scholarly journals Alterations in the Chemical Composition of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as Provoked by Season and Moderately Limited Water Supply in Open Field Cultivation

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Schlering ◽  
Jana Zinkernagel ◽  
Helmut Dietrich ◽  
Matthias Frisch ◽  
Ralf Schweiggert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Reduced Water

The current use and distribution of agricultural water resources is highly prone to effects of global climate change due to shifting precipitation patterns. The production of vegetable crops in open field cultivation often requires demanding water applications, being impaired in regions where climate change will increasingly evoke water scarcity. To date, increasingly occurring precipitation-free periods are already leading to moderate water deficits during plant growth, e.g., in southern Europe. Among all vegetable crops, leafy vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) are particularly vulnerable to limited water supply, because leaf expansion is highly dependent on water availability. Besides biomass production, water limitation might also affect the valuable nutritional composition of the produce. Therefore, we investigated the impact of moderately reduced water supply on the chemical composition of spinach, cultivated in the open field in three consecutive years. Two different water supply treatments, full and reduced irrigation, were used in a randomized block design consisting of three sets of six plots each. In the reduced water supply treatment, the total amount of supplied water, including both irrigation and natural precipitation, amounted to 90%, 94% and 96% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, of the full, optimal water supply treatment. Spinach grown under limited water supply showed significantly higher fresh biomass-based contents of polyols (e.g., inositol, glycerol), ascorbic acid, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc and manganese, as well as total flavonoids and carotenoids. Increased dry biomass-based levels were found for total inositol, zinc and manganese, as well as decreased levels for malic acid, fumaric acid, phosphate and chloride. Furthermore, we report a high seasonal variation of several minor phytochemicals, such as single flavonoids. Spinacetin derivatives, spinatoside-glucoside as well as a rather unusual hexuronylated methylenedioxy flavonoid showed highest amounts when grown under relatively low irradiation in autumn. Levels of patuletin derivatives tended to increase under high irradiation conditions during spring. In summary, the chemical composition of spinach was shown to be highly sensitive to moderately reduced water supply and seasonal variation, but the overall nutritional quality of fresh marketable spinach was only marginally affected when considering health-related constituents such as minerals, trace elements, flavonoids and carotenoids.

scholarly journals Effects of Moderately-Reduced Water Supply and Picking Time on the Chemical Composition of Pickling Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Open Field Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Christine Schlering ◽  
Ralf Schweiggert ◽  
Helmut Dietrich ◽  
Matthias Frisch ◽  
Jana Zinkernagel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Pickling Cucumber ◽  
Reduced Water

As climate change evokes changing precipitation patterns, the cultivation of vegetable crops in open fields might become more difficult in the future. Nowadays, many vegetable growers are already facing relatively long unprecedented precipitation-free periods. In many growing regions, irrigation is only available to a limited extent or not at all, and the cultivated plants will suffer from moderate water stress more often. Therefore, we examined the effects of moderately-reduced water supply on the chemical composition of pickling cucumber, cultivated in an open field and in a separate greenhouse trial. In the field trial, the reduced water supply treatment (RWS) provided 85–90% of the total water amount of the well-watered control treatment (CTR), applying a randomized block design with six replications comprising two consecutive weekly harvest periods. In fruits obtained by cultivation with reduced irrigation, levels of malic acid, calcium, and magnesium significantly increased, while those of phosphate, phosphorous, nitrogen, and iron decreased based on dry matter. Fresh matter-related results additionally revealed a decrease of myo-inositol and zinc, while sugars and total phenols remained unchanged. In the greenhouse experiment, the RWS obtained 60% of the irrigation amount of the CTR. Here, single cucumber compartments (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp) were examined. Chemical compositions changed in a similar, but more pronounced, manner as compared to the open field trial. The levels of individual, nutritionally relevant carotenoids in the peel of pickling cucumber, like lutein and β-carotene, were affected by RWS. Regarding the nutritional quality of fresh marketable cucumber fruits, malic acid, certain minerals and trace elements, as well as the carotenoids were shown to be sensitive to moderate water reduction.

scholarly journals Biplot analysis of trait relations of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) landraces

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-690
Author(s):  
Naser Sabaghnia ◽  
Mehdi Mohebodini ◽  
Mohsen Janmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Spinach Leaf

