scholarly journals Surface Hydrophobization of Block-Shaped Wood with Rapid Benzylation

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1028
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Abe ◽  
Masako Seki ◽  
Tsunehisa Miki ◽  
Masakazu Nishida
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Treatment Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Problems ◽  
Oriented Material

With the aim of utilizing wood as a carbon cycle-oriented material, the improvement of hydrophobicity has been actively studied to solve manufacturing problems, such as dimensional stability and biodeterioration resistance. The introduction of benzyl group is a promising chemical modification for hydrophobizing wood. However, conventional benzylation methods are not suitable for industrial applications because they require high temperature and long reaction times. In this study, a novel method was developed for quickly benzylating the surface of block-shaped wood using an aqueous solution of tetra-n-butylphosphonium hydroxide as a pretreatment solvent and no heat. The color and shape of the benzylated wood was almost unchanged from that before the treatment. Analysis of the resulting chemical structure suggested that the developed method causes less damage to carbohydrates compared with the conventional method, which involves heating and stirring. The proposed method successfully imparted hydrophobicity and thermoplasticity to the benzylated wood surface. Furthermore, hydrophobicity of the benzylated wood was further improved by a simple heat treatment for only approximately 5 min. The water contact angle became ≥110° and remained almost unchanged even after 1 min after water dropping.

Prediction of suitable heat treatment for H13 tool steels by application of thermal shock fatigue cycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 135065012110118
Author(s):  
Palani Karthikeyan ◽  
Sumit Pramanik
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
H13 Steel ◽  
H13 Tool Steel ◽  
Cyclic Treatment

In industry, thermally shocked components lead to early failures and unexpected breakdowns during production resulting in huge losses in profit. Thus, the present study investigates the as-received, hardened and hardened and nitrogen treated H13 tool steels subjected to a thermal shock gradient similar to the actual industrial applications. The thermal shock gradients were created by using an in-house-built thermal shock fatigue cyclic treatment machine. The effect of thermal shock fatigue cyclic treatments at 1000 and 2000 thermal shock cycles in hot and molten metal chambers was noticed. All the thermal shock fatigue cyclic-treated samples were analysed by hardness, X-ray diffraction, microscopy and magnetic tests. The interesting changes in hardness, distorted crystal structure and crack initiation were found to be different for differently treated H13 tool steel specimens. The molten aluminium was more prone to stick to the surface of as-received as well as hardened and nitrogen treated steel compared to the hardened H13 steel specimens, which would delay the crack initiation. The wear resistance properties of the hardened H13 steel specimens were found to be higher than as-received and hardened and nitrogen treated H13 steel specimens after thermal shock fatigue cyclic treatment. The loss in magnetic properties was significant for the hardened and hardened and nitrogen treated samples compared to as-received H13 tool steel specimens. Therefore, the present 1000 and 2000 thermal fatigue cycles for 30 s at 670 °C would be worthy to predict the proper heat treatment method to design the parameters as well as the life of die-casting components and to help in the economical production of casting.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Copper Ion in Acidic Aqueous Solution Using Rice Bran and Heat Treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 749-754
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro HONDA ◽  
Takayuki YOSHIKAWA ◽  
Tuyoshi SASAKI ◽  
Tadashi SASAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Copper Ion ◽  
Acidic Aqueous Solution

Preparation of Highly Conductive Polyaniline in Carbamide Aqueous Solution Using SnCl4 as Initiator

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 2205-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Nan Lin ◽  
Qun Yu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Gui Bao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Class ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Polymerization System ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Conductive Polyaniline ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In this paper, we demonstrated a novel method for the preparation of highly conductive polyaniline (PANI) compounded with Sn(OH)4. We obtained the PANI directly in the oxidation polymerization system via simultaneous reaction of aniline (using ammonium persulfate, APS as oxidant) and SnCl4 in carbamide aqueous solution. The resulting PANI was compounded with Sn(OH)4 had been characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope and conductivity measurements, and the results showed that PANI was in well doped state due to the hydrolysis of APS and the complex between PANI and Sn(OH)4. We are sure this alkali-guided polymerization to obtain conductive PANI will lead to the preparation of a new class of PANI composites.

