scholarly journals Influence of Edaphic Salinity on Leaf Morphoanatomical Functional Traits on Juvenile and Adult Trees of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle): Implications with Relation to Climate Change

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Alejandra Robles Sánchez ◽  
José Ernesto Mancera Pineda ◽  
Xavier Marquínez Casas ◽  
Jairo Humberto Medina Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Rhizophora Mangle ◽  
High Water ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Conductivity Water

Rhizophora mangle L. is one of the most distributed species of neotropical mangroves. The species exhibits great phenological variability that is associated with saline concentrations of the sediment where it grows. Among the organs that are most affected by interstitial and tidal water salinity concentrations are the leaves. Since the hypersalinity generates water deficiency, it changes photosynthetic and hydraulic processes of the plant. To understand the relationship between the variation in leaf blade parameters and the water stress generated by salinity in two growth stages, morphoanatomical functional traits were quantified in leaves of juveniles and adults of R. mangle in three structurally different mangrove forests with different ranges of natural salinity (Oligohaline: 5.8–11.7 practical salinity units (PSU); Euhaline: 9.2–35.6 PSU and 23.9–47.7 PSU). We hypothesized that water stress caused by salinity generates modification in conductivity, water-storage, and photosynthetic tissues. Our results showed a greater number of morphoanatomical traits affected by salinity in juveniles compared to adults, greater variability in the traits associated with water accumulation and transport. Adults and juveniles subjected to higher values of salinity had traits more tolerant of variability in this factor, allowing superior adaptation to environments with high water deficit than individuals originating in oligohaline environments. This difference in adaptability to salinity between populations of R. mangle may imply different responses to climate change, where populations of oligohaline origin will be more susceptible to hypersalinization resulting from this phenomenon, while populations of euhaline origin could more effectively tolerate the aquatic stresses caused, allowing a prolongation of their permanence and the provision of their ecosystem services over time.

scholarly journals Competitive asymmetry confers polyploid advantage under environmental stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Guo ◽  
Na Wei ◽  
Guang-You Hao ◽  
Shi-Jian Yang ◽  
Zhi-Yong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
High Water ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Competitive Effects

Competitive asymmetry across heterogeneous environments is crucial for the success of polyploid plants, however, little is known about it. As the major force in plant evolution, polyploids are predicted to maintain the competitive dominance relative to diploids under increased stress conditions. To evaluate the hypothesis of competitive asymmetry, we competed tetraploid and diploid plants of perennial herbaceous Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Asteraceae) at different relative frequencies under low and high water stress. We quantified the interaction intensity between competing plants of the same (intraploidy) and different ploidy levels (interploidy), and measured functional traits related to gas exchange and plant water use to understand the underlying mechanisms. Stronger competitive effects of the tetraploid on diploid provided evidence for the competitive asymmetry between polyploid and diploid plants in C. indicum. Such competitive asymmetry was not only maintained under drought (increased water stress), but also translated into higher fitness of the tetraploid consistently across water stress conditions. Functional traits associated with fast growth and efficient water use likely explained the competitive dominance of the tetraploid. These results will advance our understanding of species interactions between polyploid and diploid plants, and provide insights into population dynamics and species distribution under environmental change.

scholarly journals The effects of country-level population policy for enhancing adaptation to climate change

