scholarly journals Regeneration in the Segmented Annelid Capitella teleta

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1769
Author(s):  
Elaine C. Seaver ◽  
Danielle M. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Genomic ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Regeneration Response ◽  
Capitella Teleta ◽  
Anterior Segments ◽  
Cellular Control ◽  
Complex Organ

The segmented worms, or annelids, are a clade within the Lophotrochozoa, one of the three bilaterian superclades. Annelids have long been models for regeneration studies due to their impressive regenerative abilities. Furthermore, the group exhibits variation in adult regeneration abilities with some species able to replace anterior segments, posterior segments, both or neither. Successful regeneration includes regrowth of complex organ systems, including the centralized nervous system, gut, musculature, nephridia and gonads. Here, regenerative capabilities of the annelid Capitella teleta are reviewed. C. teleta exhibits robust posterior regeneration and benefits from having an available sequenced genome and functional genomic tools available to study the molecular and cellular control of the regeneration response. The highly stereotypic developmental program of C. teleta provides opportunities to study adult regeneration and generate robust comparisons between development and regeneration.

FEATURES OF FORMATION OF THE MAIN SYSTEMS AND ORGANS IN EARLY LARVAE OF MULLETS (LIZA AURATA, RISSO, 1810)

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Dariya Aleksandrovna Gavrilova ◽  
Maria Pavlovna Grushko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Liza Aurata ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Well Differentiated

The aim of this work was to study peculiarities of mullet morphological organization during early ontogeny. Sample selection was made on board Caspian research and development Institute of Fisheries’ research vessel in period from June to September, 2015 in Russian waters of the Caspian Sea. Larvae aged 10 days could be characterized by heterochrony in the development of major organ systems. Nervous system and sense organs were well developed. The eyeball had all membranes well-differentiated, in the retina all the layers were formed. The olfactory fossae had cells of 3 types: olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells. There was observed intensive formation of respiratory, cardiovascular, excretory and digestive systems. The early development of the nervous system and sensory organs of the larvae indicated adaptation of mullet to active life.

scholarly journals Vesicular dysfunction and pathways to neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Control

Abstract Cellular control of vesicle biology and trafficking is critical for cell viability, with disruption of these pathways within the cells of the central nervous system resulting in neurodegeneration and disease. The past two decades have provided important insights into both the genetic and biological links between vesicle trafficking and neurodegeneration. In this essay, the pathways that have emerged as being critical for neuronal survival in the human brain will be discussed – illustrating the diversity of proteins and cellular events with three molecular case studies drawn from different neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Sources: The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Melssen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Brain

Jenniefer L. Hellier's The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases fulfills its purpose as a single, comprehensive resource that covers all aspects of the brain, nervous system, and the diseases effecting these organ systems. The text is easy to navigate: entries are listed alphabetically and by topic. A detailed index is also provided at the end of volume 3. The 333 entries vary in length from several paragraphs to multiple pages and include "see also" references and lists of further readings. Images, tables, charts, and graphs are provided when available. A list of recommended resources at the end of the encyclopedia provides only eight resources; however, each entry's own list of further readings makes up for the brevity of this list.

scholarly journals Tuberin levels during cellular differentiation in brain development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashaer Abu Khatir ◽  
Gordon Omar Davis ◽  
Mariam Sameem ◽  
Rutu Patel ◽  
Jackie Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Embryonic Mouse ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Tuberin is a member of a large protein complex, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, and acts as a sensor for nutrient status regulating protein synthesis and cell cycle progression. Mutations in the Tuberin gene, TSC2, lead to the formation of tumors and developmental defects in many organ systems, including the central nervous system. Tuberin is expressed in the brain throughout development and levels of Tuberin have been found to decrease during neuronal differentiation in cell lines in vitro. Our current work investigates the levels of Tuberin at two stages of embryonic development in vivo, and we study the mRNA and protein levels during a time course using immortalized cell lines in vitro. Our results show that Tuberin levels remain stable in the olfactory bulb but decrease in the Purkinje cell layer during embryonic mouse brain development. We show here that Tuberin levels are higher when cells are cultured as neurospheres, and knockdown of Tuberin results in a reduction in the number of neurospheres. These data provide support for the hypothesis that Tuberin is an important regulator of stemness and the reduction of Tuberin levels might support functional differentiation in the central nervous system. Understanding how Tuberin expression is regulated throughout neural development is essential to fully comprehend the role of this protein in several developmental and neural pathologies.

Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma Metastatic to the Pancreas: Case Report

Neurosurgery ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrikus G.J. Krouwer ◽  
John Vollmerhausen ◽  
Joel White ◽  
Michael D. Prados
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Extraneural Metastases ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Multidrug Chemotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma ◽  
Local Radiation ◽  
Weiss Criteria

Abstract A case is reported in which a desmoplastic medulloblastoma metastasized to the pancreas and to the surrounding soft tissues but did not recur locally or disseminate within the central nervous system. Multidrug chemotherapy and local radiation therapy resulted in a complete remission. In all four previously reported cases of medulloblastoma metastasizing to the pancreas, the diagnosis was not made until the postmortem examination, and all of these patients also had extensive metastases in other organ systems. Modification of the Weiss criteria defining extraneural metastases from tumors of the central nervous system is suggested.

