Sustainable Extraction Techniques for Obtaining Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae Species

Melissa officinalis L. and Origanum majorana L., within Lamiaceae family, and Calendula officinalis L. and Achillea millefolium L., within the Asteraceae, have been considered a good source of bioactive ingredients with health benefits. In this study, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using pure CO2, and the ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) were proposed as green techniques to obtain plant-based extracts with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Higher values of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were achieved in UAE ethanol:water (50:50, v/v) extracts. Meanwhile, UAE pure ethanol extracts showed greater anti-inflammatory activity. RP-HPLC-PAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed a vast number of phenolic compounds in the extracts, including unreported ones. O. majorana ethanol:water extract presented the highest content of phenolics and antioxidant activity; among its composition, both rosmarinic acid and luteolin glucoside derivatives were abundant. The pure ethanol extract of A. millefolium resulted in an important content of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and flavonoid aglycones, which could be related to the remarkable inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines. Besides, borneol and camphor, found in the volatile fraction of A. millefolium, could contributed to this latter activity. Thus, this study points out that O. majorana and A. millefolium are considered a promising source of bioactive ingredients with potential use in health promotion.

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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phloretin and Other Phenolic Compounds from Apple Tree Leaves (Malus domestica Borkh.) and Comparison of Different Cultivars from Estonia

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 189

Author(s):

Sana Ben-Othman ◽

Hedi Kaldmäe ◽

Reelika Rätsep ◽

Uko Bleive ◽

Alar Aluvee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Polyphenolic Compounds ◽

Tree Leaves ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Promising Source

Polyphenolic compounds, plant secondary metabolites essential for plant survival, are known for their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, several polyphenols, such as phloretin, also have potential antiviral effects, making these compounds potential ingredients of biofunctional foods. A promising source for the extraction of phloretin is a by-product of apple production—apple tree leaves. Focusing on green technologies, the first aim of the present study was to optimize the direct ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to gain the maximum yield of phloretin from air-dried apple leaves. For the optimization of process parameters, we applied the response surface method with Box–Behnken design. The optimal extraction conditions were extraction time 14.4 min, sonication amplitude 10% and 10 g of sample per 100 mL solvent (70% ethanol, w/w). Using these conditions, we assessed the content of individual and total polyphenolic compounds along with antioxidant activity in the leaves of different autumn and winter apple cultivars grown in Estonia. The analyses were carried out with chromatographic (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and spectrophotometric methods. The phloretin concentration ranged from 292 to 726 µg/g and antioxidant activity from 6.06 to 11.42 mg GA eq./g, these being the highest in the local winter cultivars ‘Paide taliõun’ and ‘Tellissaare’, respectively.

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HPLC-DAD Polyphenolic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Sorghum bicolor during Germination

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030417 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 417

Author(s):

Ioana Otilia Ghinea ◽

Maria Daniela Ionica Mihaila ◽

Giorgiana-Valentina Blaga (Costea) ◽

Sorin Marius Avramescu ◽

Mihaela Cudalbeanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Radical Scavenger ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Radical Scavenger Activity ◽

Scavenger Activity ◽

Sorghum Grains

The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of the Romanian Albanus hybrid of Sorghum bicolor as a potential functional food ingredient. Ultrasound-assisted extraction in different solvents, together with spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods, was used to monitor the variation in total phenolic and flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity of raw sorghum grains before and during short germination periods (24, 36 and 48 h). The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) investigation of the extracts revealed that the ungerminated sorghum grains extracted with methanol had the highest diversity of phenolic compounds, while the total phenolic content (TPC) was the highest after 36 h of germination in both extract types: 1853 mg GAE/100 g for the methanolic extract and 1726 mg GAE/100 g for the ethanolic extract. The findings of this study showed that the TPC of sorghum extracts is strongly correlated with their antioxidant activity and, overall, that the studied extracts presented a good radical scavenger activity, which supports the benefits of alimentary uses of Sorghum bicolor grains.

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Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Combination: A Green Strategy to Improve the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10040582 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 582

Author(s):

Inês Mansinhos ◽

Sandra Gonçalves ◽

Raquel Rodríguez-Solana ◽

José Luis Ordóñez-Díaz ◽

José Manuel Moreno-Rojas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Phenolic Contents ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted

The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) on the extraction of phenolic compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco, on the antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase (Tyr) inhibitory capacities. Ten different NADES were used in this research and compared with conventional solvents. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 60 min proved to be the best extraction condition, and proline:lactic acid (1:1) and choline chloride:urea (1:2) extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents (56.00 ± 0.77 mgGAE/gdw) and antioxidant activity [64.35 ± 1.74 mgTE/gdw and 72.13 ± 0.97 mgTE/gdw in 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, respectively]. These extracts also exhibited enzymes inhibitory capacity particularly against Tyr and AChE. Even so, organic acid-based NADES showed to be the best extractants producing extracts with considerable ability to inhibit enzymes. Twenty-four phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-HRMS, being rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid and salvianolic acid B the major compounds. The results confirmed that the combination of UAE and NADES provide an excellent alternative to organic solvents for sustainable and green extraction, and have huge potential for use in industrial applications involving the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants.

