scholarly journals REVEILLE Transcription Factors Contribute to the Nighttime Accumulation of Anthocyanins in ‘Red Zaosu’ (Pyrus Bretschneideri Rehd.) Pear Fruit Skin

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1634
Author(s):  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Hanting Liu ◽  
Rui Zhai ◽  
Yao Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Genes Encoding

Anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibits a rhythmic oscillation pattern in some plants. To investigate the correlation between the oscillatory regulatory network and anthocyanin biosynthesis in pear, the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression patterns of anthocyanin late biosynthetic genes (ALBGs) were investigated in fruit skin of ‘Red Zaosu’ (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). The anthocyanin accumulated mainly during the night over three continuous days in the fruit skin, and the ALBGs’ expression patterns in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin were oscillatory. However, the expression levels of typical anthocyanin-related transcription factors did not follow this pattern. Here, we found that the expression patterns of four PbREVEILLEs (PbRVEs), members of a class of atypical anthocyanin-regulated MYBs, were consistent with those of ALBGs in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin over three continuous days. Additionally, transient expression assays indicated that the four PbRVEs promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in red pear fruit skin, which was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that PbRVE1a, 1b and 7 directly bound to PbDFR and PbANS promoters. Thus, PbRVEs promote anthocyanin accumulation at night by up-regulating the expression levels of PbDFR and PbANS in ‘Red Zaosu’ fruit skin.

scholarly journals Drought Stress Enhances Up-Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3-Infected in vitro Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Leaves

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1606-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Hua Cui ◽  
Wen-Lu Bi ◽  
Xin-Yi Hao ◽  
Peng-Min Li ◽  
Ying Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

Reddish-purple coloration on the leaf blades and downward rolling of leaf margins are typical symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) in red-fruited grapevine cultivars. These typical symptoms are attributed to the expression of genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanins synthesis, and the accumulation of flavonoids in diseased leaves. Drought has been proven to accelerate development of GLD symptoms in virus-infected leaves of grapevine. However, it is not known how drought affects GLD expression nor how anthocyanin biosynthesis in virus-infected leaves is altered. The present study used HPLC to determine the types and levels of anthocyanins, and applied reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to analyze the expression of genes encoding enzymes for anthocyanin synthesis. Plantlets of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3)-infected Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ were grown in vitro under PEG-induced drought stress. HPLC found no anthocyanin-related peaks in the healthy plantlets with or without PEG-induced stress, while 11 peaks were detected in the infected plantlets with or without PEG-induced drought stress, but the peaks were significantly higher in infected drought-stressed plantlets. Increased accumulation of total anthocyanin compounds was related to the development of GLD symptoms in the infected plantlets under PEG stress. The highest level of up-regulated gene expression was found in GLRaV-3-infected leaves with PEG-induced drought stress. Analyses of variance and correlation of anthocyanin accumulation with related gene expression levels found that GLRaV-3-infection was the key factor in increased anthocyanin accumulation. This accumulation involved the up-regulation of two key genes, MYBA1 and UFGT, and their expression levels were further enhanced by drought stress.

MYB_SH[AL]QKY[RF] transcription factors MdLUX and MdPCL-like promote anthocyanin accumulation through DNA hypomethylation and MdF3H activation in apple

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Fang Li ◽  
Gai-Xing Ning ◽  
Cun-Wu Zuo ◽  
Ming-Yu Chu ◽  
Shi-Jin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Dna Hypomethylation ◽  
Fruit Skin

