scholarly journals Machine Learning Algorithm for Delay Prediction in IoT and Tactile Internet

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Ali R. Abdellah ◽  
Omar Abdulkareem Mahmood ◽  
Ruslan Kirichek ◽  
Alexander Paramonov ◽  
Andrey Koucheryavy
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Traffic Prediction ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Network Intrusion ◽  
Prediction Approach ◽  
Delay Prediction

The next-generation cellular systems, including fifth-generation cellular systems (5G), are empowered with the recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and other recent paradigms. The internet of things (IoT) and the tactile internet are paradigms that can be empowered with AI solutions and integrated with 5G systems to deliver novel services that impact the future. Machine learning technologies (ML) can understand examples of nonlinearity from the environment and are suitable for network traffic prediction. Network traffic prediction is one of the most active research areas that integrates AI with information networks. Traffic prediction is an integral approach to ensure security, reliability, and quality of service (QoS) requirements. Nowadays, it can be used in various applications, such as network monitoring, resource management, congestion control, network bandwidth allocation, network intrusion detection, etc. This paper performs time series prediction for IoT and tactile internet delays, using the k-step-ahead prediction approach with nonlinear autoregressive with external input (NARX)-enabled recurrent neural network (RNN). The ML was trained with four different training functions: Bayesian regularization backpropagation (Trainbr), Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (Trainlm), conjugate gradient backpropagation with Fletcher–Reeves updates (Traincgf), and the resilient backpropagation algorithm (Trainrp). The accuracy of the predicted delay was measured using three functions based on ML: mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).

scholarly journals Machine Learning Classification and Regression Approaches for Optical Network Traffic Prediction

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 1578
Author(s):  
Daniel Szostak ◽  
Adam Włodarczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Walkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Optical Networks ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Traffic Prediction ◽  
Machine Learning Classification ◽  
Classification And Regression ◽  
Network Technologies

Rapid growth of network traffic causes the need for the development of new network technologies. Artificial intelligence provides suitable tools to improve currently used network optimization methods. In this paper, we propose a procedure for network traffic prediction. Based on optical networks’ (and other network technologies) characteristics, we focus on the prediction of fixed bitrate levels called traffic levels. We develop and evaluate two approaches based on different supervised machine learning (ML) methods—classification and regression. We examine four different ML models with various selected features. The tested datasets are based on real traffic patterns provided by the Seattle Internet Exchange Point (SIX). Obtained results are analyzed using a new quality metric, which allows researchers to find the best forecasting algorithm in terms of network resources usage and operational costs. Our research shows that regression provides better results than classification in case of all analyzed datasets. Additionally, the final choice of the most appropriate ML algorithm and model should depend on the network operator expectations.

scholarly journals Application of Novel Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting the Surface Chloride Concentration in Concrete Containing Waste Material

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2297
Author(s):  
Ayaz Ahmad ◽  
Furqan Farooq ◽  
Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski ◽  
Klaudia Śliwa-Wieczorek ◽  
Slawomir Czarnecki
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Gene Expression Programming ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Structures located on the coast are subjected to the long-term influence of chloride ions, which cause the corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete elements. This corrosion severely affects the performance of the elements and may shorten the lifespan of an entire structure. Even though experimental activities in laboratories might be a solution, they may also be problematic due to time and costs. Thus, the application of individual machine learning (ML) techniques has been investigated to predict surface chloride concentrations (Cc) in marine structures. For this purpose, the values of Cc in tidal, splash, and submerged zones were collected from an extensive literature survey and incorporated into the article. Gene expression programming (GEP), the decision tree (DT), and an artificial neural network (ANN) were used to predict the surface chloride concentrations, and the most accurate algorithm was then selected. The GEP model was the most accurate when compared to ANN and DT, which was confirmed by the high accuracy level of the K-fold cross-validation and linear correlation coefficient (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) parameters. As is shown in the article, the proposed method is an effective and accurate way to predict the surface chloride concentration without the inconveniences of laboratory tests.

scholarly journals Predicting the Mechanical Properties of RCA-Based Concrete Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Meijun Shang ◽  
Hejun Li ◽  
Ayaz Ahmad ◽  
Waqas Ahmad ◽  
Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
The Impact

