scholarly journals Identification of the Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Taxus chinensis

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Lisha Zhang ◽  
Xiaomei Sun ◽  
Iain W. Wilson ◽  
Fenjuan Shao ◽  
Deyou Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Taxus Chinensis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Anthocyanidin Synthase ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase ◽  
Different Ages

Taxus chinensis is a precious woody species with significant economic value. Anthocyanin as flavonoid derivatives plays a crucial role in plant biology and human health. However, the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have not been identified in T. chinensis. In this study, twenty-five genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified, including chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. The conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships of these genes were characterized. The expression levels of these genes in different tissues and different ages of xylem were investigated. Additionally, the anthocyanin accumulation in xylem of different ages of T. chinensis was measured. The results showed the anthocyanin accumulation was correlated with the expression levels of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway for anthocyanins and wood color formation in T. chinensis.

scholarly journals Drought Stress Enhances Up-Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3-Infected in vitro Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Leaves

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1606-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Hua Cui ◽  
Wen-Lu Bi ◽  
Xin-Yi Hao ◽  
Peng-Min Li ◽  
Ying Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

Reddish-purple coloration on the leaf blades and downward rolling of leaf margins are typical symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) in red-fruited grapevine cultivars. These typical symptoms are attributed to the expression of genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanins synthesis, and the accumulation of flavonoids in diseased leaves. Drought has been proven to accelerate development of GLD symptoms in virus-infected leaves of grapevine. However, it is not known how drought affects GLD expression nor how anthocyanin biosynthesis in virus-infected leaves is altered. The present study used HPLC to determine the types and levels of anthocyanins, and applied reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to analyze the expression of genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanin synthesis. Plantlets of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3)-infected Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ were grown in vitro under PEG-induced drought stress. HPLC found no anthocyanin-related peaks in the healthy plantlets with or without PEG-induced stress, while 11 peaks were detected in the infected plantlets with or without PEG-induced drought stress, but the peaks were significantly higher in infected drought-stressed plantlets. Increased accumulation of total anthocyanin compounds was related to the development of GLD symptoms in the infected plantlets under PEG stress. The highest level of up-regulated gene expression was found in GLRaV-3-infected leaves with PEG-induced drought stress. Analyses of variance and correlation of anthocyanin accumulation with related gene expression levels found that GLRaV-3-infection was the key factor in increased anthocyanin accumulation. This accumulation involved the up-regulation of two key genes, MYBA1 and UFGT, and their expression levels were further enhanced by drought stress.

scholarly journals REVEILLE Transcription Factors Contribute to the Nighttime Accumulation of Anthocyanins in ‘Red Zaosu’ (Pyrus Bretschneideri Rehd.) Pear Fruit Skin

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1634
Author(s):  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Hanting Liu ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
Yao Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Genes Encoding

Anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibits a rhythmic oscillation pattern in some plants. To investigate the correlation between the oscillatory regulatory network and anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear, the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression patterns of anthocyanin late biosynthetic genes (ALBGs) were investigated in fruit skin of ‘Red Zaosu’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). The anthocyanin accumulated mainly during the night over three continuous days in the fruit skin, and the ALBGs’ expression patterns in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin were oscillatory. However, the expression levels of typical anthocyanin-related transcription factors did not follow this pattern. Here, we found that the expression patterns of four PbREVEILLEs (PbRVEs), members of a class of atypical anthocyanin-regulated MYBs, were consistent with those of ALBGs in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin over three continuous days. Additionally, transient expression assays indicated that the four PbRVEs promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in red pear fruit skin, which was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRVE1a, 1b and 7 directly bound to PbDFR and PbANS promoters. Thus, PbRVEs promote anthocyanin accumulation at night by up-regulating the expression levels of PbDFR and PbANS in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin.

scholarly journals PbMYB120 Negatively Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Pear

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1528
Author(s):  
Linyan Song ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Yingying Qu ◽  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Transient Overexpression