Abstract Heritable DNA methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic mark that is important for many biological processes. In a previous transcriptomic study on the fruit skin pigmentation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Red Delicious’ (G0) and its four continuous-generation bud sport mutants including ‘Starking Red’ (G1), ‘Starkrimson’ (G2), ‘Campbell Redchief’ (G3) and ‘Vallee spur’ (G4), we identified MYB transcription factors (TFs) MdLUX and MdPCL-like involved in regulating anthocyanin synthesis. However, how these TFs ultimately determine the fruit skin colour traits remain elusive. Here, bioinformatics analysis revealed that MdLUX and MdPCL-like contained a well-conserved motif SH[AL]QKY[RF] in their C-terminal region and were located in the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Overexpression of MdLUX and MdPCL-like in ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits, ‘Gala’ calli and Arabidopsis thaliana promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin, whereas MdLUX and MdPCL-like suppression inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Red Fuji’ apple fruit skin. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that MdLUX and MdPCL-like may bind to the promoter region of the anthocyanin biosynthesis gene MdF3H. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that MdLUX and MdPCL-like activated MdF3H. The whole-genome DNA methylation study revealed that the methylation levels of the mCG context at the upstream (i.e., promoter region) of MdLUX and MdPCL-like were inversely correlated with their mRNA levels and anthocyanin accumulation. Hence, the data suggest that MYB_SH[AL]QKY[RF] TFs MdLUX and MdPCL-like promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit skins through the DNA hypomethylation of their promoter regions and the activation of the structural flavonoid gene MdF3H.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Accumulation and Related Gene Expression Profile in ‘Red Zaosu’ Pear and Its Green Mutant

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 898
Author(s):  
Yunting Zhang ◽  
Shanlin Li ◽  
Xianjie Gu ◽  
Diya Lei ◽  
Bing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Green Mutant

Red-skinned pear is a promising commercial fruit due to its attractive appearance and nutritious value. Anthocyanin is the determinant of the red coloration of the pear peel. However, differences in anthocyanin accumulation exist among red pear cultivars with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we analyzed the anthocyanin content and gene expression patterns in the fruits and different tissues of the red pear ‘Red Zaosu’ at different developmental stages and found a difference in anthocyanin accumulation between ‘Red Zaosu’ pear and its green mutant. The data showed that the expression profiles of transcripts that encoded critical anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were basically consistent with a tendency to a decreased anthocyanin content during fruit development, indicating that a synergistic effect of these genes was responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes showed that they could be expressed in all tissues but at different levels. PbF3H, PbDFR, and PbANS were mainly expressed during the early flowering period, which explained the reduced levels of anthocyanin content in petals. Additionally, the content of anthocyanins and the expression levels of PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 significantly decreased in the green mutant of ‘Red Zaosu’, suggesting that PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 probably play a decisive role in determining the skin coloration of ‘Red Zaosu’ and its green mutant.

Higher anthocyanin accumulation associated with higher transcription levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in spinach

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Cai ◽  
Lihao Lin ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Chenxi Xu ◽  
Quanhua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Genes Encoding

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely cultivated as an economically important green leafy vegetable crop for fresh and processing consumption. The red–purple spinach shows abundant anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf and leaf petiole. However, the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in this species are still undetermined. In the present study, we investigated pigment formation and identified anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in spinach. We also analyzed the expression of these genes in purple and green cultivars by quantitative PCR. The accumulation of anthocyanin showed that it was the dominant pigment resulting in the red coloration in spinach. In total, 22 biosynthesis genes and 25 regulatory genes were identified in spinach, based on the spinach genomic and transcriptomic database. Furthermore, the expression patterns of genes encoding enzymes indicated that SoPAL, SoUFGT3, and SoUFGT4 were possible candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red–purple spinach. The expression patterns of transcription factors indicated that two SoMYB genes, three SobHLH genes, and one SoWD40 gene were drastically up-regulated and co-expression in red–purple spinach, suggesting an essential role of regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis of spinach. These results will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple spinach.

scholarly journals Dynamic Changes of the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Mechanism During the Development of Heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) and Arabidopsis Under the Control of BrMYB2

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong He ◽  
Qianqian Lu ◽  
Yuting He ◽  
Yaxiu Wang ◽  
Ninan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Head Development ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Heading Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Upregulated Genes