Environment-friendly concrete is gaining popularity these days because it consumes less energy and causes less damage to the environment. Rapid increases in the population and demand for construction throughout the world lead to a significant deterioration or reduction in natural resources. Meanwhile, construction waste continues to grow at a high rate as older buildings are destroyed and demolished. As a result, the use of recycled materials may contribute to improving the quality of life and preventing environmental damage. Additionally, the application of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) in concrete is essential for minimizing environmental issues. The compressive strength (CS) and splitting tensile strength (STS) of concrete containing RCA are predicted in this article using decision tree (DT) and AdaBoost machine learning (ML) techniques. A total of 344 data points with nine input variables (water, cement, fine aggregate, natural coarse aggregate, RCA, superplasticizers, water absorption of RCA and maximum size of RCA, density of RCA) were used to run the models. The data was validated using k-fold cross-validation and the coefficient correlation coefficient (R2), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error values (RMSE). However, the model’s performance was assessed using statistical checks. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was used to determine the impact of each variable on the forecasting of mechanical properties.

DELAY PREDICTION IN IOT AND TACTILE INTERNET USING MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Р. АБДЕЛЛАХ ◽  
О.А. МАХМУД ◽  
А.И. ПАРАМОНОВ ◽  
А.Е. КУЧЕРЯВЫЙ
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Percent Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Percent Error ◽  
Accuracy Measure ◽  
Delay Prediction ◽  
Absolute Percent Error

Предложены методы прогнозирования задержки в сетях интернета вещей и тактильного интернета при прогнозировании вперед на несколько шагов MSP (Multi-step ahead Prediction) и один шаг SSP (Single-step ahead Prediction). Использованы нелинейные авторегресионные рекуррентные нейронные сети с внешними входами NARX(NonlinearAutoregressive with Exogenous inputs) для временных рядов. Проведена оценка точности прогнозирования с помощью трех алгоритмов обучения нейронной сети (Trainlm, Traincgf, Trainrp) при использовании в качестве оценок точности прогнозирования среднеквадратичной ошибки RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) и средней абсолютной ошибки в процентах MAPE(Mean Absolute Percent Error). In this paper, we perform the delay prediction in IoT and tactile Internet communication networks using a multistep ahead prediction (MSP) and single-step ahead prediction (SSP) with Time Series NARX (Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogenous inputs) Recurrent Neural Networks. The prediction accuracy has been evaluated using three neural network training algorithms (Trainlm, Traincgf, Trainrp) using the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percent Error) as predictive accuracy measure.

Forecasting the Market with Machine Learning Algorithms: An Application of NMC-BERT-LSTM-DQN-X Algorithm in Quantitative Trading

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Jie Yan ◽  
Feiyue Guo ◽  
Min Guo
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The State ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Market Data ◽  
Market Trends

Although machine learning (ML) algorithms have been widely used in forecasting the trend of stock market indices, they failed to consider the following crucial aspects for market forecasting: (1) that investors’ emotions and attitudes toward future market trends have material impacts on market trend forecasting (2) the length of past market data should be dynamically adjusted according to the market status and (3) the transition of market statutes should be considered when forecasting market trends. In this study, we proposed an innovative ML method to forecast China's stock market trends by addressing the three issues above. Specifically, sentimental factors (see Appendix [1] for full trans) were first collected to measure investors’ emotions and attitudes. Then, a non-stationary Markov chain (NMC) model was used to capture dynamic transitions of market statutes. We choose the state-of-the-art (SOTA) method, namely, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers ( BERT ), to predict the state of the market at time t , and a long short-term memory ( LSTM ) model was used to estimate the varying length of past market data in market trend prediction, where the input of LSTM (the state of the market at time t ) was the output of BERT and probabilities for opening and closing of the gates in the LSTM model were based on outputs of the NMC model. Finally, the optimum parameters of the proposed algorithm were calculated using a reinforced learning-based deep Q-Network. Compared to existing forecasting methods, the proposed algorithm achieves better results with a forecasting accuracy of 61.77%, annualized return of 29.25%, and maximum losses of −8.29%. Furthermore, the proposed model achieved the lowest forecasting error: mean square error (0.095), root mean square error (0.0739), mean absolute error (0.104), and mean absolute percent error (15.1%). As a result, the proposed market forecasting model can help investors obtain more accurate market forecast information.