Interest in growing winter spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Iran is increasing due to its good nutritional potential returns relative to other vegetable crops. The objectives of this research were to investigate the interrelationships among different traits of spinach and to evaluate different Iranian spinach landraces with application of the genotype ? trait (GT) biplot methodology in visualizing research data. 81 spinach landraces were grown during 2-years according to randomized complete block design with four replications. Ranking of the genotypes based on the ideal entry revealed that genotypes G1, G20, G7, G8, G9, G27, G49 G70 and G79 were higher in the measured traits and could be good candidates for improving most of the measured traits. Ranking of traits for the leaf yield showed that petiole diameter, petiole length, leaf numbers at flowering, 1000-seed weight and root dry weight were the most discriminating traits which influence spinach leaf yield at both years. There were 9 winning genotypes and 4 which-won-where patterns at the first year while there were 8 winning genotypes and 4 which-won-where patterns at the second year. As a result, the findings from our study are as follows: (i) traits leaf numbers at flowering, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petiole diameter and petiole length could be as selection indices for spinach leaf yield improvement, (ii) genotypes G1, G20, G7, G8, G9, G27, G49 G70, and G79 were the most favorable and is thus recommended for commercial release or incorporating in breeding programs; (iii) the GT biplot method can be used to identify superior genotypes in other crops and in other parts of the world.

scholarly journals Way of compost application for organic farming

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-217
Author(s):  
MAI Khan ◽  
MHR Hira ◽  
S Rahaman ◽  
ZR Moni ◽  
MAM Hussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Compost Application ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Reduced Water

Application of composts is an alternative of synthetic agrochemicals for eco-friendly farming. Work is limited on the effective and economic way of compost application in Bangladesh. A study was done at the Field Science Center, Saga University, Japan with green tea waste – rice bran compost (GRC) application. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. pervidis) were used as test plants. GRC was applied at 1.0 kg m-2 by mulching on soil after seeding. It enhanced seed germination, seedling growth and improved crop yield of spinach and radish grown in a controlled condition. Among the two application methods, post-sowing mulching (PSM) reduced water loss from upper soil surface, thus enhanced seed germination and better growth compared to pre-sowing incorporation (PSI) system. This study also suggests that improper compost incorporation to soil may impair seed germination, seedling growth and likely crop yield. SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 211-217 (2019)

scholarly journals Retention of B-Carotene from Leafy Vegetables

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
Haribabu Narra
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
The Common ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum L

During the present investigations, effect of table salt on retention of ?-carotene from leafy vegetables from Marathwada was studied. Getting vegetables throughout the year is obscure in rain feed area like Marathwada. Retention of nutrition from vegetables is important for health in absence of in adequate preservation techniques. Five different green leafy vegetables which are consumed by the peoples on large scale have been tried during the present piece of work. These vegetables are Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), Shepu (Anathum graveolens L.) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) which are commonly consumed in Marathwada region. These vegetables were soaked with solution of common Table salt i.e. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) at different concentrations. After analysis it was noted that in Spinach, Coriander, Trigonella and Anthem. The results obtained during the work clearly indicate that, the common salt can act as excellent preservative for retention of ?-carotene from leafy vegetables.

scholarly journals Peptone-Induced Physio-Biochemical Modulations Reduce Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1806
Author(s):  
Naila Emanuil ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Akram ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Esawi ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in edible plant parts and fertile lands is a worldwide problem. It negatively influences the growth and productivity of leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach, Spinacia oleracea L.), which have a high tendency to radially accumulate Cd. The present study investigated the influences of peptone application on the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity, and Cd content of spinach plants grown under Cd stress. Cd toxicity negatively affected spinach growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange attributes. However, it increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline accumulation, ascorbic acid content, Cd content, and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in spinach plants. The exogenous foliar application of peptone increased the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, proline accumulation, and gas exchange attributes of spinach plants. Furthermore, the application of peptone decreased Cd uptake and levels of MDA, H2O2, and EL in spinach by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This enhancement in plant growth and photosynthesis might be due to the lower level of Cd accumulation, which in turn decreased the negative impacts of oxidative stress in plant tissues. Taken together, the findings of the study revealed that peptone is a promising plant growth regulator that represents an efficient approach for the phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soils and enhancement of spinach growth, yield, and tolerance under a Cd-dominant environment.

scholarly journals Effect of biodegradable nonwoven covers on yield and chemical composition of overwintering onion

Italus Hortus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kalisz ◽  
Agnieszka Sękara ◽  
Andrzej Jurkow ◽  
Aneta Grabowska
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Onion Bulbs