Opioids for Anesthesia and Postoperative Pain Control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Cook ◽  
Krystina Geiger ◽  
Megan Barra
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Patient Controlled Analgesia ◽  
Opioid Agonist ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Central Nervous System Depression ◽  
Organ Systems

Opioid agonists are frequently used to provide anesthesia in combination with sedatives and hypnotic agents and manage postoperative acute pain. There are many different opioid agents available that differ in their potency, onset and duration of action, metabolism, drug interactions, and side-effect profile. All opioids have distinct effects upon various organ systems, including central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, and decreased gastrointestinal motility. Fentanyl and fentanyl-derived agents (alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil) are most frequently used in the intraoperative period due to their quick onset and duration of action, allowing them to be easily titrated and discontinued at the completion of a procedure. Oral opioids with moderate durations of action, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine, are commonly used for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. When oral analgesics cannot be used, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is another option for pain management. This review contains 5 figures, 11 tables, and 59 references. Key Words: analgesia, anesthesia, central nervous system depression, fentanyl, morphine, opioid agonist, pain management, patient-controlled analgesia, perioperative, respiratory depression

Organogenesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-112
Author(s):  
Günther Loose ◽  
Günter Vogt ◽  
Mireille Charmantier-Daures ◽  
Guy Charmantier ◽  
Steffen Harzsch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Mode Of Development

This chapter reviews the development of the major organ systems in crustaceans, including musculature, nervous system, circulatory system, digestive system, osmoregulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, and sensory organs. It describes the morphological unfolding of these organ systems, which generally follows cleavage, gastrulation, and segmentation in the course of ontogeny. Particular emphasis is given to the organ-specific temporal dynamics of development, the onset of functionality, and possible correlations with developmental mode, life history, and ecology. The anatomy and cellular characteristics of developing organs are generally better investigated than aspects of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Investigations in different crustaceans revealed that the speed of development of the various organ systems varies considerably within an individual and between species. As a rule of thumb, anlagen of the nervous tissue, muscular tissue, digestive system, and excretory organs appear first, followed by the circulatory system. Osmoregulatory organs are formed later. The reproductive organs are the last to emerge and to become functional. The mode of development, behavior, and ecology of the postembryonic stages seem to be major determinants that influence the speed differences of organogenesis. This is reflected by timing differences in development of the digestive system between directly and indirectly developing representatives or species with or without lecithotrophic larvae. Other features of the dynamics of organogenesis suggest evolutionary constraints, such as the delayed development of the nervous system in postnaupliar, relative to naupliar, segments in some species. Mechanistic constraints may be involved in heart development and development of nontransitory osmoregulatory organs.

Summing Up

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.

scholarly journals Biallelic MADD variants cause a phenotypic spectrum ranging from developmental delay to a multisystem disorder

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 2437-2453
Author(s):  
Pauline E Schneeberger ◽  
Fanny Kortüm ◽  
Georg Christoph Korenke ◽  
Malik Alawi ◽  
René Santer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In pleiotropic diseases, multiple organ systems are affected causing a variety of clinical manifestations. Here, we report a pleiotropic disorder with a unique constellation of neurological, endocrine, exocrine, and haematological findings that is caused by biallelic MADD variants. MADD, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activating death domain protein, regulates various cellular functions, such as vesicle trafficking, activity of the Rab3 and Rab27 small GTPases, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced signalling and prevention of cell death. Through national collaboration and GeneMatcher, we collected 23 patients with 21 different pathogenic MADD variants identified by next-generation sequencing. We clinically evaluated the series of patients and categorized the phenotypes in two groups. Group 1 consists of 14 patients with severe developmental delay, endo- and exocrine dysfunction, impairment of the sensory and autonomic nervous system, and haematological anomalies. The clinical course during the first years of life can be potentially fatal. The nine patients in Group 2 have a predominant neurological phenotype comprising mild-to-severe developmental delay, hypotonia, speech impairment, and seizures. Analysis of mRNA revealed multiple aberrant MADD transcripts in two patient-derived fibroblast cell lines. Relative quantification of MADD mRNA and protein in fibroblasts of five affected individuals showed a drastic reduction or loss of MADD. We conducted functional tests to determine the impact of the variants on different pathways. Treatment of patient-derived fibroblasts with TNF-α resulted in reduced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, enhanced activation of the pro-apoptotic enzymes caspase-3 and -7 and increased apoptosis compared to control cells. We analysed internalization of epidermal growth factor in patient cells and identified a defect in endocytosis of epidermal growth factor. We conclude that MADD deficiency underlies multiple cellular defects that can be attributed to alterations of TNF-α-dependent signalling pathways and defects in vesicular trafficking. Our data highlight the multifaceted role of MADD as a signalling molecule in different organs and reveal its physiological role in regulating the function of the sensory and autonomic nervous system and endo- and exocrine glands.

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