Subgroup 4 R2R3 MYBs play vital roles in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the functions of MYB repressors in pear (Pyrus × bretschneideri). Here, PbMYB120 was identified as a potential regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that PbMYB120 was clustered into the FaMYB1-like clade of the subgroup 4 R2R3 MYBs. PbMYB120 was expressed higher in red peels than in green peels in five pear cultivars. PbMYB120 expression was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. However, the transient overexpression of PbMYB120 led to the inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation and PbUFGT1 expression. Promoter binding and activation assays indicated that PbMYB120 binds to the promoter of PbUFGT1 and represses the promoter’s activity. Thus, the inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation by PbMYB120 may be correlated with the repression of PbUFGT1. Furthermore, during anthocyanin induction, the expression levels of anthocyanin activators and PbMYB120 were upregulated. This study demonstrated that PbMYB120 was highly expressed in pear tissues having higher anthocyanin accumulations but acted as a repressor in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. PbMYB120 may work coordinately with anthocyanin activators and serve as a balancer of anthocyanin accumulation.

scholarly journals The Purple Leaf (pl6) Mutation Regulates Leaf Color by Altering the Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Contents in Rice

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1477
Author(s):  
Asadullah Khan ◽  
Sanaullah Jalil ◽  
Huan Cao ◽  
Yohannes Tsago ◽  
Mustapha Sunusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Morphological Marker ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Rice Mutant ◽  
Purple Coloration

The anthocyanin biosynthesis attracts strong interest due to the potential antioxidant value and as an important morphological marker. However, the underlying mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in plant tissues is not clearly understood. Here, a rice mutant with a purple color in the leaf blade, named pl6, was developed from wild type (WT), Zhenong 41, with gamma ray treatment. By map-based cloning, the OsPL6 gene was located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The multiple mutations, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at −702, −598, −450, an insertion at −119 in the promoter, three SNPs and one 6-bp deletion in the 5′-UTR region, were identified, which could upregulate the expression of OsPL6 to accumulate anthocyanin. Subsequently, the transcript level of structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, including OsCHS, OsPAL, OsF3H and OsF3′H, was elevated significantly. Histological analysis revealed that the light attenuation feature of anthocyanin has degraded the grana and stroma thylakoids, which resulted in poor photosynthetic efficiency of purple leaves. Despite this, the photoabatement and antioxidative activity of anthocyanin have better equipped the pl6 mutant to minimize the oxidative damage. Moreover, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokanin (CK) were elevated along with anthocyanin accumulation in the pl6 mutant. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that activation of OsPL6 could be responsible for the purple coloration in leaves by accumulating excessive anthocyanin and further reveal that anthocyanin acts as a strong antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus play an important role in tissue maintenance.

scholarly journals The MIR-Domain of PbbHLH2 Is Involved in Regulation of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway in ”Red Zaosu” (PyrusBretschneideri Rehd.) Pear Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3026
Author(s):  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Fangxin Xiang ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Bingqing Qie ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Interaction Domain ◽  
Dihydroflavonol Reductase ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
R2r3 Myb

The N-terminal of Myc-like basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH TFs) contains an interaction domain, namely the MYB-interacting region (MIR), which interacts with the R2R3-MYB proteins to regulate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. However, the functions of MIR-domain bHLHs in this pathway are not fully understood. In this study, PbbHLH2 containing the MIR-domain was identified and its function investigated. The overexpression of PbbHLH2 in ”Zaosu” pear peel increased the anthocyanin content and the expression levels of late biosynthetic genes. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that PbbHLH2 interacted with R2R3-MYB TFs PbMYB9, 10, and 10b in onion epidermal cells and confirmed that MIR-domain plays important roles in the interaction between the MIR-domain bHLH and R2R3-MYB TFs. Moreover, PbbHLH2 bound and activated the dihydroflavonol reductase promoter in yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase assays. Taken together these results suggested that the MIR domain of PbbHLH2 regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear fruit peel.

scholarly journals SlBBX20 interacts with the COP9 signalosome subunit SlCSN5-2 to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by activating SlDFR expression in tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Luo ◽  
Cheng Xiong ◽  
Aihua Lin ◽  
Chunli Zhang ◽  
Wenhui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Cop9 Signalosome ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Related Transcription Factor ◽  
Hybrid Screening