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Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Grape Pomace

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2019-0191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1-2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cassiano Brown da Rocha ◽

Caciano Pelayo Zapata Noreña

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Grape Pomace ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

AbstractThe grape pomace is a by-product from the industrial processing of grape juice, which can be used as a source of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to separate the phenolic compounds from grape pomace using an acidic aqueous solution with 2 % citric acid as a solvent, using both ultrasound-assisted extraction, with powers of 250, 350 and 450 W and times of 5, 10 and 15 min, and microwave-assisted extraction using powers of 600, 800 and 1,000 W and times of 5, 7 and 10 min. The results showed that for both methods of extraction, the contents of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH increased with time, and microwave at 1,000 W for 10 min corresponded to the best extraction condition. However, the contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were lower than exhaustive extraction using acidified methanol solution.

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Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) from Mali, as a Source of Health-Promoting Compounds

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23123104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 3104 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Alessandra Braca ◽

Chiara Sinisgalli ◽

Marinella De Leo ◽

Beatrice Muscatello ◽

Pier Luigi Cioni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Fruit Pulp ◽

Adansonia Digitata ◽

Chemical Profiles ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Promising Source

Background: Adansonia digitata L. (Malvaceae), also known as baobab, is a tree attracting recent interest especially due to the high nutritional value of the fruit pulp. However, few studies are reported on the secondary metabolite content, showing high variability depending on the geographic region. Methods: In this study, the chemical profiles of Malian commercial baobab fruits and leaves, focused on phenolic content, were investigated by HPLC coupled with a photodiode array (PDA)/UV and an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer (MS) and gas chromatography (GC)/MS. In addition, the extracts of fruit pulps obtained from three different markets (Fruits 1, 2, and 3) were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition. Results: Baobab fruit pulps were found to be rich in procyanidins and flavonol glycosides, with tiliroside as the major constituent. The baobab leaves showed a similar profile respect to the fruits, but with more detected phenolics. All fruit pulp extracts exerted antioxidant activity (highest for Fruit 3) and higher α-glucosidase inhibition than acarbose used as standard. Conclusions: This study confirmed the variability of baobab with different origins and indicated Malian species baobab as a promising source of health-promoting substances.

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Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for the Determination of the Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Cynara Scolymus and C. Cardunculus Extracts and Infusions

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701200329 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eleni Kollia ◽

Panagiota Markaki ◽

Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis ◽

Charalampos Proestos

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Globe Artichoke ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Scavenging Capacity ◽

Maximum Inhibition

Extracts and infusions of wild artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus L.) and globe artichoke ( C. scolymus L.) (heads, bracts and stems) were examined for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity after performing Classical Extraction (CE) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). UAE proved to be more effective, since extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity and TPC values than CE extracts and infusions. Moreover C. cardunculus heads extract using UAE, displayed the maximum TPC values (1.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g−1 fresh weight (fw)), the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50; 0.91mg mL−1) and the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity (2.08 mg Trolox Equivalents (TE) g−1 fw). Moreover, the effect of different concentrations of C. cardunculus head extracts (showing the highest TPC and antioxidant activity) on Aspergillus parasiticus growth was estimated in AFPA medium. The maximum inhibition was found to be ~42.1% in comparison with the control.

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Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Functional Ingredients from Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves

International Agrophysics ◽

10.1515/intag-2015-0017 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 231-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Jana Šic Žlabur ◽

Sandra Voća ◽

Nadica Dobričević ◽

Mladen Brnčić ◽

Filip Dujmić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Probe Diameter ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

Abstract The aim of the present study was to reveal an effective extraction procedure for maximization of the yield of steviol glycosides and total phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity in stevia extracts. Ultrasound assisted extraction was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The examined solvents were water (100°C/24 h) and 70% ethanol (at 70°C for 30 min). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of steviol glycosides in the extracts obtained were performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and radical scavenging capacity by 2, 2-azino-di-3-ethylbenzothialozine- sulphonic acid) assay were also determined. The highest content of steviol glycosides, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids in stevia extracts were obtained when ultrasound assisted extraction was used. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was correlated with the total amount of phenolic compounds. The results indicated that the examined sonication parameters represented as the probe diameter (7 and 22 mm) and treatment time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) significantly contributed to the yield of steviol glycosides, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. The optimum conditions for the maximum yield of steviol glycosides, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids were as follows: extraction time 10 min, probe diameter 22 mm, and temperature 81.2°C.

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Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Biological Activities of Extracts and Isolated Compounds of Cytisus villosus Pourr.

