3D Visualization of Bamboo Node’s Vascular Bundle

The vascular bundle is an important structural unit that determines the growth and properties of bamboo. A high-resolution X-ray microtomography (μCT) was used to observe and reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) morphometry model of the vascular bundle of the Qiongzhuea tumidinoda node due to its advantages of quick, nondestructive, and accurate testing of plant internal structure. The results showed that the morphology of vascular bundles varied significantly in the axial direction. In the cross-section, the number of axial vascular bundles reached a maximum at the lower end of the sheath scar, and the minimum of it was at the middle of the diaphragm. The frequency of axial vascular bundles decreased from the lower end of the node to the nodal ridge, and subsequently increased until the upper end of the bamboo node. The proportion of parenchyma, fibers, and conducting tissue was 65.7%, 30.5%, and 3.8%, respectively. The conducting tissues were intertwined to form a complex 3D network structure, with a connectivity of 94.77%. The conducting tissue with the largest volume accounted for 60.26% of the total volume of the conducting tissue. The 3D-distribution pattern of the conducting tissue of the node and that of the fibers were similar, but their thickness changed in the opposite pattern. This study revealed the 3D morphometry of the conducting tissue and fibers of the bamboo node, the reconstruction of the skeleton made the morphology more intuitive. Quantitative indicators such as the 3D volume, proportion, and connectivity of each type of tissue was obtained, the bamboo node was enlarged mainly caused by the particularly developed fibers. This work laid the foundation for a better understanding of the mechanical properties and water transportation of bamboo and revealed the mystery of bamboo node shedding of Q. tumidinoda.

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Detection of complex vascular system in bamboo node by X-ray μCT imaging technique

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2013-0080 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 223-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Guanyun Peng ◽

Zehui Jiang ◽

Xing’e Liu ◽

Benhua Fei ◽

Shumin Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Final Height ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

X Ray ◽

Novel Approach ◽

3D Network ◽

Computed Microtomography ◽

X Ray Computed

Abstract Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing plants. They reach a final height of 15–40 m during a period of 40–120 days. The full height is reached by intercalary growth of each node. However, it is very difficult to detect the complex vascular system in a bamboo node using traditional methods. X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) is a noninvasive novel approach to the three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification of biological structures. In the present article, μCT has been applied to provide insights into the internal structure of bamboo node, where three branches are connected. The picture obtained could hardly be obtained by any other means. The bamboo nodal characteristics of three transverse and axial sections are presented. The complex 3D network of vascular bundles has been directly obtained for the first time.

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Early ontogeny defines the diversification of primary vascular bundle systems in angiosperms

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/botlinnean/boaa084 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Regine Claßen-Bockhoff ◽

Doris Franke ◽

Hansjörg Krähmer

Keyword(s):

Vascular Bundle ◽

Vascular Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Early Ontogeny ◽

Leaf Primordia ◽

Dimensional System ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Histological Data ◽

Molecular Aspects ◽

The One

Abstract Understanding vascular bundle systems in angiosperms is a challenge. On the one hand, the vascular tissue is extremely important in reconstructing the evolution and survivability of plants, but on the other hand, it forms a complicated three-dimensional system of controversially discussed phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin. To increase clarity, in this paper we briefly summarize histological, phylogenetic and molecular aspects of primary vascular bundle formation in angiosperms, adding histological data on early stages of vascular bundle formation, proposing a concept combining the different views and providing simplified illustrations to improve the understanding of primary vascular systems in angiosperms. Based on the auxin hypothesis, vascular bundle formation is stimulated by the development of leaf primordia. Provascular domains appear at the base of the leaf primordia and develop into two directions (leaf, internode). The low vs. high number of internodal bundles, their circular vs. scattered arrangement and the open vs. closed bundle construction in eudicots vs. monocots can be deduced to be due to processes below the shoot apical meristem. The most important processes distinguishing monocots from eudicots are the isolated bundle initiation outside the primary meristem, the enormous expansion of the leaf bases associated with a high number of vascular bundles and the early onset of primary thickening passively dislocating vascular bundles.

