Investigation of the Maturity Evaluation Indicator of Honey in Natural Ripening Process: The Case of Rape Honey

Honey maturity, a critical factor for quality evaluation, is difficult to detect in the current industry research. The objective of this study was to explore the changes in the composition and find potential maturity indicators of rape honey at different maturity stages through evaluating physicochemical parameters (moisture, sugars, pH, electrical conductivity, total protein, total phenols, total flavonoids, proline, and enzyme activity), the antioxidant capacity, and volatile components. The relevant results are as follows: 1. As the maturity increased, the moisture, sucrose, and maltose content of rape honey gradually decreased, while the glucose, fructose, and total protein content gradually increased. The activities of diastase, invertase, and β-glucosidase showed a significant increase with the elevation of ripening days, and the activity of glucose oxidase reached the highest before completely capping. 2. The antioxidant capacity of honey increased with the increase in honey maturity. There is a significant and strong correlation between the bioactive components of rape honey and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01, |r| > 0.857). 3. Thirty-five volatile components have been identified. Nonanal, benzaldehyde monomer, and benzaldehyde dimer can be used as potential indicators for the identification of honey maturity stages. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on antioxidant parameters and volatile components can identify the maturity of honey.

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Comparative Assessment of the Volatile Profile, Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxic Potential of Different Preparation of Millefolli Herba Samples

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.3.7975 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 69-78

Author(s):

Mihaela Buleandra ◽

Zenovia Moldovan ◽

Irinel Adriana Badea ◽

Iulia Gabriela David ◽

Dana Elena Popa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Apoptotic Cell ◽

Principal Component ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Hct 116

Millefolii herba is an available product on the Romanian market as mixture of stems, leaves and flowers of Achillea millefolium L. There were established its volatile compounds profile, total polyphenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity and effects on HCT 116 cell viability and programmed cell death. The infusion, hydroalcoholic extract and hydrodistillated essential oil were studied. A comparative analysis using static headspace (HS) and hydro-distillation (HD) GC/MS of the volatile components from Millefolii herba was realized: the essential oil contains chamazulene as the principal component (37.1%), while 1,8-cineole (46.8%) is the main constituent of headspace volatiles. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in essential oil, compared with hydroalcoholic extract, infusion and ascorbic acid. Yarrow hydroalcoholic extract reduced the HCT 116 cell viability and induced the apoptotic cell death in a dose and time dependent manner.

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Genetic Variability and Heritability Estimates of Nutritional Composition in the Leaves of Selected Cowpea Genotypes [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1435 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (10) ◽

pp. 1435-1440 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Abe Shegro Gerrano ◽

Patrick Olusanmi Adebola ◽

Willem Sternberg Jansen van Rensburg ◽

Sonja Louise Venter

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Protein Content ◽

Total Protein ◽

Principal Component ◽

Significant Degree ◽

Mineral Elements ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Mean Values ◽

Heritability Estimates

Cowpea is indigenous to the African continent and is grown for its leaves and grain in different countries of the world. The objective of this study was to determine the variability and heritability of mineral and crude protein contents in the leaves of selected cowpea genotypes grown in South Africa. The trials consisted of twenty five cowpea genotypes evaluated for two cropping seasons. The combined mean values showed wide genetic variation in the mineral elements evaluated. The mean values of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) varied from 2.23 to 3.69 mg·kg−1; 6.96 to 14.15 mg·kg−1; 311.30 to 1049.95 mg·kg−1; 1.13 to 1.74 mg·kg−1; 0.36 to 0.70 mg·kg−1; 130.08 to 186.42 mg·kg−1; 126.62 to 307.87 mg·kg−1; 0.27 to 0.39 mg·kg−1; and 27.76 to 43.55 mg·kg−1, respectively. The total protein content varied from 21.39% to 33.45%. The correlation analysis revealed significant degree of association between and among mineral elements and total protein content. Biometrical analysis revealed that the phenotypic variances were higher than the genotypic variances. High values of heritability estimates were also recorded for most of the evaluated traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first three principal components contributed 71.93% of total variation among the genotypes. The study revealed that there is an ample genetic variability that can be exploited for use in breeding for nutritional quality in cowpea leaves.

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EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL γ-RADIATION ON THE TOTAL PROTEIN CONTENT IN LYMPHOCYTES AND THROMBOCYTES OF SHEEP

Sel skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya ◽

10.15389/agrobiology.2013.4.115eng ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 115-120

Author(s):

T.S. Shevchenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Total Protein ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Γ Radiation

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GC-MS Based Identification of the Volatile Components of Six Astragalus Species from Uzbekistan and Their Biological Activity

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10010124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Haidy A. Gad ◽

Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva ◽

Stefan Böhmdorfer ◽

Thomas Rosenau ◽

Gokhan Zengin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Principal Component ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Drug Candidates ◽