Retrogression and Re-aging Heat Treatment: AA7XXX Aluminum Alloys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Anil Kumar ◽  
S. Arjun ◽  
R.K. Gupta ◽  
P.V. Venkitakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Large Cross Section ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Peak Aged ◽  
Aged Temper ◽  
Short Time

Retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatment was introduced to increase the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance while retaining the strength attainable in T6 (peak aged) temper. Retrogression is a short-term heat treatment at an elevated temperature wherein a partial dissolution of metastable precipitates occurs, which are responsible for the hardening. During the next step, the material is re-aged in the regime of typical age hardening parameters to restore the strength with improved ductility. Response of RRA treatment has been reported on AA7XXX series Aluminum alloys such as AA7075, AA7050, AA7150, AA7049, and AA7010. Studies have been done on the effect of RRA on microstructure, mechanical properties such as tensile and hardness, corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, and SCC resistance by various researchers. The key characteristic of RRA is retrogression, which makes the re-precipitation in the matrix and coarsening of grain boundary precipitates such as MgZn2, η′. The retrogression treatment however requires high temperature and a short time, which limits the industrial application of RRA, especially in the heat treatment of the components with large cross section, due to the inherent thermal conductivity limitations. Hence, further work needs to be done in this area to apply this specialized heat treatment for industrial applications. This article brings out a comprehension of the changes in microstructure, tensile properties, and corrosion resistance of the various commonly used AA7XXX Aluminum alloys in structural applications with RRA heat treatment. The future scope of the work in RRA heat treatment is also discussed in this article.

scholarly journals Electron Beam Melting of Ti-6Al-4V Lattice Structures; Correlation between Post Heat Treatment and Mechanical Properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Del Guercio ◽  
Manuela Galati ◽  
Abdollah Saboori
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Lattice Structures ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Aided Design

Abstract Additive Manufacturing processes are considered advanced manufacturing methods. It would be possible to produce complex shape components from a Computer-Aided Design model in a layer-by-layer manner. Lattice structures as one of the complex geometries could attract lots of attention for both medical and industrial applications. In these structures, besides cell size and cell type, the microstructure of lattice structures can play a key role in these structures' mechanical performance. On the other hand, heat treatment has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the material. Therefore, in this work, the effect of the heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures manufactured by EBM was analyzed. The main mechanical properties were compared with the Ashby and Gibson model. It is very interesting to notice that a more homogeneous failure mode was found for the heat-treated samples. The structures' relative density was the main factor influencing their mechanical performance of the heat-treated samples. It is also found that the heat treatments were able to preserve the stiffness and the compressive strength of the lattice structures. Besides, an increment of both the elongation at failure and the absorbed energy was obtained after the heat treatments. Microstructure analysis of the heat-treated samples confirms the increment of ductility of the heat-treated samples with respect to the as-built one.

scholarly journals A novel approach toward the synthesis of some new tridentate Schiff bases from anil-like compounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Bagheri ◽  
Abolfazl Olyaei
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Schiff Bases ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Schiff Base Ligands ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Solvent Free Conditions ◽  
Novel Method

A novel method was developed for synthesizing a series of new three dentate Schiff base ligands starting from hydroxynaphthalidene pyrimidinyl amines with o-phenylenediamines or o-aminophenol or 2-amino-3-hydroxy-pyri-dine in the presence of formic acid catalyst under solvent-free conditions. In these reactions [1+1] condensation product as half-unit ligand was obtained. Moreover, the reaction of hydroxynaphthalidene pyrimidinyl amines with 3,4-diamino-pyridine and 1,8-naphthalenediamine lead to the formation of C2-naphthylated imidazopyridine and dihydropyrimidine, respectively. The attractive features of this protocol are: use of inexpensive catalyst, operationally simple, short reaction times, easy handling, and good yields.