Chinese cabbage is an important vegetable mainly planted in Asian countries, and mining the molecular mechanism responsible for purple coloration in Brassica crops is fast becoming a research hotspot. In particular, the anthocyanin accumulation characteristic of purple heading Chinese cabbage, along with the plant’s growth and head developing, is still largely unknown. To elucidate the dynamic anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism of Chinese cabbage during its development processes, here we investigated the expression profiles of 86 anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and corresponding anthocyanin accumulation characteristics of plants as they grew and their heads developed, between purple heading Chinese cabbage 11S91 and its breeding parents. Anthocyanin accumulation of 11S91 increased from the early head formation period onward, whereas the purple trait donor 95T2-5 constantly accumulated anthocyanin throughout its whole plant development. Increasing expression levels of BrMYB2 and BrTT8 together with the downregulation of BrMYBL2.1, BrMYBL2.2, and BrLBD39.1 occurred in both 11S91 and 95T2-5 plants during their growth, accompanied by the significantly continuous upregulation of a phenylpropanoid metabolic gene, BrPAL3.1; a series of early biosynthesis genes, such as BrCHSs, BrCHIs, BrF3Hs, and BrF3’H; as well as some key late biosynthesis genes, such as BrDFR1, BrANS1, BrUF3GT2, BrUF5GT, Br5MAT, and Brp-Cout; in addition to the transport genes BrGST1 and BrGST2. Dynamic expression profiles of these upregulated genes correlated well with the total anthocyanin contents during the processes of plant growth and leaf head development, and results supported by similar evidence for structural genes were also found in the BrMYB2 transgenic Arabidopsis. After intersubspecific hybridization breeding, the purple interior heading leaves of 11S91 inherited the partial purple phenotypes from 95T2-5 while the phenotypes of seedlings and heads were mainly acquired from white 94S17; comparatively in expression patterns of investigated anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, cotyledons of 11S91 might inherit the majority of genetic information from the white type parent, whereas the growth seedlings and developing heading tissues of 11S91 featured expression patterns of these genes more similar to 95T2-5. This comprehensive set of results provides new evidence for a better understanding of the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism and future breeding of new purple Brassica vegetables.

scholarly journals PbGA2ox8 induces vascular-related anthocyanin accumulation and contributes to red stripe formation on pear fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhai ◽  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
Chengquan Yang ◽  
Kui Lin-Wang ◽  
Richard Espley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Promoter Region ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Bud Sport ◽  
Transient Overexpression

AbstractFruit with stripes, which are generally longitudinal, can occur naturally, but the bioprocesses underlying this phenomenon are unclear. Previously, we observed an atypical anthocyanin distribution that caused red-striped fruit on the spontaneous pear bud sport “Red Zaosu” (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis of the sport and wild-type “Zaosu” revealed that this atypical anthocyanin accumulation was tightly correlated with abnormal overexpression of the gene-encoding gibberellin (GA) 2-beta-dioxygenase 8, PbGA2ox8. Consistently, decreased methylation was also observed in the promoter region of PbGA2ox8 from “Red Zaosu” compared with “Zaosu”. Moreover, the GA levels in “Red Zaosu” seedlings were lower than those in “Zaosu” seedlings, and the application of exogenous GA4 reduced abnormal anthocyanin accumulation in “Red Zaosu”. Transient overexpression of PbGA2ox8 reduced the GA4 level and caused anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruit skin. Moreover, the presence of red stripes indicated anthocyanin accumulation in the hypanthial epidermal layer near vascular branches (VBs) in “Red Zaosu”. Transient overexpression of PbGA2ox8 resulting from vacuum infiltration induced anthocyanin accumulation preferentially in calcium-enriched areas near the vascular bundles in pear leaves. We propose a fruit-striping mechanism, in which the abnormal overexpression of PbGA2ox8 in “Red Zaosu” induces the formation of a longitudinal array of anthocyanin stripes near vascular bundles in fruit.

scholarly journals PbCOP1.1 Contributes to the Negative Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Pear

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wu ◽  
Min Si ◽  
Xieyu Li ◽  
Linyan Song ◽  
Jianlong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Light Signaling ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Protein Sequence Alignment

The synthesis of anthocyanin in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit is regulated by light. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pear fruit coloring mediated by upstream light-signaling regulators. Here, the photoresponse factors CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP) 1.1 and 1.2 were cloned from ‘Red Zaosu’ peel to study their functions in pear fruit coloring. The overexpression vectors pBI121-PbCOP1.1 and pBI121-PbCOP1.2 were constructed to analyze their effects on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit. A protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PbCOP1 proteins are highly homologous with those of other species. An analysis of tissue differential expression showed that the greatest expression levels of PbCOP1s occurred in the leaves. Their expression levels increased in the leaves during development, when the leaves changed from red to green. The overexpression of PbCOP1s in the peel resulted in reduced anthocyanin synthesis at the injection sites. A quantitative PCR analysis of the injection sites showed that PbCOP1.1 significantly inhibited the expression of the anthocyanin synthesis-related genes CHI, DFR, UFGT2, bHLH3, HY5 and GST. Based on the above results, we hypothesize that PbCOP1.1 is an anthocyanin synthetic inhibitory factor of pear coloration.

