Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi

Treatment of wood with various physical and chemical factors can change the number of wood parameters, which can also lead to changes in resistance to wood-destroying fungi. This study evaluates the effects of hydrothermal treatments (additives Fe2O3 or FeCl3 with and without commercial tannins, also without additives and fresh wood) on decay and mould fungi resistance of modified wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), walnut (Juglans regia), and Norway maple (Acer platanoides). For wood samples, the resistance against wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot) and the resistance against mould fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were assessed. The study findings showed that wood modified with iron compounds could cause a higher resistance to wood-destroying fungi. The weight losses of the modified and control wood, caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, differed for coniferous and deciduous: the average weight loss of treated pine, spruce, and fir wood caused by C. puteana was higher than that caused by T. versicolor, while these differences on maple and walnut wood were not significant. The wood hydrothermal treatment with Fe2Cl3 with and without tannins significantly reduced the weight loss caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, and the treatment with Fe2O3 slightly improved the decay resistance. For the wood, hydrothermally modified with FeCl3 and FeCl3 + tannins, the mould area for both tested Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. was smallest for the wood of all tested tree species compared to other treatments. A different response was obtained for coniferous and deciduous tree species wood. The spruce wood, followed by fir wood, treated with FeCl3 with and without tannins, was the most resistant against the mould fungi. Relatively low resistance against the mould fungi was fixed for the maple wood treated by various iron compounds, except the treatment with Fe2O3 + tannins, which gave a very positive response against the Penicillium sp.

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Laboratory Evaluation of Natural Decay Resistance and Efficacy of CCA-Treated Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.041 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 250-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ismail Jusoh ◽

D. Pascal Kamdem

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Raw Material ◽

White Rot ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Average Weight ◽

Irpex Lacteus ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Natural Decay

Summary Information on the natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA-treated rubberwood is important for the development rubberwood industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural decay resistance of rubberwood and the efficacy of CCA-pressure treatment in order to explore a new opportunity for this abundant raw material. Natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA was estimated using soil-block test according to AWPA E10-91. Cubes were exposed to six wood-decay fungi: two each from white, brown, and soft rot. The moisture content of test cubes exposed to Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor increased with weight loss increase, while that exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta decreased. After a 12-week incubation period the average weight loss by white rot and brown rot fungi was about 1.5 times higher than that of soft rot fungi. CCA retention of 4.1 kg/m3 reduced weight loss to between 8% and 10%, retention of 14.5 kg/m3 protected weight loss by all test fungi from exceeding 2%.

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Evaluation and identification of walnut heartwood extractives for protection of poplar wood

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.6.1.59-69 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 59-69

Author(s):

Seyyed Khalil Hosseini Hashemi ◽

Ahmad Jahan Latibari

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Trametes Versicolor ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Poplar Wood ◽

Vacuum Desiccator ◽

Highest Weight ◽

Complete Saturation ◽

Heartwood Extractives

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) heartwood extractives were identified and their potential for protection of poplar wood was evaluated. Test specimens were prepared from poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) to meet BS 838:1961 requirements. Samples were impregnated with heartwood extractive solution (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% w/w in ethanol-toluene), followed by 5 hours vacuum desiccator technique to reach complete saturation. Impregnated specimens were exposed to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks according to BS 838:1961 applying the kolle-flask method. The weight loss of samples was determined after exposure to white-rot fungus. The highest weight loss (36.96%) was observed for untreated control samples and the lowest weight loss (30.40%) was measured in samples treated with 1.5% extractives solution. The analyses of the extracts using GC/MS indicated that major constituents are benzoic acid,3,4,5-tri(hydroxyl) and gallic acid (44.57 %). The two toxic components in the heartwood are juglone (5.15 %) and 2,7-dimethylphenantheren (5.81 %).