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Experimental Study on the Tensile Properties of Bamboo Related to its Distribution of Vascular Bundles

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.112 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 517 ◽

pp. 112-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dong Sheng Huang ◽

Ai Ping Zhou ◽

Hai Tao Li ◽

Yi Su ◽

Guo Chen

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Vascular Bundle ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Axial Direction ◽

Outer Side ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Bamboo Culm ◽

Natural Composite

Considering bamboo as a 2-phase natural composite made up of vascular bundles (reinforcement or fiber) and matrixes (ground tissues) on the scale of micromechanics. By test of bamboo specimens and analysis of microscopic images of their cross sections, the distribution of vascular bundles along the axial and radial of bamboo culm were investigated. The relations between tensile properties of bamboo and its distribution of vascular bundles were studied. The results show that the vascular bundles are graded distributing along the radius of bamboo culm. The volume fraction of vascular bundles is larger near the outside, and attenuates rapidly to about 40 percent of that at the location away from outer side about 1/3 thickness of bamboo culm, and than slowly reduces to 0 near the inner side of culm. In axial direction, the volume fraction of vascular bundles in the bottom culm is smaller than that in the middle culm where the volume fraction is less variation, and reaches the largest value at the top culm. The tensile moduli and strength of bamboo are linearly related to the volume fraction of vascular bundles. The tensile moduli and the strength of vascular bundle are largely grater than that of matrix. The stiffness and the strength of bamboo are mainly offered by vascular bundles.

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The first observation of 4D tomography measurement of plasma structures and fluctuations

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83191-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chanho Moon ◽

Kotaro Yamasaki ◽

Yoshihiko Nagashima ◽

Shigeru Inagaki ◽

Takeshi Ido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Axial Direction ◽

Axial Position ◽

Entire Cross Section ◽

Helicon Plasma ◽

Emission Profile ◽

Dimensional Measurement ◽

Tomography System ◽

Three Dimensional Measurement

AbstractA tomography system is installed as one of the diagnostics of new age to examine the three-dimensional characteristics of structure and dynamics including fluctuations of a linear magnetized helicon plasma. The system is composed of three sets of tomography components located at different axial positions. Each tomography component can measure the two-dimensional emission profile over the entire cross-section of plasma at different axial positions in a sufficient temporal scale to detect the fluctuations. The four-dimensional measurement including time and space successfully obtains the following three results that have never been found without three-dimensional measurement: (1) in the production phase, the plasma front propagates from the antenna toward the end plate with an ion acoustic velocity. (2) In the steady state, the plasma emission profile is inhomogeneous, and decreases along the axial direction in the presence of the azimuthal asymmetry. Furthermore, (3) in the steady state, the fluctuations should originate from a particular axial position located downward from the helicon antenna.

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3D-Volume Rendering of the Pelvis with Emphasis on Paraurethral Structures Based on MRI Scans and Comparisons between 3D Slicer and OsiriX®

Journal of Medical Systems ◽

10.1007/s10916-020-01695-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

Author(s):

C. M. Durnea ◽

S. Siddiqi ◽

D. Nazarian ◽

G. Munneke ◽

P. M. Sedgwick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Models ◽

Clinical Role ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

3D Slicer ◽

Mri Scans ◽

3D Volume ◽

Good Agreement

AbstractThe feasibility of rendering three dimensional (3D) pelvic models of vaginal, urethral and paraurethral lesions from 2D MRI has been demonstrated previously. To quantitatively compare 3D models using two different image processing applications: 3D Slicer and OsiriX. Secondary analysis and processing of five MRI scan based image sets from female patients aged 29–43 years old with vaginal or paraurethral lesions. Cross sectional image sets were used to create 3D models of the pelvic structures with 3D Slicer and OsiriX image processing applications. The linear dimensions of the models created using the two different methods were compared using Bland-Altman plots. The comparisons demonstrated good agreement between measurements from the two applications. The two data sets obtained from different image processing methods demonstrated good agreement. Both 3D Slicer and OsiriX can be used interchangeably and produce almost similar results. The clinical role of this investigation modality remains to be further evaluated.