scholarly journals Transcription Factors of the bHLH Family Delineate Vertebrate Landmarks in the Nervous System of a Simple Chordate

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1262
Author(s):  
Lenny J. Negrón-Piñeiro ◽  
Yushi Wu ◽  
Anna Di Gregorio
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Molecular Fingerprints ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Bhlh Genes ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Genes Encoding

Tunicates are marine invertebrates whose tadpole-like larvae feature a highly simplified version of the chordate body plan. Similar to their distant vertebrate relatives, tunicate larvae develop a regionalized central nervous system and form distinct neural structures, which include a rostral sensory vesicle, a motor ganglion, and a caudal nerve cord. The sensory vesicle contains a photoreceptive complex and a statocyst, and based on the comparable expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved marker genes, it is believed to include proto-hypothalamic and proto-retinal territories. The evolutionarily conserved molecular fingerprints of these landmarks of the vertebrate brain consist of genes encoding for different transcription factors, and of the gene batteries that they control, and include several members of the bHLH family. Here we review the complement of bHLH genes present in the streamlined genome of the tunicate Ciona robusta and their current classification, and summarize recent studies on proneural bHLH transcription factors and their expression territories. We discuss the possible roles of bHLH genes in establishing the molecular compartmentalization of the enticing nervous system of this unassuming chordate.

scholarly journals Improving the Anthocyanin Accumulation of Hypocotyls in Radish Sprouts by Hemin-induced NO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Su ◽  
Ze Liu ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Mengyang Niu ◽  
Jin Cui
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Radish Sprouts

Abstract Background: The biosynthesis of anthocyanin in the hypocotyls of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts was enhanced by hemin in our preliminary experiments, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that NO (nitric oxide) exerted an essential role in Hemin-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis, which was supported by the following results.Results: Hemin boosted anthocyanin as well as NO content. NO-scavenger cPTIO (carboxy-PTIO) significantly attenuated hemin-induced increase of anthocyanin content, transcripts of anthocyanin synthesis related genes and positive transcription factors, implying that NO played a prominent role during hemin-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Hemin specific inhibitor ZnPP (Zinc Protoporphyrin) strongly reduced anthocyanin content, while, NO donor SNP (Sodium Nitroprusside) addition considerably reversed this inhibition and by contrast, resulted in a significant increase in anthocyanin accumulation, closely paralleling the transcripts of structural genes and transcription factors. Moreover, NO content, NR (nitrate reductase) activity and expression level of NOA (nitric oxide associated factor) were up-regulated by Hemin. Conclusions:Those consequences indicated that NO might work downstream in Hemin-heightened anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of bHLH Transcription Factors Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Red Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Yonghui Liu ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Haijun Meng ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are transcription factors (TFs) that have been shown to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in many plant species. However, the bHLH gene family in walnut (Juglans regia L.) has not yet been reported. In this study, 102 bHLH genes were identified in the walnut genome and were classified into 15 subfamilies according to sequence similarity and phylogenetic relationships. The gene structure, conserved domains, and chromosome location of the genes were analyzed by bioinformatic methods. Gene duplication analyses revealed that 42 JrbHLHs were involved in the expansion of the walnut bHLH gene family. We also characterized cis-regulatory elements of these genes and performed Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of gene functions, and examined protein-protein interactions. Four candidate genes (JrEGL1a, JrEGL1b, JrbHLHA1, and JrbHLHA2) were found to have high homology to genes encoding bHLH TFs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in other plants. RNA sequencing revealed tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression profiles and distinct expression patterns of JrbHLHs according to phenotype (red vs. green leaves) and developmental stage in red walnut hybrid progeny, which were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. All four of the candidate JrbHLH proteins localized to the nucleus, consistent with a TF function. These results provide a basis for the functional characterization of bHLH genes and investigations on the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red walnut.

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