scholarly journals Evaluation of Blossom Thinning Spray Timing Strategies in Apple

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
W. Chester Allen ◽  
Tom Kon ◽  
Sherif M. Sherif
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Spray Timing ◽  
Timing Strategies ◽  
New Crop

In the eastern USA and several other apple-growing regions, apple blossom thinning using lime sulfur is a relatively new crop load management strategy. This study sought to evaluate how application timing of lime sulfur + stylet oil blossom thinning sprays would influence thinning efficacy and crop safety of ‘Gala’ apples. This project occurred at two locations in the USA, Winchester, Virginia, and Mills River, North Carolina, during the 2019 growing season. Two main timing strategies were assessed: (1) model-guided sprays with the pollen tube growth model (PTGM), (2) fixed spray intervals with the first spray applied at a specified percentage of open bloom (20% vs. 80%), and the second spray applied at a reapplication interval (48 h vs. 72 h). Model-guided and 20% open bloom + 48-h treatments reduced fruit set and increased fruit weight, diameter, and length at both sites. Treatments with a delayed first spray at 80% open bloom or a more extended second reapplication of 72 h were generally ineffective. There was no conclusive evidence that lime sulfur + stylet oil blossom thinning spray timing influenced russet incidence/severity or leaf phytotoxicity. This study demonstrated that effective and safe blossom thinning can be obtained from applying two sprays at 20% open bloom and 48 h thereafter or using the PTGM.

scholarly journals White clover ecotype germplasm from the USA for development of New Zealand and overseas cultivars

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
J.R. Caradus ◽  
J. Green ◽  
Mueller Pennell
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
The North ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Small Set

An ecotype collection of 98 populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) from pastures in the eastern USA together with five USA Ladino and five New Zealand cultivars were grown in grass swards at Raleigh, North Carolina; Palmerston North and Lincoln, New Zealand. The material was compared for leaf size, cyanogenesis, seasonal growth, % clover cover and persistence. When examined as a single group, the USA ecotypes consisted of a wide range of plant types from small-leaved acyanogenic to large-leaved cyanogenic types. This contrasted with the uniformly large-leaved acyanogenic USA Ladino cultivars which have been the principal cultivars sown in eastern USA. Various selection pressures over time together with introgression between Ladino and resident wild clover types has resulted in a wide array of plant types. At the North Carolina site, USA ecotype material generally demonstrated better growth and persistence compared to the USA Ladino and New Zealand cultivars. The best ecotype plots from the Piedmont (inland region) had 55% clover cover by the third spring compared to 12% cover from the USA cultivar, SRVR and 2% cover from the NZ cultivar, Huia. Selective pressures such as hot summers, viruses, root-feeding pests and other stresses on the local clover types have resulted in ecotype material with improved adaptive features. The USA ecotype collection is an important source of germplasm for development of improved white clovers for the eastern USA. At the New Zealand sites, the USA material demonstrated pooraverage yields compared to NZ cultivars. However, a small set of USA ecotypes showed good recovery following the dry 1995 summer at Lincoln and this material warrants closer examination to determine the adaptive mechanisms involved. As the USA ecotypes show a general lack of adaptation to New Zealand pastures, any desirable features such as heat tolerance, deeper nodal roots or virus resistance uncovered in this material will require hybridisation and backcrossing with selected elite New Zealand material to capture the benefits. Keywords: adaptation, eastern USA, ecotype populations,

scholarly journals Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan M. Blank ◽  
Katja Kramp ◽  
David R. Smith ◽  
Yuri N. Sundikov ◽  
Meicai Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Old World ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
First Time

Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898 comprises 13 species, four of which are described as new and one is removed from synonymy: Megaxyela euchroma Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. from China (Zheijang), M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara & Wei sp. nov. from China (Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), M. inversa Blank & D.R. Smith sp. nov. from the USA (West Virginia), M. langstoni Ross, 1936 sp. rev. from the eastern USA, and M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara & Sundukov sp. nov. from China (Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Tibet), South Korea (Kangwon-do) and Russia (Primorskiy Kray). The male of M. parki Shinohara, 1992 is described for the first time. A lectotype is designated for M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909. A cladogram, based on COI sequences of seven species, is presented and interpreted in view of selected morphological characters. Records of M. fulvago sp. nov. from Hunan and of M. pulchra sp. nov. from Tibet extend the known distribution of Megaxyela in the Old World 600 kilometers farther south and 2500 kilometers farther west than previous records.

