scholarly journals Impact of Carers’ Smoking Status on Childhood Obesity in the Growing up in Ireland Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salome Sunday ◽  
Zubair Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Childhood Overweight ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paternal Smoking

Childhood obesity is a growing concern worldwide. The association between childhood obesity and maternal smoking and/or paternal smoking has been reported. However, few studies have explored the association between childhood obesity and exposure to carers’ smoking status. This study aimed to assess the impact of carers’ smoking status on childhood obesity in a cohort of children enrolled in the Growing up in Ireland (GUI) study. Participants from the GUI infant cohort were categorized into four groups based on their exposure status: Neither caregiver smoked (60.4%), only primary caregiver smoked (13.4%), both caregivers smoked (10.9%). Exposure to primary carers’ smoking (98% are biological mothers) was found to be significantly associated with childhood overweight/obesity at age three (Odds Ratio: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.17–1.46) and at age five (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16–1.49). Exposure to both carers’ smoking status was significantly associated with increased odds of childhood overweight/obesity across both waves. These findings emphasize the health burden of childhood obesity that may be attributable to maternal smoking postnatally and through early childhood in Ireland.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Ethnicity, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes of Adults in Urban Populations of Central America

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
William G Wuenstel ◽  
James A. Johnson ◽  
James Humphries ◽  
Cheryl Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Central American ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<table width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="387">The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of ethnicity and obesity as it relates to Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in specific Central American countries. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of ethnicity, obesity, and T2D.  Four studies that qualified for inclusion were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The studies on the association of ethnicity and T2D had a combined population resulted in 265,858 study participants. Two studies on the association of obesity and T2D had 197,899 participants. An analysis of the data was conducted utilizing the relative risk ration, odds ratio, and forest plots. The comparison of the relative risk of T2D across ethnic categories by studies range for Blacks was 1.59 to 2.74, Asians was 1.43 to 2.08, and Hispanics .92 to 2.91.  The ethnic difference in the prevalence of diabetes was almost two-fold higher in all ethnic groups than among the Caucasians with a significance level of 95%. A comparison of relative risk of T2D across weight categories was significantly higher among those with a diagnosed of diabetes in all reported areas. The odds ratio was very close to the risk ratio in both ethnicity and obesity to the development of T2D. The meta-analysis findings documented that an association does exist between ethnicity and obesity to the development of type 2 diabetes.</td><td width="0" height="85"> </td></tr><tr><td width="0" height="82"> </td></tr></tbody></table>

scholarly journals Effect of Lifestyle Factors on Hypertension by Constitution Type: A Large Community-Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Park ◽  
Chol Shin ◽  
Siwoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Sasang Constitution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Constitution Type ◽  
The Impact

Background. The risk of hypertension differs according to lifestyle factors and individual constitution types. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lifestyle factors on hypertension and to assess whether those effects differ according to the constitution types. Methods. A total of 5,793 men and women were recruited between 2012 and 2014. Odds ratios for hypertension associated with constitution types and lifestyle factors were estimated. Lifestyle factors included smoking status, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and sleep quality. Constitution types were estimated based on the Sasang constitutional medicine as the TE type, SE type, and SY type. Results. The risk of hypertension was significantly higher for SY (odds ratio 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.52) and TE types (1.38 (1.10 to 1.74)) than the SE type even with adjustment of health behaviors. Compared with individuals who had an unhealthy lifestyle, those with healthy lifestyle scores showed significantly lower risk of hypertension in only SY (odds ratio 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.81)) and TE types (0.69 (0.58 to 0.81)). The difference in risk for hypertension among constitution types was decreased with a healthy lifestyle (1.34 in SY and 2.35 in TE types, as compared with the SE type) versus an unhealthy lifestyle (2.21 in SY and 3.64 in TE types, as compared with the SE type). Conclusion. The risk of hypertension was different by Sasang constitution types. The impact of lifestyle factors differed according to Sasang constitution types, and the difference in risk of hypertension among constitution types was decreased with a healthy lifestyle.

scholarly journals Ethnicity, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes of Adults in Urban Populations of Central America

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
William G Wuenstel ◽  
James A. Johnson ◽  
James Humphries ◽  
Cheryl Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Central American ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of ethnicity and obesity as it relates to Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in specific Central American countries. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of ethnicity, obesity, and T2D.  Four studies that qualified for inclusion were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The studies on the association of ethnicity and T2D had a combined population resulted in 265,858 study participants.  Two studies on the association of obesity and T2D had 197,899 participants. An analysis of the data was conducted utilizing the relative risk ration, odds ratio, and forest plots. The comparison of the relative risk of T2D across ethnic categories by studies range for Blacks was 1.59 to 2.74, Asians was 1.43 to 2.08, and Hispanics .92 to 2.91. The ethnic difference in the prevalence of diabetes was almost two-fold higher in all ethnic groups than among the Caucasians with a significance level of 95%. A comparison of relative risk of T2D across weight categories was significantly higher among those with a diagnosed of diabetes in all reported areas. The odds ratio was very close to the risk ratio in both ethnicity and obesity to the development of T2D.The meta-analysis findings documented that an association does exist between ethnicity and obesity to the development of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Ethnicity, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes of Adults in Urban Populations of Central America

