranov ◽

V. Khokhlov ◽

A. Volkov

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

The Black Sea ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Significant Deterioration ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Recreation And Tourism

Temperature is one of the main meteorological parameters. It determines the weather and climatic conditions, and impacts on human activities. Weather and climate conditions (precisely air temperature) are the most important factors which affect natural and recreational resources and also stipulate recreational and tourist activities. The article discusses the possible impact of air temperature changes from 2021 to 2050 on recreational and tourist activities in Ukrainian regions. We have analyzed the data gathered by 85 observation stations which are located in various Ukrainian regions. The analysis was based on scenario due to average level of greenhouse gases emissions (medium climate change pattern) for 30 years (2021-2050). The coastal zone in North-western part of the Black Sea has one of the high level of recreational-tourism potential. The fore-cast in this region makes rather small increasing of the temperature in summer time. So, it has not significant influence to the present forms of recreation and tourism activities. The research indicates that changes in average annual, average summer and winter air temperatures according to the scenario will not significantly affect the possibility of summer recreational and tourism activities. Also climate changes will not affect sustainable development of recreation and the level of thermal impact on recreants (tourists) within Ukrainian regions. Following this climate change scenario we don’t anticipate significant deterioration of weather conditions for winter recreation and tourism activities, especially for the Ukrainian Carpathians.

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Implications of risk attitude and climate change for optimal grassland management: a case study for Switzerland

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp13392 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 576 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Finger ◽

Pierluigi Calanca ◽

Simon Briner

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Risk Aversion ◽

Risk Attitude ◽

Grassland Management ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Yield Variability ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Application Rates ◽

Yield Quality

We present a bio-economic model by combining a process-based grassland simulation model with an economic decision model that accounts for income risks and yield quality. The model is used to examine optimal nitrogen (N) application rates in a grass–clover system in Switzerland under current and future climatic conditions. Results for present-day climatic conditions suggest that an increase in N inputs has positive effects on yields but also leads to higher yield variability, yield distributions more skewed to the left and therefore higher downside risks. As a result, accounting for farmers’ risk aversion in solving the optimisation problem leads to lower optimal N inputs. Simulations with a climate change scenario that predicts higher temperatures throughout the year and lower rainfall amounts during the growing season indicate higher yields, increasing yield variability, and changes in yield quality. By allowing herbage prices to vary as a function of yield quality, we find overall lower optimal N inputs and more marked effects of risk aversion on optimal N levels under climate change than under present conditions. However, disregarding yield quality in solving the optimisation problem gives higher optimal N inputs under future conditions.

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