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4429-4440 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Gunasekara ◽  
S. Kazama ◽  
D. Yamazaki ◽  
T. Oki
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
High Water ◽  
Policy Scenario ◽  
Fertility Reduction ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The effectiveness of population policy in reducing the combined impacts of population change and climate change on water resources is explored. One no-policy scenario and two scenarios with population policy assumptions are employed in combination with water availability under the SRES scenarios A1b, B1 and A2 for the impact analysis. The population data used are from the World Bank. The river discharges per grid of horizontal resolution 0.5° are obtained from the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) of the University of Tokyo, Japan. Unlike the population scenarios utilized in the SRES emission scenarios and the newest representative concentration pathways, the scenarios employed in this research are based, even after 2050, on country-level rather than regional-level growth assumptions. Our analysis implies that the heterogeneous pattern of population changes across the world is the dominant driver of water stress, irrespective of future greenhouse gas emissions, with highest impacts occurring in the already water-stressed low latitudes. In 2100, Africa, Middle East and parts of Asia are under extreme water stress under all scenarios. The sensitivity analysis reveals that a small reduction in populations over the region could relieve a large number of people from high water stress, while a further increase in population from the assumed levels (SC1) might not increase the number of people under high water stress considerably. Most of the population increase towards 2100 occurs in the already water-stressed lower latitudes. Therefore, population reduction policies are recommended for this region as a method of adaptation to the future water stress conditions. Population reduction policies will facilitate more control over their future development pathways, even if these countries were not able to contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission cuts due to economic constraints. However, for the European region, the population living in water-stressed regions is almost 20 times lower than that in the lower latitudes. For countries with high population momentum, the population policy scenario with fertility-reduction assumptions gained a maximum of 6.1 times the water availability in Niger and 5.3 times that in Uganda compared with the no-policy scenario. Most of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. These countries represent 24.5% of the global population in the no-policy scenario, and the scenario with fertility-reduction assumptions reduces it to 8.7% by 2100. This scenario is also effective in reducing the area under extreme water stress in these countries. However, the policy scenario with assumptions of population stabilization at the replacement fertility rate increases the water stress in high-latitude countries. Nevertheless, the impact is low due to the high per capita water availability in the region. This research is expected to widen the understanding of the combined impacts of climate change in the future and of the strategies needed to enhance the space for adaptation.

scholarly journals NERÉIDIDOS (NEREIDIDAE, POLYCHAETA, ANNELIDA) ASOCIADOS A RAÍCES DE MANGLE ROJO, RHIZOPHORA MANGLE, EN ISLAS SAN ANDRÉS Y PROVIDENCIA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Arteaga Flórez ◽  
Mario H. Londoño Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Rhizophora Mangle ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
The North ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
The Family ◽  
Neanthes Succinea ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Mangrove Roots ◽  
San Andres

The family Nereididae Blainville, 1818, is one of the most representative group of errant polychaete worms, with about 535 described species in 43 genera, with great biological and ecological importance. The aim of this research was to make a taxonomic analysis of the nereidids associated to red mangrove roots, Rhizophora mangle, in the San Andrés, Old Providence and Santa Catalina Archipelago. This archipelago is part of the Seaflwer Biosphere Reserve. San Andrés is the largest island, having 27 km2 of landmass area, while Old Providence Island, located 95 km to the north of San Andrés, has 17 km2; both islands have well developed mangrove forests, composed mainly by R. mangle. The nereidids, deposited in the Coleccion Estuarina y Marina de la Universidad de Antioquia (CEMUA), were identifid with updated keys, by performing dissections and extracting parts with taxonomic value. Four species of polychaetes from the family Nereididae were found: Neanthes acuminata, Neanthes succinea, Neanthes sp., and Platynereis mucronata. Only N. succinea and N. acuminata had been reported from the Colombian Caribbean, being N. succinea the only species previously reported from the archipielago. In addition, systematic, ecological and biogeographical considerations were added for each species.

scholarly journals Identificação das Áreas Susceptíveis a Processos de Desertificação no Médio Trecho da Bacia do Ipojuca - PE através do Mapeamento do Estresse Hídrico da Vegetação e da Estimativa do Índice de Aridez (Identification of Areas Susceptible to...)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Regina Alves Cavalcanti Silva ◽  
José Gustavo Da Silva Melo ◽  
Josiclêda Domiciano Galvincio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Middle Portion ◽  
Vegetation Water