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Aluminum Surfaces Using Modified Nanoparticles and Ionizable Surfactants

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150035
Author(s):  
Bahram Abedi Ravan ◽  
Akbar Cheraghi
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Wet Etching ◽  
Etching Time ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Aluminum Surfaces

In this study, plates of aluminum are made superhydrophobic via wet etching followed by deposition of nanostructure and microstructure. Etched surfaces are coated with modified nanoalumina using an ionizable surfactant. Key parameters governing the hydrophobicity such as type of the etching solvent, type of the surfactant, etching time, nanoparticle size distribution, surfactant concentration and annealing temperature are investigated. Infrared spectroscopy (IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements are used to characterize the treated surfaces. A WCA greater than 150∘ is obtained and in order to estimate the efficiency and mechanical durability of the coatings the samples are tested in emulated sea-water. Water jet tests prove the mechanical stability of the samples. Our fabrication method results in good hydrophobicity and self-cleaning behavior of the Al surface and the obtained results may be useful for industrial applications.

Characterization and equilibrium studies for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using activated bone char

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edu J. Inam ◽  
John Bassey Edet ◽  
Patrick E. Akpan ◽  
Kufre E. Ite
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Bone Char ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Apatite Phase ◽  
Cow Bone

Abstract The surface characteristics as well as adsorption potential of activated cow bone char for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution were investigated. Physical characteristics of the adsorbent revealed a large surface area, low pore volume, reduced ash and moisture contents, which have been identified as good adsorption characteristics. The surface of the adsorbent was predominated by mesopores with a few microporous structures as well as the presence of carbonates, phosphates, silicates and hydroxyl groups which are characteristic of the apatite phase. Adsorption efficiency for the removal of MB was observed to be influenced by pH, adsorbent dosage as well as initial dye concentrations. Equilibrium adsorption data was best described by the Freundlich isotherm with a good correlation coefficient suggesting multilayer adsorption of the dye molecules on the surface of the adsorbent. Based on the drive for reduced cost, removal efficiency and availability, activated carbon from cow bone could be a promising adsorbent for methylene blue-laden effluent that could be utilized in small and large industrial applications.

An Easy Approach for Obtaining Superhydrophobic Surfaces and their Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 813 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Amani Khaskhoussi ◽  
Luigi Calabrese ◽  
Edoardo Proverbio
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Superhydrophobic Surfaces ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Water Contact

Three different methods were used to obtain nature-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum alloys: short-term treatment with boiling water, HF/HCl and HNO3/HCl concentrated solution etching. Afterwards a thin octadecylsilane film was deposited on all pre-treated surfaces. The surface morphology analysis showed that each method allow to obtain a specific dual nano/micro-structure. The corresponding water contact angles ranged from 160° to nearly 180°. The adhesion force between the water droplets and superhydrophobic surfaces were evaluated. The specimen etched with HF/HCl acid mixture solution showed the lowest adhesion. However, the boiling water treatment sample was characterized by the highest adhesion. Furthermore, the relationship between hydrophobic behavior and surface morphology was discussed compressively. In addition, the electrochemical measurements show that the different superhydrophobic surfaces have an excellent anti-corrosion performance evidencing promising results suitable to obtain large-scale nature-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces for several industrial applications.

Micromorphology and Characterization of V2O3 Nanoparticles Produced by the Liquid Phase Reduction-Heat Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 944 ◽  
pp. 650-656
Author(s):  
Ming Rui Zhang ◽  
Yuan Qin ◽  
Dao Zhang ◽  
Guang Yuan Wang ◽  
Sen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Structure And Morphology ◽  
Phase Reduction ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Composition Structure

The liquid phase reduction-heat treatment has been used to prepare V2O3nanoparticles in this paper. It is a novel method that the precursor was developed by Oxalic acid dehydrate (H2C2O4·2H2O) reduction of V2O5powder in anhydrous ethanol. V2O3nanoparticles were successfully obtained by thermal treatment of the precursor. The phase, composition, structure, and morphology of the as-obtained samples were verified by XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM measurements. Meanwhile, the possible formation mechanism of V2O3in the heat-treatment is briefly discussed by analyzing the DSC.

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