AbstractAnthocyanins play vital roles in plant stress tolerance and growth regulation. Previously, we reported that the photomorphogenesis-related transcription factor SlBBX20 regulates anthocyanin accumulation in tomato. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we showed that SlBBX20 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding the promoter of the anthocyanin biosynthesis gene SlDFR, suggesting that SlBBX20 directly activates anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, we found by yeast two-hybrid screening that SlBBX20 interacts with the COP9 signalosome subunit SlCSN5-2, and the interaction was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays. SlCSN5 gene silencing led to anthocyanin hyperaccumulation in the transgenic tomato calli and shoots, and SlCSN5-2 overexpression decreased anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting thSlCSN5-2 enhanced the ubiquitination of SlBBX20 and promoted the degradation of SlBBX20 in vivo. Consistently, silencing the SlCSN5-2 homolog in tobacco significantly increased the accumulation of the SlBBX20 protein. Since SlBBX20 is a vital regulator of photomorphogenesis, the SlBBX20-SlCSN5-2 module may represent a novel regulatory pathway in light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Dynamic Changes of the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Mechanism During the Development of Heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) and Arabidopsis Under the Control of BrMYB2

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong He ◽  
Qianqian Lu ◽  
Yuting He ◽  
Yaxiu Wang ◽  
Ninan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Head Development ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Heading Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Upregulated Genes

Chinese cabbage is an important vegetable mainly planted in Asian countries, and mining the molecular mechanism responsible for purple coloration in Brassica crops is fast becoming a research hotspot. In particular, the anthocyanin accumulation characteristic of purple heading Chinese cabbage, along with the plant’s growth and head developing, is still largely unknown. To elucidate the dynamic anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism of Chinese cabbage during its development processes, here we investigated the expression profiles of 86 anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and corresponding anthocyanin accumulation characteristics of plants as they grew and their heads developed, between purple heading Chinese cabbage 11S91 and its breeding parents. Anthocyanin accumulation of 11S91 increased from the early head formation period onward, whereas the purple trait donor 95T2-5 constantly accumulated anthocyanin throughout its whole plant development. Increasing expression levels of BrMYB2 and BrTT8 together with the downregulation of BrMYBL2.1, BrMYBL2.2, and BrLBD39.1 occurred in both 11S91 and 95T2-5 plants during their growth, accompanied by the significantly continuous upregulation of a phenylpropanoid metabolic gene, BrPAL3.1; a series of early biosynthesis genes, such as BrCHSs, BrCHIs, BrF3Hs, and BrF3’H; as well as some key late biosynthesis genes, such as BrDFR1, BrANS1, BrUF3GT2, BrUF5GT, Br5MAT, and Brp-Cout; in addition to the transport genes BrGST1 and BrGST2. Dynamic expression profiles of these upregulated genes correlated well with the total anthocyanin contents during the processes of plant growth and leaf head development, and results supported by similar evidence for structural genes were also found in the BrMYB2 transgenic Arabidopsis. After intersubspecific hybridization breeding, the purple interior heading leaves of 11S91 inherited the partial purple phenotypes from 95T2-5 while the phenotypes of seedlings and heads were mainly acquired from white 94S17; comparatively in expression patterns of investigated anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, cotyledons of 11S91 might inherit the majority of genetic information from the white type parent, whereas the growth seedlings and developing heading tissues of 11S91 featured expression patterns of these genes more similar to 95T2-5. This comprehensive set of results provides new evidence for a better understanding of the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism and future breeding of new purple Brassica vegetables.

scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Acer mandshuricum to Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

Abstract The red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in leaf color change periods in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin bio-synthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

scholarly journals The Isolation and Identification of Anthocyanin-Related GSTs in Chrysanthemum

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Yajing Li ◽  
Xiaofen Liu ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
Lili Xiang ◽  
Kunsong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Specific Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Sequence Alignment ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Transient Overexpression

Anthocyanin is the crucial pigment for the coloration of red chrysanthemum flowers, which synthesizes in the cytosol and is transported to the vacuole for stable storage. In general, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a vital role in this transport. To date, there is no functional GST reported in chrysanthemums. Here, a total of 94 CmGSTs were isolated from the chrysanthemum genome, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that 16 members of them were clustered into the Phi subgroup which was related to anthocyanin transport. Among them, the expression of CmGST1 was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Protein sequence alignment revealed that CmGST1 included anthocyanin-related GST-specific amino acid residues. Further transient overexpression experiments in tobacco leaves showed that CmGST1 could promote anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, a dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that CmGST1 could be regulated by CmMYB6, CmbHLH2 and CmMYB#7, which was reported to be related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Taken together, we suggested that CmGST1 played a key role in anthocyanin transport and accumulation in chrysanthemums.

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