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
William G Wuenstel ◽  
James A. Johnson ◽  
James Humphries ◽  
Cheryl Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Central American ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of ethnicity and obesity as it relates to Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in specific Central American countries. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of ethnicity, obesity, and T2D.  Four studies that qualified for inclusion were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The studies on the association of ethnicity and T2D had a combined population resulted in 265,858 study participants.  Two studies on the association of obesity and T2D had 197,899 participants. An analysis of the data was conducted utilizing the relative risk ration, odds ratio, and forest plots. The comparison of the relative risk of T2D across ethnic categories by studies range for Blacks was 1.59 to 2.74, Asians was 1.43 to 2.08, and Hispanics .92 to 2.91. The ethnic difference in the prevalence of diabetes was almost two-fold higher in all ethnic groups than among the Caucasians with a significance level of 95%. A comparison of relative risk of T2D across weight categories was significantly higher among those with a diagnosed of diabetes in all reported areas. The odds ratio was very close to the risk ratio in both ethnicity and obesity to the development of T2D.The meta-analysis findings documented that an association does exist between ethnicity and obesity to the development of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Exploration of changes in disability after menopause in a longitudinal multiple sclerosis cohort

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 935-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley Bove ◽  
Brian C Healy ◽  
Alexander Musallam ◽  
Bonnie I Glanz ◽  
Philip L De Jager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Natural Menopause ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Background: Onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically in early adulthood. The impact, if any, of menopause on the MS course is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether menopause is associated with changes in MS severity in a longitudinal clinical cohort. Methods: Responses from an ongoing reproductive questionnaire deployed in all active female CLIMB observational study participants with a diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or MS were analyzed when the response rate was 60%. Reproductive data were linked with clinical severity measures that were prospectively collected every six months, including our primary measure, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: Over one-half of the respondents (368 of 724 women) were postmenopausal. Median age at natural menopause was 51.5 years. In our primary analysis of 124 women who were followed longitudinally (mean duration 10.4 years) through their menopausal transition (natural or surgical), menopause represented an inflection point in their EDSS changes (difference of 0.076 units; 95% CI 0.010–0.14; p = 0.024). These findings were not explained by vitamin D levels, nor changes in treatment or smoking status over this period. There was no effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) exposure, but HRT use was low. Conclusions: We observed a possible worsening of MS disability after menopause. Larger cohorts are required to assess any HRT effects.

scholarly journals Changes in premature birth rates during the Danish nationwide COVID-19 lockdown: a nationwide register-based prevalence proportion study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitte Hedermann ◽  
Paula L Hedley ◽  
Marie Baekvad-Hansen ◽  
Henrik Hjalgrim ◽  
Klaus Rostgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Extreme Prematurity ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevalence Proportion ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Objectives To explore the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on premature birth rates in Denmark Design Nationwide register-based prevalence proportion study. Participants 31,180 live singleton infants born in Denmark between March 12, and April 14, from 2015 to 2020 Main outcome measures The Main outcome measure was the odds ratio of premature birth, per preterm category, during the lockdown period compared with the calendar match period in the five previous years. Results A total of 31 180 newborns were included in the study period, of these 58 were born extremely premature (gestational age below 28 weeks). The distribution of gestational ages was significantly different (p = 0.004) during the lockdown period compared to the previous five years. The extremely premature birth rate during the lockdown was significantly lower than the corresponding mean rate for the same dates in the previous years (odds ratio 0.09 [95 % CI 0.01 - 0.04], p < 0.001). No significant difference between the lockdown and previous years was found for other gestational age categories. Conclusions The birth rate of extremely premature infants decreased significantly (~90 % reduction) during the Danish nationwide lockdown from a stable rate in the preceding five years. The reasons for this decrease are unclear. Identification of possible causal mechanisms might stimulate changes in clinical practice. Ideally, some cases of extreme prematurity are preventable which may decrease infant morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Physiotherapy and related management for childhood obesity: A systematic scoping review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252572
Author(s):  
Kim Truong ◽  
Sandra Park ◽  
Margarita D. Tsiros ◽  
Nikki Milne
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Childhood Overweight ◽  
Environmental Modification ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Multicomponent Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Despite targeted efforts globally to address childhood overweight/obesity, it remains poorly understood and challenging to manage. Physiotherapists have the potential to manage children with obesity as they are experts in movement and physical activity. However, their role remains unclear due to a lack of physiotherapy-specific guidelines. This scoping review aims to explore existing literature, critically appraising and synthesising findings to guide physiotherapists in the evidence-based management of childhood overweight/obesity. Method A scoping review was conducted, including literature up to May 2020. A review protocol exists on Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/fap8g/. Four databases were accessed including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Medline via OVID, with grey literature searched through google via “file:pdf”. A descriptive synthesis was undertaken to explore the impact of existing interventions and their efficacy. Results From the initial capture of 1871 articles, 263 intervention-based articles were included. Interventions included qualitative focused physical activity, quantitative focused physical activity and multicomponent interventions. Various outcome measures were utilised including health-, performance- and behaviour-related outcomes. The general trend for physiotherapy involvement with children who are obese appears to favour: 1) multicomponent interventions, implementing more than one component with environmental modification and parental involvement and 2) quantitative physical activity interventions, focusing on the quantity of bodily movement. These approaches most consistently demonstrated desirable changes across behavioural and health-related outcome measures for multicomponent and quantitative physical activity interventions respectively. Conclusion When managing children with obesity, physiotherapists should consider multicomponent approaches and increasing the quantity of physical activity, given consistent improvements in various obesity-related outcomes. Such approaches are well suited to the scope of physiotherapists and their expertise in physical activity prescription for the management of childhood obesity. Future research should examine the effect of motor skill interventions and consider the role of environmental modification/parental involvement as factors contributing to intervention success.