Este trabalho procura identificar as areas mais susceptiveis a processos de desertificacao na area correspondente ao medio trecho da Bacia do Ipojuca – PE, localizado no agreste do estado de Pernambuco, tomando como base dados obtidos de postos pluviometricos num periodo amostral de trinta anos com a finalidade de estimar o indice de aridez na area de estudo. Esse indice buscara complementar os resultados obtidos pelo indice de aridez atraves da utilizacao do indice de agua por diferenca normalizada (NDWI) e do indice de vegetacao ajustado ao solo (SAVI). Os resultados obtidos indicam que ha um alto estresse hidrico na Bacia em questao e esse resultado e corroborado pelo indice de aridez da area. Palavras-chaves: Suscetibilidade, mudancas climaticas, impactos ambientais, transposicao do Rio Sao Francisco.   Identification of Areas Susceptible to Desertification in the Ipojuca Middle River Basin by Mapping of Vegetation Water Stress and Aridity Index   ABSTRACT This paper seeks to identify areas susceptible to desertification in the area corresponding to the middle portion of the Basin Ipojuca - PE, located in the rugged state of Pernambuco, based on data from climatic stations in a sample period of thirty years for the purpose to estimate the index of aridity in the study area. This index will seek to complement the results obtained by the index of aridity by using the water content normalized difference (NDWI) and the vegetation index adjusted for soil (SAVI). The results indicate that there is a high water stress in the basin in question and this result is confirmed by the index of aridity of the area.  Keywords: Susceptibility, climate change, environmental impacts, transposition of Rio Sao Francisco.

scholarly journals A Metodologia de Escopo Global MWSP Aplicada no Âmbito Local para Análise do Estresse Hidrológico no Médio Trecho da Bacia do Ipojuca- PE: uma Contribuição à Temática da Transposição do Rio São Francisco (The Methodology of Global Scope MWSP Applied ...)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Regina Alves Cavalcanti Silva ◽  
Josiclêda Domiciano Galvincio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
High Water ◽  
Middle Section ◽  
Middle Portion ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
Climate Vulnerability

Este trabalho procura avaliar o grau de Estresse Hidrico (Eh) na area correspondente ao medio trecho da Bacia do Ipojuca – PE tomando por base dados obtidos de postos pluviometricos e fluviometricos do periodo de 1973-2008 do municipio de Caruaru, localizado no agreste do estado de Pernambuco. O valor de Estresse Hidrico foi obtido a partir da integracao dos resultados de calculos da razao de uso dos recursos hidricos (Ru) e da vulnerabilidade as mudanças climaticas da Bacia. Os resultados obtidos indicam que ha um alto estresse hidrico na Bacia em questao e este estudo pode vir a auxiliar outros que, porventura, possam prestar um auxilio para mitigacao dos efeitos decorrentes da falta de gerenciamento dos recursos hidricos na bacia hidrografica. Palavras-chaves: razao de uso, nao-estacionariedade, variabilidade das vazoes, vulnerabilidade climática.  The Methodology of Global Scope MWSP Applied Locally for Analysis of Stress in Middle Section of Hydrological Basin of Ipojuca-PE: a Contribution to Theme of Transposition of the São Francisco   ABSTRACT This work searchs to evaluate the degree of water stress (Eh) in the area corresponding to the middle portion of the Basin Ipojuca - PE based on data obtained from rain gauges and rainfall gauging the period 1973-2008 at Caruaru, located in the rough state Pernambuco. The value of Water Stress was derived from the integration of results of calculations of the rate of use of water resources (Ru) and vulnerability to climate change in the Basin. The results indicate that there is a high water stress in the basin in question and this study might help others that, perhaps, can give a help to mitigate the effects arising from lack of water resources management in the watershed.  Keywords: reasons of use, non-stationarity, variability of flows, climate vulnerability.

scholarly journals CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND RESPONSE OF RICE YIELD