Predominant Component ◽

Clear Differentiation

The compositions of volatile components in the aerial parts of six Astragalus species, namely A. campylotrichus (Aca), A. chiwensis (Ach), A. lehmannianus (Ale), A. macronyx (Ama), A. mucidus (Amu) and A. sieversianus (Asi), were investigated using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Ninety-seven metabolites were identified, accounting for 73.28, 87.03, 74.38, 87.93, 85.83, and 91.39% of Aca, Ach, Ale, Ama, Amu and Asi whole oils, respectively. Sylvestrene was the most predominant component in Asi, Amu and Ama, with highest concentration in Asi (64.64%). In addition, (E)-2-hexenal was present in a high percentage in both Ale and Ach (9.97 and 10.1%, respectively). GC-MS based metabolites were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) to explore the correlations between the six species. The PCA score plot displayed clear differentiation of all Astragalus species and a high correlation between the Amu and Ama species. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using various assays, phosphomolybdenum (PM), 2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2-azino bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing power (FRAP) and ferrous ion chelation (FIC) assays. In addition, the potential for the volatile samples to inhibit both acetyl/butyrylcholinesterases (AChE, BChE), α- amylase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase was assessed. Most of the species showed considerable antioxidant potential in the performed assays. In the DPPH assay, Ama exhibited the maximum activity (24.12 ± 2.24 mg TE/g sample), and the volatiles from Amu exhibited the highest activity (91.54 mgTE/g oil) in the ABTS radical scavenging assay. The effect was more evident in both CUPRAC and FRAP assays, where both Ale and Ama showed the strongest activity in comparison with the other tested species (84.06, 80.28 mgTE/g oil for CUPRAC and 49.47, 49.02 mgTE/g oil for FRAP, respectively). Asi demonstrated the strongest AChE (4.55 mg GALAE/g oil) and BChE (3.61 mg GALAE/g oil) inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the best tyrosinase inhibitory potential was observed for Ale (138.42 mg KAE/g). Accordingly, Astragalus species can be utilized as promising natural sources for many medicinally important components that could be tested as drug candidates for treating illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-related diseases.

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Relationships Linking the Colour and Elemental Concentrations of Blossom Honeys with Their Antioxidant Activity: A Chemometric Approach

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11080702 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 702

Author(s):

Monika Kędzierska-Matysek ◽

Anna Teter ◽

Małgorzata Stryjecka ◽

Piotr Skałecki ◽

Piotr Domaradzki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Black Locust ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Principal Component ◽

Botanical Origin ◽

Antioxidant Parameters ◽

Colour Parameters ◽

Hue Angle ◽

Chemometric Approach

The antioxidant activity of honey depends on the botanical origin, which also determines their physicochemical properties. In this study, a multivariate analysis was used to confirm potential relationships between the antioxidant properties and colour parameters, as well as the content of seven elements in five types of artisanal honey (rapeseed, buckwheat, linden, black locust, and multifloral). The type of honey was found to significantly influence most of its physicochemical properties, colour parameters, and the content of potassium, manganese and copper. Antioxidant parameters were shown to be significantly positively correlated with redness and concentrations of copper and manganese, but negatively correlated with the hue angle and lightness. The principal component analysis confirmed that the darkest buckwheat honey had the highest antioxidant activity in combination with its specific colour parameters and content of antioxidant minerals (manganese, copper and zinc). The level of these parameters can be potentially used for the identification of buckwheat honey.

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Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipids and Their Relationship with Plasma Lipids in Healthy Humans

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11050268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 268

Author(s):

Kosuke Saito ◽

Kotaro Hattori ◽

Shinsuke Hidese ◽

Daimei Sasayama ◽

Tomoko Miyakawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Total Protein ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Plasma Lipid ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Lipid Homeostasis ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Lipid Profiling ◽

Healthy Humans

Lipidomics provides an overview of lipid profiles in biological systems. Although blood is commonly used for lipid profiling, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is more suitable for exploring lipid homeostasis in brain diseases. However, whether an individual’s background affects the CSF lipid profile remains unclear, and the association between CSF and plasma lipid profiles in heathy individuals has not yet been defined. Herein, lipidomics approaches were employed to analyze CSF and plasma samples obtained from 114 healthy Japanese subjects. Results showed that the global lipid profiles differed significantly between CSF and plasma, with only 13 of 114 lipids found to be significantly correlated between the two matrices. Additionally, the CSF total protein content was the primary factor associated with CSF lipids. In the CSF, the levels of major lipids, namely, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and cholesterolesters, correlated with CSF total protein levels. These findings indicate that CSF lipidomics can be applied to explore changes in lipid homeostasis in patients with brain diseases.

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Prediction of Human Acute Toxicity by the Hep G2/24-hour/Total Protein Assay, with Protein Measurement by the CBQCA Method

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119290503300304 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 207-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Paul J. Dierickx

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Total Protein ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Human Toxicity ◽

Hep G2 ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Protein Assay ◽

Lowry Method ◽

Total Protein Assay

In our previously described Hep G2/24-hour/total protein assay, protein levels were measured by using the Lowry method. This assay was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) study. In order to increase the MEIC data-base with a wider range of chemicals, we were interested in introducing the more practical 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) method for the quantification of the total protein content. Therefore, we investigated whether the same good results for the prediction of acute human toxicity would be obtained with the CBQCA method. The cells were treated for 24 hours, then cytotoxicity was determined by measuring the total protein content with CBQCA. The results were quantified by using the PI50c: the concentration (in mM) of test compound required to reduce the total protein content measured with the CBQCA-method by 50% as compared to the control cells. The results were compared with the PI50, the corresponding value when the Lowry method was used. A relatively low correlation was observed between PI50 and PI50c, reflecting the large and unexpected, differences when using the two protein assays. However, when comparing the log PI50c with the human toxicity, a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.761 ( n = 44) was obtained for exactly the same series of MEIC chemicals. This value is clearly higher than that for the Lowry method ( r2 = 0.695). Compared to the Lowry method originally used, the Hep G2/24-hour/CBQCA total protein assay has the additional important advantage that it can be very easily adapted for large-scale analyses with robotic systems, including the on-line calculation of the results.

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