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom9110732 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 732 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Farida Larit ◽

Francisco León ◽

Samira Benyahia ◽

Stephen Cutler

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Pure Compounds ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid content, and the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, cytotoxicity, and antiprotozoal activities of the Algerian plant Cytisus villosus Pourr. (Syn. Cytisus triflorus L’Hérit.). Additionally, the radioligand displacement affinity on opioid and cannabinoid receptors was assessed for the extracts and isolated pure compounds. The hydro alcoholic extract of the aerial part of C. villosus was partitioned with chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (n-BuOH). The phenolic content of the C. villosus extracts was evaluated using a modified Folin–Ciocalteau method. The total flavonoid content was measured spectrometrically using the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. The known flavonoids genistein (1), chrysin (2), chrysin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), and 2″-O-α-l-rhamnosylorientin (4) were isolated. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. The plant extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity. EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with IC50 values of 48 and 90 µg/mL, respectively. The isolated pure compounds 1 and 3 showed good inhibition of Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with IC50 values of 9 and 20 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited lower inhibition of Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) with IC50 values of 28 and 38 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts and isolated pure compounds have been shown to exhibit low affinity for cannabinoid and opioid receptors. Finally, n-BuOH extract was a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma brucei with IC50 value of 7.99 µg/mL and IC90 value of 12.61 µg/mL. The extracts and isolated compounds showed no antimicrobial, antimalarial nor antileishmanial activities. No cytotoxic effect was observed on cancer cell lines. The results highlight this species as a promising source of anti-inflammatory and antitrypanosomal agents.

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Grapevine Green Pruning Residues as a Promising and Sustainable Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25030464 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 464 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stefano Acquadro ◽

Silvia Appleton ◽

Arianna Marengo ◽

Carlo Bicchi ◽

Barbara Sgorbini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Economic Value ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Pruning Residues ◽

Green Pruning

Green pruning residues (GPRs) and leaves from 16 red and white Vitis vinifera L. cultivars from Piedmont (Italy) were studied. The investigated samples were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction optimized by an experimental design, and quali- and quantitatively analyzed by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. GPRs and leaves show a similar polyphenolic pattern, with quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, caftaric acid, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside as the main components, although in variable proportions. The HPLC results were related to the antioxidant activity, measured as total phenolic content and through DPPH and ABTS assays with similar results. Colorimetric in vitro assays, offline combined with HPLC-PDA analysis, determine which compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging abilities. Valorization of GPRs is a potential source of natural compounds that could be of interest in the health field, increasing their economic value together with a positive effect on the environment.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of Jefea gnaphalioides (a. gray), Astereaceae

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12906-019-2654-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Axel Villagómez-Rodríguez ◽

Julia Pérez-Ramos ◽

Ana Laura Esquivel-Campos ◽

Cuauhtémoc Pérez-González ◽

Claudia Angélica Soto-Peredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Ear Edema ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Commercial Kits

Abstract Background Inflammation is a symptom associated with many diseases. This symptom is treated with steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which can cause severe side effects when used as long-term treatments. Natural products are an alternative source of new compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. Jefea gnaphalioides (Astereaceae) (A. Gray) is a plant species used to treat inflammatory problems, in Mexico. This study determined the anti-inflammatory activity and the composition of the methanol extract of Jefea gnaphalioides (MEJG). Methods The extract was obtained by heating the plant in methanol at boiling point for 4 h, and then the solvent was evaporated under vacuum (MEJG). The derivatization of the extract was performed using Bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide, and the composition was determined by GC-MS. Total Phenols and flavonoids were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu AlCl3 reaction respectively. The antioxidant activity of MEJG was determined by DPPH method. The acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated on a mouse ear edema induced with 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Acute oral toxicity was tested in mice at doses of MEJG of 5000, 2500 and 1250 mg/kg. The levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were determinate in J774A.1 macrophages stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide. The production of inflammatory interleukins was measured using commercial kits, and nitric oxide was measured by the Griess reaction. Results The anti-inflammatory activity of MEJG in acute TPA-induced ear edema was 80.7 ± 2.8%. This result was similar to the value obtained with indomethacin (IND) at the same dose (74.3 ± 2.8%). In chronic TPA-induced edema at doses of 200 mg/kg, the inhibition was 45.7%, which was similar to that obtained with IND (47.4%). MEJG have not toxic effects even at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. MEJG at 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL decreased NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production in macrophages stimulated with LPS. The major compounds in MEJG were α-D-Glucopyranose (6.71%), Palmitic acid (5.59%), D-(+)-Trehalose (11.91%), Quininic acid (4.29%) and Aucubin (1.17%). Total phenolic content was 57.01 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content was 35.26 mg QE/g MEJG had antioxidant activity. Conclusions MEJG has anti-inflammatory activity.

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