IUPAC Office move

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
State University ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Research Triangle ◽  
Chapel Hill ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Duke University ◽  
The University ◽  
Small Building

The IUPAC Secretariat office has been located in the Research Triangle Park (RTP) since May 1997, following its relocation from Oxford, England after 29 years. The office was housed in a small building right in the center of RTP, which is one of the most prominent high-technology research and development centers in the USA, centrally located near major universities, including Duke University in Durham, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University at Raleigh.

scholarly journals Optimizing Fruit-Thinning Strategies in Peach (Prunus persica) Production

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Sutton ◽  
John Doyle ◽  
Dario Chavez ◽  
Anish Malladi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
One Year

Fruit size is a highly valued commercial trait in peach. Competition among fruit and among other sinks on a tree reduces potential growth rate of the fruit. Hence, crop-load management strategies such as thinning (removal of flowers or fruit) are often practiced by growers to optimize fruit size. Thinning can be performed at bloom or during early fruit development and at different intensities to optimize fruit growth responses. Responses to thinning may be cultivar and location specific. The objective of the current study was to fine-tune thinning strategies in the southeastern United States, a major peach producing region. Timing and intensity of thinning were evaluated across multiple cultivars over three years. Thinning at bloom or at 21 d after full bloom (DAFB) improved fruit size in comparison to unthinned trees in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’, respectively, in one year. Bloom-thinning reduced fruit yield (kg per tree) in the above cultivars in one year, suggesting that flower thinning alone may not be a viable option in this region. Intensity of thinning, evaluated as spacings of 15 cm and 20 cm between fruit, did not differentially affect fruit weight or yield. However, fruit diameter decreased quadratically with increasing fruit number per tree in ‘Cary Mac’, ‘July Prince’ and ‘Summer Flame’. Similarly, fruit weight decreased quadratically in response to increase in fruit number per tree in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’. Further, yield-per-tree decreased with increasing fruit size in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’. Importantly, these relationships were cultivar specific. Together, the data suggest that achieving a target fruit number per tree is an effective strategy for crop-load management to optimize fruit size in southeastern peach production. The target fruit number per tree may potentially be achieved through a combination of flower and fruit-thinning during early fruit development. Such an approach may provide flexibility in crop-load management in relation to adverse weather events.

Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Braun ◽  
Jeffrey Gillman ◽  
Emily Hoover ◽  
Michael Russelle
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Leaf N

Braun, L. C., Gillman, J. H., Hoover, E. E. and Russelle, M. P. 2011. Nitrogen fertilization for young established hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest of the USA. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 907–918. Hybrids of Corylus avellana, C. americana and C. cornuta are proposed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest. Anecdotal information from midwestern growers suggests that these hybrid hazelnuts have high N requirements, but this has not been confirmed in replicated trials. Current nitrogen (N) recommendations for hazelnut production are based on research from the Pacific Northwest and may not be applicable to these hybrids in the Upper Midwest due to differing soils, climate, genetics, and growing systems. Three years of N rate trials on four plantings, that were 3 to 6 yr old at the start, showed that N responses of hybrid hazelnuts fit patterns for other woody crops: no N responses were found on soils with high organic matter, nor on soils with suspected P or K deficiencies. Where N responses were observed, they suggested that the N requirements of hybrid hazelnuts in the Upper Midwest are relatively low compared with those of European hazelnuts in the Pacific Northwest. Leaf N concentrations were within the expected ranges established for European hazelnuts in Oregon, suggesting that Oregon's standards may be applied to hybrid hazelnuts, except that 2.2% leaf N should be considered adequate, rather than a threshold to sufficiency.

scholarly journals Fruit Cluster Pruning of Tomato in an Organic High-Tunnel System

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Mitchell ◽  
Mark E. Uchanski ◽  
Adriane Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Load Management ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Certified Organic

This research assessed fruit load management and production techniques for cultivating indeterminate tomatoes in a high tunnel under intensive organic management. The successful production of high-quality, high-yielding crops is important for fruit and vegetable producers, especially growers using high tunnels. High tunnels are well-suited to organic farming and can be used to grow many valuable specialty crops. Fruit load management is practiced in fruit production (e.g., apples, peaches, and grapes), but there is lack of consensus concerning the effectiveness of fruit cluster pruning on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its impact on fruit yield, quality, and marketability. In addition, there is no published research on tomato cluster pruning in certified organic systems or intensively managed high tunnels (e.g., densely planted, trellised, vegetatively pruned plants) for the Front Range of Colorado. In 2016 and 2017, a randomized complete block design was used to test the effects of cluster pruning within a high tunnel on certified organic land at Colorado State University’s (CSU’s) Agricultural Research, Development, and Education Center, South. Two treatments and three tomato cultivars were selected for the study; the treatment–cultivar combinations were replicated six times within a high tunnel. The treatments involved reducing fruit loads to three fruit and six fruit per cluster, whereas plants with unpruned clusters, which naturally developed as many as 10 fruit, served as the control. Tomato cultivars evaluated were ‘Cherokee Purple’, a widely studied heirloom, and two hybrids: ‘Jet Star’ and ‘Lola’. Parameters measured included total yield, individual fresh fruit weight, soluble solids content (SSC), marketable yield, and nonmarketable yield. Individual fresh fruit weight increased for both hybrids in the three-fruit treatment, averaged over two growing seasons. ‘Cherokee Purple’ did not respond to the cluster pruning treatments. There was no decrease in total yield, across all cultivars, between treatments and the unpruned control. However, ‘Jet Star’ yielded more than the other two cultivars. In addition, SSC and marketability measurements were more influenced by cultivar than cluster pruning treatments. ‘Lola’ had a significantly greater SSC than the other two cultivars. ‘Jet Star’ had the greatest marketable yields of all cultivars tested whereas ‘Cherokee Purple’ produced greater nonmarketable (cull) yields. Cluster pruning produced larger organic tomatoes without reducing yield or quality for two of the three cultivars used in the study. Cultivar selection remains one of the greatest factors in determining yield, quality, and marketability of a crop.