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Kalappia celebica, an endemic wood from Sulawesi Island: Chemical composition and its resistance against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 886 (1) ◽

pp. 012122

Author(s):

Niken Pujirahayu ◽

Asrianti Arif ◽

Zakiah Uslinawaty ◽

Nurhayati Hadjar Ibrahim ◽

Waode Erniwati Bakara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

White Rot ◽

Average Weight ◽

Extractive Content ◽

Natural Durability ◽

Moisture Analysis ◽

High Level ◽

Class Iv

Abstract Kalapi wood (Kalappia celebica kosterm) is endemic to Sulawesi Island and is a monotype species in the Fabaceae family with limited distribution. This study investigates the chemical composition and natural durability of Kalapi (K. celebica Kosterm) wood against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium. This study was conducted based on the TAPPI standard for moisture analysis content, ASTM-D for extractive content, holocelluloce, and lignin, and method Cross and Bevan for cellulose. Durability observation was conducted in 12 weeks by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by the fungi according to SNI standards 01-7207-2014. Results show that K. celebica has holocelullose, cellulose, and extractives at a high level, lignin was moderate, and had low hemicellulose. The results of testing the durability of wood shown that K. celebica has resistance to G. tsugae attack (class II) but is not resistant to G. lucidium (class IV), with an average weight loss of 3.14 % and 18.82 %, respectively.

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Daya Hambat Asap Cair Kayu Galam terhadap Serangan Jamur pada Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) The Effect of Galam Wood Vinegar to The Growth of Fungi on Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v8i2.2201 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 71-86

Author(s):

Rais Salim

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Water Hyacinth ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Eichhornia Crassipes ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Average Value ◽

Wood Vinegar ◽

Penicillium Sp ◽

Fungal Attack

Eichhornia crassipes is a kind of weed species that can be used as material of woven handicrafts for commercial purposes. Generally, the problems that occurred while using natural fiber material (Eichhornia crassipes) for woven handicraft products were very susceptible from moisture that triggered organisms attack such as fungal attack. The alternative materials that can be used to protect Eichhornia crassipes from fungal attack is galam wood vinegar. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of galam wood vinegar application to Eichhornia crassipes to against fungal attack and also to determine the optimum level of wood vinegar concentration to block the fungal attack on Eichhornia crassipes. The research used two treatments i.e: concentration variations A1 (20%), A2 (25%) and A3 (30%); and soaking time variations B1 (7 hours), B2 (10 hours) and B3 (15 hours). The results was compared with the controls (0%). The field test showed that the intensity of fungal attack in the Eichhornia crassipes treated by wood vinegar from week 6 to week 10 was ranged from 2-31%. Whereas the untreated Eichhornia crassipes from week 6 to week 10 was ranged from 31.5-56%. The laboratory tests showed that the average value of weight loss of treated water hyacinth due to the attack by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. ranged from 5.848-10.553% and 6.664- 11.874%, while the the average value of weight loss of untreated water hyacinth were 18.945% and 14.325%. The treatment of wood vinegar to the Eichhornia crassipes in both field tests and laboratory tests showed significant effect in resisting fungal attack so that it can be used as a preservative for Eichhornia crassipes.Keywords: water hyacinth, galam wood vinegar, penicillium sp., aspergillus niger

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Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene plastics by fungi isolated from waste disposal site at district Peshawar, Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ◽

10.52700/pjbb.v2i2.59 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 127-133

Author(s):

Ali Hyder ◽

Muddasir Khan ◽

Saifullah Khan ◽

Madiha Iqbal ◽

Sohail Ahmad Jan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Waste Disposal ◽

Brown Rot ◽

White Rot ◽

Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Low Density ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Weight Loss Percentage

Plastics are resistant to microbial attack, which has become a major cause of environmental pollution. The current study aimed to identify the fungi, capable of the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene plastics from different waste disposal sites at Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 15 soil samples were collected from different waste disposable sites of Peshawar. From these samples, five fungal isolates Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, White rot, and Brown rot fungi were identified based on their colony morphology and microscopic examination. The biodegradation ability of these isolates against low-density polyethylene plastics was studied through the weight loss percentage method on 30 days of incubation. The weight loss percentage showed that Aspegillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Brown rot, and white rot fungi showed 22.9%, 16.1%, 18.4%, and 22.7% biodegradation, respectively. This study concluded that Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, White rot, and Brown rot fungi are capable to degrade polyethylene plastics.Low density polyethylene, Plastics, Fungi, Biodegradation