A network traffic prediction approach based on multifractal modeling

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Henrique Teles Vieira ◽  
Gabriel Rocon Bianchi ◽  
Luan Ling Lee
Keyword(s):  
Network Traffic ◽  
Traffic Prediction ◽  
Prediction Approach ◽  
Multifractal Modeling

scholarly journals Model Evaluation for Forecasting Traffic Accident Severity in Rainy Seasons Using Machine Learning Algorithms: Seoul City Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonghak Lee ◽  
Taekwan Yoon ◽  
Sangil Kwon ◽  
Jongtae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Model Evaluation ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Road Geometry

There have been numerous studies on traffic accidents and their severity, particularly in relation to weather conditions and road geometry. In these studies, traditional statistical methods have been employed, such as linear regression, logistic regression, and negative binomial regression modeling, which are the most common linear and non-linear regression analysis methods. In this research, machine learning architecture was applied to this problem using the random forest, artificial neural network, and decision tree techniques to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of these methods. Three data sets were used: road geometry data, precipitation data, and traffic accident data over nine years corresponding to the Naebu Expressway, which is located in Seoul, Korea. For the model evaluation, three measures were employed: the out-of-bag estimate of error rate (OOB), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The low mean OOB, MSE, and RMSE observed in the results obtained using the proposed random forest model demonstrate its accuracy.

scholarly journals Toward Improving the Prediction Accuracy of Product Recommendation System Using Extreme Gradient Boosting and Encoding Approaches

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Shahbazi ◽  
Debapriya Hazra ◽  
Sejoon Park ◽  
Yung Cheol Byun
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Recommendation Systems ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting

With the spread of COVID-19, the “untact” culture in South Korea is expanding and customers are increasingly seeking for online services. A recommendation system serves as a decision-making indicator that helps users by suggesting items to be purchased in the future by exploring the symmetry between multiple user activity characteristics. A plethora of approaches are employed by the scientific community to design recommendation systems, including collaborative filtering, stereotyping, and content-based filtering, etc. The current paradigm of recommendation systems favors collaborative filtering due to its significant potential to closely capture the interest of a user as compared to other approaches. The collaborative filtering harnesses features like user-profile details, visited pages, and click information to determine the interest of a user, thereby recommending the items that are related to the user’s interest. The existing collaborative filtering approaches exploit implicit and explicit features and report either good classification or prediction outcome. These systems fail to exhibit good results for both measures at the same time. We believe that avoiding the recommendation of those items that have already been purchased could contribute to overcoming the said issue. In this study, we present a collaborative filtering-based algorithm to tackle big data of user with symmetric purchasing order and repetitive purchased products. The proposed algorithm relies on combining extreme gradient boosting machine learning architecture with word2vec mechanism to explore the purchased products based on the click patterns of users. Our algorithm improves the accuracy of predicting the relevant products to be recommended to the customers that are likely to be bought. The results are evaluated on the dataset that contains click-based features of users from an online shopping mall in Jeju Island, South Korea. We have evaluated Mean Absolute Error, Mean Square Error, and Root Mean Square Error for our proposed methodology and also other machine learning algorithms. Our proposed model generated the least error rate and enhanced the prediction accuracy of the recommendation system compared to other traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Network intrusion detection using oversampling technique and machine learning algorithms

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e820
Author(s):  
Hafiza Anisa Ahmed ◽  
Anum Hameed ◽  
Narmeen Zakaria Bawany
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Network Security ◽  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Network Intrusion Detection ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Network Intrusion

The expeditious growth of the World Wide Web and the rampant flow of network traffic have resulted in a continuous increase of network security threats. Cyber attackers seek to exploit vulnerabilities in network architecture to steal valuable information or disrupt computer resources. Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is used to effectively detect various attacks, thus providing timely protection to network resources from these attacks. To implement NIDS, a stream of supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches is applied to detect irregularities in network traffic and to address network security issues. Such NIDSs are trained using various datasets that include attack traces. However, due to the advancement in modern-day attacks, these systems are unable to detect the emerging threats. Therefore, NIDS needs to be trained and developed with a modern comprehensive dataset which contains contemporary common and attack activities. This paper presents a framework in which different machine learning classification schemes are employed to detect various types of network attack categories. Five machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors and Artificial Neural Networks, are used for attack detection. This study uses a dataset published by the University of New South Wales (UNSW-NB15), a relatively new dataset that contains a large amount of network traffic data with nine categories of network attacks. The results show that the classification models achieved the highest accuracy of 89.29% by applying the Random Forest algorithm. Further improvement in the accuracy of classification models is observed when Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) is applied to address the class imbalance problem. After applying the SMOTE, the Random Forest classifier showed an accuracy of 95.1% with 24 selected features from the Principal Component Analysis method.

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