scholarly journals Distribution and floral hosts of Anthophorula micheneri (Timberlake, 1947) and Hylaeus sparsus (Cresson, 1869), (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila), with new state records in Giles and Loudoun counties, Virginia, eastern USA

Check List ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1665
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Sellers ◽  
David McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Range ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Loudoun County ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
State Records

New collection records for Anthophorula micheneri (Timberlake, 1947) from Loudoun County and other locations in Virginia, USA document an approximately 1,350 km extension of its previously recorded geographic range. New state records for the rarely seen Hylaeus sparsus (Cresson, 1869) collected in Giles County and from a blue vane trap in Loudoun County, Virginia add to our knowledge of this species’ range and phenology in the USA. Floral records for both species are documented with a discussion of possible host preferences.

Response of sweetpotato to pendimethalin application rate and timing

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Meyers ◽  
Sushila Chaudhari ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
Donnie K. Miller ◽  
Mark W. Shankle
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Root Quality

AbstractField trials were conducted near Pontotoc, Mississippi; Chase, Louisiana; and Clinton, North Carolina, in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of pendimethalin rate and timing application on sweetpotato crop tolerance, yield, and storage root quality. Treatments consisted of five pendimethalin rates (266, 532, 1,065, 1,597, and 2,130 g ai ha−1) by two application timings (0 to 1 or 10 to 14 d after transplanting). Additionally, a nontreated check was included for comparison. Crop injury (stunting) was minimal (≤4%) through 6 wk after transplanting (WAP) and no injury was observed from 8 to 14 WAP, regardless of application timing or rate. The nontreated check yielded 6.6, 17.6, 5.5, and 32.1 × 103 kg ha−1 of canner, no. 1, jumbo, and total grades, respectively. Neither pendimethalin application timing nor rate influenced jumbo, no. 1, marketable, or total sweetpotato yield. Overall, these results indicate that pendimethalin will be a valuable addition to the toolkit of sweetpotato growers.

Effect of Inoculum Level on Response of Strawberry Fruit to Anthracnose Fruit Rot

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460c-460
Author(s):  
Joel L. Shuman ◽  
James R. Ballington
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Fruit

In North Carolina, anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds. Little is known about the mechanisms of field resistance of fruits to anthracnose. It appears that resistance of various plant parts including runners, crowns, and foliage is not always correlated with resistance of fruit. Resistance of fruit may be simply overwhelmed by excessive fungal conidia. Is there a threshold level of inoculum and does this threshold vary for fruit of different cultivars? The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inoculum level on the response of seven strawberry cultivars/breeding lines to a single C. acutatum (CA-1) isolate. The experimental design was a split-plot with five levels of inoculum (0, 1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × 105, and 1×106 conidia/ml) as the whole plot and seven cultivars/breeding lines (`Apollo', `Chandler', `Camerosa', `Pelican', `Sweet Charley', NCH 95-173, and NCR 94-08) as the subplots with three replicates. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber at the Southeastern Plant Evironment Laboratory at North Carolina State Univ. Mature, green fruit and fruit turning red were inoculated with conidia. Lesion diameter, percent diseased tissue, and fruit weight were determined daily. The seven cultivars/breeding lines had differing levels of fruit rot resistance and fruit firmness/skin toughness.

The Current Status of GM and GE Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Ken Pallett
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Current Status ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Assessment Policies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Breeding Techniques ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Breeding Techniques

In recent months there have been regular announcements of new crops developed via new breeding techniques (NBTs) such as gene editing (GE) and the debate continues whether they should be considered as GM or not in the UK and Europe. It is not surprising that countries who approve cultivation of GM crops are also approving new crops derived from GE technologies, so will gain an advantage from cultivation of these new crop varieties over the UK and Europe. The USA, Brazil and Argentina have a flexible approach for the regulation of crops derived from new breeding techniques such as GE. Canada has recently (March 2021) reassessed their risk assessment policies for genetically engineered (GE) plants and food products and have started approvals.

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