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Host range of Phellinus sensu lato in India: An overview

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v13i1.2510 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 157-169

Author(s):

Anuradha Kumari ◽

N. S. K. Harsh ◽

A. N. Singh

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Tree Species ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

White Rot ◽

Climatic Zones ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Almost All

Phellinus Quel. is a member of family Hymenochaetaceae of the order Hymenochaetales. This genus comprises wood-inhabiting, saprophytic and parasitic species. Species of Phellinus sensu lato are known to have large host range and cause white rot of various types to live standing or dead trees from all over the world. The current study is based on a thorough study of literature to document the host range of Phellinus species from India. The study indicated that one hundred and seventy four plant species from 51 families are found to be infected by Phellinus species. The families found to be the most affected are Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Meliaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Rosaceae. Many plant (tree) species are affected by Phellinus; this establishes it as a potential pathogen and wood decay fungi. The present study also reports Phellinus from almost all over India and every climatic zones. This indicated the high tolerance and acclimatization of Phellinus towards diverse climatic conditions. The most affected host is Artocarpus followed by Terminalia and Acacia. Although the study reports Phellinus from diverse climatic zones of India, the most affected families and genera are from moist tropical conditions. This indicates that Phellinus has vigorous activity in warm and moist areas and affects diverse plant/tree species in these areas like Maharashtra and Kerala. The states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana, Union Territories, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland are still left to be explored. The present study has key significance in biodiversity, medicinal as well as the pathogenic study of Phellinus. It provides an overall host range of genus Phellinus, confirming its vast host diversity. The information could further be used in disease, biodiversity and plant pathological assessments.

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Purification of plasma membranes from leaves of conifer and deciduous tree species by phase partitioning and free-flow electrophoresis

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.950310.x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 399-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elena Toll ◽

Federico J. Castillo ◽

Pierre Crespi ◽

Michele Crevecoeur ◽

Hubert Greppin

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Plasma Membranes ◽

Free Flow ◽

Deciduous Tree ◽

Phase Partitioning

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Study of the properties larch and larch wood construction materials

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2016.215.255-265 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