scholarly journals Iodine Status Has No Impact on Thyroid Function in Early Healthy Pregnancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brucker-Davis ◽  
P. Ferrari ◽  
J. Gal ◽  
F. Berthier ◽  
P. Fenichel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Normal Thyroid ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Thyroid Screening ◽  
Normal Thyroid Function ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To assess the impact of iodine status in early pregnancy on thyroid function.Methods. Women >18 years old seen at their first prenatal consult before 12 weeks of amenorrhea and without personal thyroid history were proposed thyroid screening and were eligible if they had strictly normal thyroid tests (fT4 > 10th percentile, TSH < 2.5 mUI/L, negative anti-TPO antibodies). Evaluation included thyroid ultrasound, extensive thyroid tests, and ioduria (UIE).Results. 110 women (27.5 y, 8 weeks of amenorrhea, smoking status: 28% current smokers) were enrolled. Results are expressed as medians. UIE was 116 μg/L. 66.3% of women had iodine deficiency (ID) defined as UIE < 150. FT4 was 14.35 pmol/L; TSH 1.18 mUI/L; fT3 5 pmol/L; thyroglobulin 17.4 ng/mL; rT3 0.27 ng/mL; thyroid volume: 9.4 ml. UIE did not correlate with any thyroid tests, but correlated negatively with thyroid volume. UIE and all thyroid tests, except fT3, correlated strongly withβhCG. Smoking correlated with higher thyroid volume and thyroglobulin and with lower rT3.Conclusions. In pregnant women selected for normal thyroid function, mild ID is present in 66% during the 1st trimester. The absence of correlation between UIE and thyroid tests at that stage contrasts with the impact ofβhCG and, to a lesser degree, maternal smoking.

scholarly journals The impact of cigarette smoking on infarct location and in-hospital outcome following acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-215
Author(s):  
Mehdi Toluey ◽  
Samad Ghaffari ◽  
Arezou Tajlil ◽  
Babak Nasiri ◽  
Ali Rostami
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Inferior Myocardial Infarction ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Smoking, which is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary artery diseases, affects cardiovascular system with different mechanisms. We designed this study to investigate the association of smoking with location of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and short-term outcomes during hospitalization. Methods: In 1017 consecutive patients with anterior/inferior STEMI, comprehensive demographic, biochemical data, as well as clinical complications and mortality rate, were recorded. Patients were allocated into two groups based on smoking status and compared regarding the location of myocardial infarction, the emergence of clinical complications and in-hospital mortality in univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Among 1017 patients, 300 patients (29.5%) were smoker and 717 patients (70.5 %) were non-smoker. Smokers were significantly younger and had lower prevalence of diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Inferior myocardial infarction was considerably more common in smokers than in non-smokers (45.7% vs. 36%, P = 0.001). Heart failure was developed more commonly in non-smokers (33.9% vs. 20%, P = 0.001). In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in smokers (6.7% vs. 17.3%, P = 0.001). After adjustment for confounding variables, smoking was independently associated with inferior myocardial infarction and lower heart failure [odds ratio: 1.44 (1.06-1.96), P = 0.01 and odds ratio: 0.61 (0.40-0.92), P = 0.02, respectively]. However, in-hospital mortality was not associated with smoking after adjustment for other factors [odds ratio: 0.69 (0.36-1.31), P = 0.2]. Conclusion: Smoking is independently associated with inferior myocardial infarction. Although smokers had lower incidence of heart failure, in-hospital mortality was not different after adjustment for other factors.

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