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
M. Rana ◽  
K. K. Singh ◽  
N. Kumari ◽  
J. Sanjay ◽  
G. P. Gohain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Climate Patterns ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rice is an important cereal crop and part of daily diet not only in India but also throughout Asia. Agriculture is highly dependent on the variations in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation and long-term climate patterns. The pattern of changing climate in last 30 years indicate that predictable and possible changes in rainfall and temperature can reduce agriculture outputs and yields particularly for rice and wheat significantly. The main aim of this research paper is to study the Kharif Rice Productivity in Hisar, Haryana under changing climate. The study focuses on the impacts of climate change namely intensity, timings and spatial distribution of rainfall. Kharif rice is more vulnerable to meteorological drought due to growing uncertainties in monsoon rains under the changing climate patterns. The study of seasonal changes in precipitation at decadal scale for observed and CORDEX projected precipitation for the selected region was done to understand the impacts of climate change. Along with this, DSSAT Crop Simulation Model was run to quantify the water stress in the years with more negative rainfall departure and to identify the reasons for variability in yield. DSSAT model was able to simulate phenological events and final grain yield at maturity stage with reasonable accuracy under varied weather conditions. The analysis of the simulated results indicates the association between yield and rainfall amount and its distribution during the season and different phenological growth stages of rice. The results further indicate that water stress at important stages such as Booting, Heading and Flowering majorly impact the final yield.</p>

scholarly journals A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Musse ◽  
G. Hajjar ◽  
N. Ali ◽  
B. Billiot ◽  
G. Joly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. Results This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. Conclusions This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Alaa Baazeem ◽  
Alicia Rodriguez ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
Naresh Magan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pistachio Nuts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spoilage Fungi

Pistachio nuts are an important economic tree nut crop which is used directly or processed for many food-related activities. They can become colonized by mycotoxigenic spoilage fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, mainly resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The prevailing climate in which these crops are grown changes as temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels increase, and episodes of extreme wet/dry cycles occur due to human industrial activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of interacting Climate Change (CC)-related abiotic factors of temperature (35 vs. 37 °C), CO2 (400 vs. 1000 ppm), and water stress (0.98–0.93 water activity, aw) on (a) growth (b) aflD and aflR biosynthetic gene expression and (c) AFB1 production by two strains A. flavus (AB3, AB10) in vitro on milled pistachio-based media and when colonizing layers of shelled raw pistachio nuts. The A. flavus strains were resilient in terms of growth on pistachio-based media and the colonisation of pistachio nuts with no significant difference when exposed to the interacting three-way climate-related abiotic factors. However, in vitro studies showed that AFB1 production was significantly stimulated (p < 0.05), especially when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 at 0.98–0.95 aw and 35 °C, and sometimes in the 37 °C treatment group at 0.98 aw. The relative expression of the structural aflD gene involved in AFB1 biosynthesis was decreased or only slightly increased, relative to the control conditions at elevated CO, regardless of the aw level examined. For the regulatory aflR gene expression, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 1000 ppm CO2 and 37 °C for both strains, especially at 0.95 aw. The in situ colonization of pistachio nuts resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of AFB1 production at 35 °C and 1000 ppm CO2 for both strains, especially at 0.98 aw. At 37 °C, AFB1 production was either decreased, in strain AB3, or remained similar, as in strain AB10, when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2. This suggests that CC factors may have a differential effect, depending on the interacting conditions of temperature, exposure to CO2 and the level of water stress on AFB1 production.

scholarly journals Contrasting capabilities of two ungulate species to cope with extremes of aridity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Boyers ◽  
Francesca Parrini ◽  
Norman Owen-Smith ◽  
Barend F. N. Erasmus ◽  
Robyn S. Hetem
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Water ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Connochaetes Taurinus

AbstractSouthern Africa is expected to experience increased frequency and intensity of droughts through climate change, which will adversely affect mammalian herbivores. Using bio-loggers, we tested the expectation that wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), a grazer with high water-dependence, would be more sensitive to drought conditions than the arid-adapted gemsbok (Oryx gazella gazella). The study, conducted in the Kalahari, encompassed two hot-dry seasons with similar ambient temperatures but differing rainfall patterns during the preceding wet season. In the drier year both ungulates selected similar cooler microclimates, but wildebeest travelled larger distances than gemsbok, presumably in search of water. Body temperatures in both species reached lower daily minimums and higher daily maximums in the drier season but daily fluctuations were wider in wildebeest than in gemsbok. Lower daily minimum body temperatures displayed by wildebeest suggest that wildebeest were under greater nutritional stress than gemsbok. Moving large distances when water is scarce may have compromised the energy balance of the water dependent wildebeest, a trade-off likely to be exacerbated with future climate change.

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