М.А. Чубинский ◽

К.В. Чаузов

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Siberian Larch ◽

Larix Sibirica ◽

Average Weight ◽

Biological Stability ◽

Laminated Beam ◽

Coniophora Puteana ◽

Larch Wood

Несмотря на огромные запасы, древесина лиственницы до сего времени в незначительных объемах используется в строительной индустрии, других отраслях экономики, что связано как с технологическими сложностями ее переработки, так и недостаточной изученностью ее свойств. Одним из уникальных свойств древесины лиственницы сибирской (Larix sibirica) является ее повышенная естественная биостойкость, наряду с максимально высокой среди отечественных хвойных пород прочностью. Стойкость древесины лиственницы (Larix sibirica) к воздействию дереворазрушающих грибов Coniofora puteana значительно превышает стойкость сосны. В среднем потеря массы ядровой древесины лиственницы сибирской под воздействием дереворазрушающего гриба Coniophora puteana составляет 14,84%, снижаясь с увеличением возраста дерева, а контрольные образцы из ядровой древесины сосны в возрасте 90 лет имели потерю массы 57,8%. Возраст дерева является одним из наиболее значимых факторов, влияющих на степень биостойкости древесины. По мере его увеличения значительно повышается устойчивость деструктивному воздействию дереворазрушающих грибов Coniophora puteana. Положение образцов также влияет на степень биостойкости древесины, однако эта зависимость слабо выражена по сравнению с влиянием возраста и плотности древесины. Исследования кинетики разложения древесины лиственницы сибирской и роли экстрактивных веществ в развитии дереворазрушающих грибов позволяют утверждать наличие связи биостойкости и содержания в древесине экстрактивных веществ. Для изготовления клееного бруса из древесины лиственницы предложена клеевая композиция, включающая карбамидомеламиноформальдегидный клей и карбамидоформальдегидную смолу, модифицированную шунгитами. Ее применение позволяет получать клеевые соединения, не уступающие по прочности при скалывании массивной древесине, как по сухому образцу, так и после его вымачивания. Таким образом, клееный брус из древесины лиственницы сибирской характеризуется высокими показателями биостойкости, прочности и водостойкости. Despite vast reserves, larch wood so far in small volumes used in the construction industry and other sectors of the economy, which is connected as the technological difficulties of its treatment, as well as insufficient knowledge of its properties. One of the unique properties of the wood of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) is its increased natural biological stability (decay resistant), along with the highest among the domestic softwood strength. Resistance Larch (Larix sibirica) to the effects of wood-destroying fungi Coniofora puteana is much higher than pine. The average weight loss of Siberian larch heartwood exposed wood-destroying fungi Coniophora puteana is 14.84%, decreasing with increasing age of the tree, and control samples of heartwood pine at age 90 had a weight loss of 57.8%. Age of a tree is one of the most significant factors affecting the degree of biological stability of wood. With the increase it significantly increases the stability of the destructive effects of wood-destroying fungi and Coniophora puteana. The position of the sample in tree also affects the degree of biological stability of wood, but this dependence is poorly developed in comparison with the influence of age and wood density. Studies of the kinetics of decomposition of Siberian larch wood and the role of extractives in the development of wood-destroying fungi suggest a link, and the decay resistant of the content in the wood extractives. For the manufacture of larch glued laminated beam proposed adhesive composition comprising urea and melamine-formaldehyde glue and urea-formaldehyde resins, modified shungites. Its use allows to obtain the bonds are not inferior in strength at shearing solid wood as dry sample, and after soaking. Thus, glued laminated beam from Siberian larch wood is characterized by high decay resistant, strength and water resistance.

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Incidence and Outcomes of Home Parenteral Nutrition in Patients With Crohn Disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Crohn's & Colitis 360 ◽

10.1093/crocol/otaa083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Zeinab Bakhshi ◽

Siddhant Yadav ◽

Bradley R Salonen ◽

Sara L Bonnes ◽

Jithinraj Edakkanambeth Varayil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Short Bowel Syndrome ◽

Crohn Disease ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Home Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Average Weight ◽

Olmsted County ◽

Short Bowel

Abstract Background We sought to estimate the incidence of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) use in a population-based cohort of patients with Crohn disease (CD), and to assess clinical outcomes and complications associated with HPN. Methods We used the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) to identify residents of Olmsted County, who were diagnosed with CD between 1970 and 2011, and required HPN. Results Fourteen out of 429 patients (3.3%) with CD received HPN (86% female). Eleven patients (79%) had moderate–severe CD and 12 patients (86%) had fistulizing disease. Thirteen patients (93%) underwent surgery, primarily due to obstruction. Among CD incidence cases, the cumulative incidence of HPN from the date of CD diagnosis was 0% at 1 year, 0.5% at 5 years, 0.8% at 10 years, and 2.4% at 20 years. Indications for HPN included short bowel syndrome in 64%, malnutrition in 29%, and bowel rest in 21%. The median duration of HPN was 2.5 years. There was an average weight gain of 1.2 kg at 6 months, an average weight loss of 1.4 kg at 1 year, and a further weight loss of 2.2 kg at 2 years from the start of HPN. Patients were hospitalized a mean of 5 times after the start of HPN, mainly due to catheter-related bloodstream infections and thrombosis. Conclusions Less than 4% of patients with CD need HPN. Most have moderate to severe disease with short bowel syndrome or malnutrition. Possible reasons for the patients’ weight loss could be noncompliance, and increased metabolic needs because of active disease.

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Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Lukas Emmerich ◽

Maja Bleckmann ◽

Sarah Strohbusch ◽

Christian Brischke ◽

Susanne Bollmus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Action ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Untreated Wood ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Decay Tests ◽

Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

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