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Virtual Archaeology of Death and Burial: A Procedure for Integrating 3D Visualization and Analysis in Archaeothanatology

Open Archaeology ◽

10.1515/opar-2020-0152 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 540-555

Author(s):

Hayley L. Mickleburgh ◽

Liv Nilsson Stutz ◽

Harry Fokkens

Keyword(s):

Spatial Information ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Models ◽

The Body ◽

Test Case ◽

Archaeology Of Death ◽

Human Burials ◽

3D Information

Abstract The reconstruction of past mortuary rituals and practices increasingly incorporates analysis of the taphonomic history of the grave and buried body, using the framework provided by archaeothanatology. Archaeothanatological analysis relies on interpretation of the three-dimensional (3D) relationship of bones within the grave and traditionally depends on elaborate written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) images of the remains during excavation to capture this spatial information. With the rapid development of inexpensive 3D tools, digital replicas (3D models) are now commonly available to preserve 3D information on human burials during excavation. A procedure developed using a test case to enhance archaeothanatological analysis and improve post-excavation analysis of human burials is described. Beyond preservation of static spatial information, 3D visualization techniques can be used in archaeothanatology to reconstruct the spatial displacement of bones over time, from deposition of the body to excavation of the skeletonized remains. The purpose of the procedure is to produce 3D simulations to visualize and test archaeothanatological hypotheses, thereby augmenting traditional archaeothanatological analysis. We illustrate our approach with the reconstruction of mortuary practices and burial taphonomy of a Bell Beaker burial from the site of Oostwoud-Tuithoorn, West-Frisia, the Netherlands. This case study was selected as the test case because of its relatively complete context information. The test case shows the potential for application of the procedure to older 2D field documentation, even when the amount and detail of documentation is less than ideal.

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Petiole-Lamina Transition Zone: A Functionally Crucial but Often Overlooked Leaf Trait

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040774 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 774

Author(s):

Max Langer ◽

Thomas Speck ◽

Olga Speck

Keyword(s):

Transition Zone ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Body Plan ◽

The Body ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transition Zones ◽

The Cross

Although both the petiole and lamina of foliage leaves have been thoroughly studied, the transition zone between them has often been overlooked. We aimed to identify objectively measurable morphological and anatomical criteria for a generally valid definition of the petiole–lamina transition zone by comparing foliage leaves with various body plans (monocotyledons vs. dicotyledons) and spatial arrangements of petiole and lamina (two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional configurations). Cross-sectional geometry and tissue arrangement of petioles and transition zones were investigated via serial thin-sections and µCT. The changes in the cross-sectional geometries from the petiole to the transition zone and the course of the vascular bundles in the transition zone apparently depend on the spatial arrangement, while the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the petioles depends on the body plan. We found an exponential acropetal increase in the cross-sectional area and axial and polar second moments of area to be the defining characteristic of all transition zones studied, regardless of body plan or spatial arrangement. In conclusion, a variety of terms is used in the literature for describing the region between petiole and lamina. We prefer the term “petiole–lamina transition zone” to underline its three-dimensional nature and the integration of multiple gradients of geometry, shape, and size.

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Macromolecular Structure Visualization Tools at NCMI

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927600033900 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 6 (S2) ◽

pp. 282-283

Author(s):

Matthew Dougherty ◽

Wah Chiu

Keyword(s):

Human Factors ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Biological Research ◽

Macromolecular Structure ◽

X Ray ◽

Visualization Tools ◽

Types Of Information ◽

3D Em

Sophisticated tools are needed to examine the results of cyro-microscopy. As the size and resolution of three dimensional macromolecular structures steadily improve, and the speed at with which they can be generated increases, researchers are finding they are inundated with larger datasets and at the same time are compelled to expediently evaluate these structures in unforeseen ways. Integration of EM data with other types of information is becoming necessary and routine; for example X-ray data, 3D EM reconstructions, and theoretical models, must be evaluated in concert to discount or propose hypothesis. To create such tools, the developer must take into account not only the empirical and theoretical possibilities, but also they must master the human factors and computational limits. During the last five years, the National Center for Macromolecular Imaging (NCMI) has progressed from a remedial 3D visualization capability to a collection of visualization tools allowing researchers to focus on the discovery phase of biological research.