Floating row covers are important pre-harvest factors for maximizing the yield of vegetable crops grown under open-field conditions. It is necessary to replace oil-based nonwoven covers with biodegradable ones that are environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of biodegradable nonwoven covers, made of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters, with or without fatty acid dimers (SB20/13, SB21/13, and SB28/13), on yield and chemical composition of ‘Glacier’ and ‘Swift’ winter onions. In the first experiment, we observed a higher total marketable yield and higher harvest index for onions covered with SB21/13 (by 24% and 3%, respectively) when compared to the control (polypropylene nonwoven). The SB20/13 cover significantly decreased mean bulb weight by 15.3% than in control. Bulbs harvested from the plots covered with SB21/13 had lower dry weight by 3.2-3.7% and those covered with SB28/13 showed the lowest L-ascorbic acid content when compared to all other treatments (by 6.3-10.3%). The lowest total sugar content was found in control onion bulbs, but it was significantly different only from bulbs covered by SB20/13, which had more sugar by 10.6%. In the second experiment, plants covered with the SB28/13 had a 1 st grade yield of onions higher by 47% than that of the control. The highest mean bulb weight was obtained from plants covered with the SB21/13 nonwoven. Covering with nonwovens caused a decrease in dry weight (SB20/13 and SB21/13, by 1.3-1.7%, respectively) and L-ascorbic acid (all nonwovens, by 15.6% for SB21/13 up to 22% for SB20/13) in onion bulbs in comparison to the control. Since the tested biodegradable nonwovens covers did not cause any decrease in the yield of winter onions compared to polypropylene nonwovens, the former appear to be a suitable environmental-friendly solution for the open-field cultivation of this important vegetable crop.

scholarly journals Impact of Propolis Extract as Foliar Spray On Growth, Yield and Some Chemical Composition of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) Plants Grown Under Calcareous Saline Soil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Seif El-Yazal
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

This experiment was suggested to study the beneficial effects of foliar application with propolis extract at the rates 0, 6000, 7000, 8000 and 9000 mg/L solution used as foliar application to spinach seedlings on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown under calcareous saline soil conditions. All experiments were achieved during the two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017. Results showed that increasing the rates of propolis extract as foliar application increased the growth parameters of the treated plants. The best result was obtained by the rate (8000 mg/L) as a foliar application in both seasons of the study. The same trend was also observed regarding all studied chemical constituents, i.e. chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids concentration, anthocyanine, total carbohydrates, total and reducing sugars, total free amino acid, free proline, crude protein, total indoles, total phenols, N, P and K in leaves. Thus, the coincident application of propolis extract at (8000 mg/L) as foliar application ingredient is recommended for improving growth, yield and chemical composition of spinach plants and for overcoming the adverse effect of saline conditions.

scholarly journals Graphic Analysis of Trait Relations of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Landraces Using the Biplot Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Sabaghnia ◽  
Farhad Behtash ◽  
Mohsen Janmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Efficient Breeding

Interest in growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Iran is increasing due to its potential returns relative to other leafy vegetable crops. An experiment was conducted to examine the influencing characters on spinach by using 54 spinach landraces with application of the biplot methodology in visualizing research data. The study revealed that genotype by trait (GT) biplot can graphically display the interrelationships among traits and facilitate visual comparison of genotypes. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) of the site regression model accounted for 66% of the total variation in 54 landraces and accounted for 78% of the total variation in 16 clusters which are generated from cluster analysis of above landraces. The polygon view of GT biplot suggested seven sections for the 54 landraces and suggested four sections for the 16 clusters. The vertex landrace G38 had longest days to flowering and the vertex landrace G20 had most values for the other measured traits. The other vertex genotypes were not good in any traits. The vertex clusters were C1, C4, C8, and C14 which cluster C8 had the highest values of flowering period, leaf length and petiole diameter while, cluster C14 had the highest values for the other traits. The results can be used to design efficient breeding strategies in spinach.

NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE CROPS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. CANTLIFFE ◽  
S. C. PHATAK
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Total N ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Grand Rapids ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Standard Cultivar

Four cultivars each of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were grown at three NH4NO3 levels (0, 14.7 and 29.4 g N/m2) in a muck soil as a commercial greenhouse crop under winter conditions (low light intensity and short photoperiod). Analysis of the tissues for NO3-N showed that all three vegetable crops contained high concentrations of NO3-N when grown under these conditions: radish highest, followed by lettuce, then spinach. Total N and NO3-N were increased by N fertilizer only in radish roots, and yield was promoted by the additional N only in lettuce. Lettuce cultivars Domineer and Korrekt contained significantly less NO3 than Grand Rapids or Noran and were higher yielding than the standard cultivar Grand Rapids. The NO3 content of radishes was extremely high, especially in the root of the white cultivar Icicle (1.68% NO3-N). Yield of roots from Icicle was not significantly different from Champion, Early Scarlet Globe and Red Boy, cultivars which did not contain as much NO3-N. Smooth-leaf spinach cultivar Northland was higher yielding with significantly less NO3 than savoyed cultivars America, Winter Bloomsdale or Savoy. High NO3 tissue concentrations can be reduced in these crops by growing cultivars that accumulate less NO3.

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