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Design of Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Phased Array Transducers

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology ◽

10.1115/1.1991873 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 127 (3) ◽

pp. 336-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shyamal C. Mondal ◽

Paul D. Wilcox ◽

Bruce W. Drinkwater

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Array Element ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Circular Array ◽

Single Location ◽

Ultrasonic Phased Array ◽

3D Point Spread Function ◽

3D Volume ◽

Simulation And Evaluation

Two-dimensional (2D) phased arrays have the potential to significantly change the way in which engineering components in safety critical industries are inspected. In addition to enabling a three-dimensional (3D) volume of a component to be inspected from a single location, they could also be used in a C-scan configuration. The latter would enable any point in a component to be interrogated over a range of solid angles, allowing more accurate defect characterization and sizing. This paper describes the simulation and evaluation of grid, cross and circular 2D phased array element configurations. The aim of the cross and circle configurations is to increase the effective aperture for a given number of elements. Due to the multitude of possible array element configurations a model, based on Huygens’ principle, has been developed to allow analysis and comparison of candidate array designs. In addition to the element configuration, key issues such as element size, spacing, and frequency are discussed and quantitatively compared using the volume of the 3D point spread function (PSF) as a measurand. The results of this modeling indicate that, for a given number of elements, a circular array performs best and that the element spacing should be less than half a wavelength to avoid grating lobes. A prototype circular array has been built and initial results are presented. These show that a flat bottomed hole, half a wavelength in diameter, can be imaged. Furthermore, it is shown that the volume of the 3D reflection obtained experimentally from the end of the hole compares well with the volume of the 3D PSF predicted for the array at that point.

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A novel three-dimensional visualization system revealed an essential adaptive angiogenic response during the early phase of pulmonary hypertension

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3802 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

T Fujiwara ◽

N Takeda ◽

M Hatano ◽

S Nishimura ◽

I Komuro

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Hypertension ◽

Early Phase ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Right Heart Failure ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Funding Source ◽

Vegf Expression ◽

Visualization System

Abstract Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure with progressive narrowing or occlusion of the pulmonary artery. However, the assessment of vascular remodeling is mostly limited to averaged increases in wall thickening, and even the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), remains incompletely understood; Although abundantly expressed VEGF is expected to elicit angio-obliteration and the knockout of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prevents PH in mice, VEGF inhibitor Sugen exacerbates hypoxia (Hx)-induced PH model, which is referred to as VEGF paradox. Purpose To analyze three-dimensional (3D) spatiotemporal changes of pulmonary microstructure and function, which reflect the disease activity and lead to resolve the paradox. Methods and results We developed a novel 3D visualization system of microstructural networks in whole mouse organ with single-cell resolution, using combined tissue clearing technique called CUBIC and multiphoton excitation microscope. The system enabled the simultaneous 3D evaluation of microvascular structure, invaded macrophages and fibrosis with effective penetration of several mm (whole organ). Three-dimensional observations of PH mice models including Hx, Sugen/Hx, and human-like Alk1+/− hereditary PH models, revealed that not only inward (negative) microvessel remodeling with stenosis, but also marked elongation of microvascular ECs, was evident except Sugen/Hx model at the early phase, which had not been detected by 2D histological sections. Comparable transcriptome analysis revealed that PGC1α, which regulates HIF-independent VEGF expression and angiogenesis, plays an important role in the characteristic response for mitochondrial and microvascular maintenance. PGC1α was up-regulated in the early phage in Hx and Alk1+/− PH models with microvascular angiogenetic change, whereas Sugen/Hx-model did not increase PGC1α expression and did not show microvascular remodeling. Furthermore pulmonary ECs-specific PGC1α-deficient mice exacerbated Hx-PH model with decreased VEGF expression and microvessel density, and administration of Baicalin, a flavonoid enhancing PGC1α expression, ameliorated Hx-PH model with increased VEGF expression. Conclusions The 3D visualization system disclosed an unexpected change of angiogenic microvascular structure in the early phage of PH, which is regulated by EC PGC1α. Microvascular angiogenesis which is induced by up-regulation in PGC1α -VEGF pathway is a crucial factor for compensation of PH in the early phase, which provides a potential novel therapeutic target for PH. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): JSJP

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