scholarly journals Managing Medication Cost Burden: A Qualitative Study Exploring Experiences of People with Disabilities in Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Gupta ◽  
Mary Ann McColl ◽  
Sara J.T. Guilcher ◽  
Karen Smith
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Medication Cost ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Despite the abundant literature on the burden of rising costs of prescription medications, there is limited research to explore how these costs affect people and the decisions they are forced to make within the context of disability. In this qualitative study we explored strategies adopted, factors influencing, and the impact of some of these strategies to manage the burden of medication cost among persons with disabilities. We interviewed 12 adults with spinal cord injuries living in Canada, using a general inductive approach to analyze the data. We found that before cutting back on medications due to costs, participants generally tried and sought help from the government, employers, and/or their prescribers to improve their drug coverage. The key factors that participants considered while making decisions on the strategies included the cost and perceived importance of medications, their financial status, other competing needs, and their relationship with the prescribers. While some of their efforts were successful, many participants were still not able to obtain their medications as prescribed. In those cases, patients resorted to rationing strategies such as cutting back on medications, other essential needs, or selling assets. These strategies had serious implications on their health, healthcare utilization, and quality of life.

scholarly journals Suitability Analysis of Office Building Design against Maintenance Cost (Case Study of Serayu Opak River Basin Organization, Yogyakarta Province)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Mario Puji Hersanto ◽  
Ashar Saputra ◽  
Suprapto Siswosukarto
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to determine the effect of building design's inaccuracy against the cost of maintenance, by taking the research in Serayu Opak River Basin Organization, Water Resources Field and Water Resources Management Center in Yogyakarta Special Region. The first step is to analyze the inaccuracy of building design based on the result of interview and observation during field survey. The second step is to analyze the cost of building maintenance. The third step is to analyze the maintenance costs used to minimize the effects of the inaccurate design of the building. The result shows the inaccuracy of building design in the form of the use of clear glass without coated glass film and the absence of heat insulator on the roof of the building cause the room to become hot. The installation of rain gutters without vertical pipes, toilet facilities in the entire building is not yet complete, inadequate accessibility for persons with disabilities, and inadequate corridor design. There is a small portion of the maintenance budget used for reducing the impact of building design's inaccuracy, so it can be concluded that the design of the building is less meet the requirements of the Government regulations.

scholarly journals (The Impact of Traffic Accidents on Development: A Contemporary Accounting Perspective, Asir governorate as a model - Saudi Arabia (2006-2013: أثر حوادث المرور على التنمية نظرة محاسبية معاصرة محافظة (عسير) نموذجاً المملكة العربية السعودية (2006– 2013)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahabuddin Mohammed Ahmed Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The traffic accidents in the high ways and towns are still increasing, their effect on the community development clearly seen. The control of this problem is highly significant. The analysis of the data and the information about the traffic accidents, their direct, indirect, a variables and continues cost represented in curing the injured, paying the Diya, the cost of the medical operations on behalf of the government and the relatives of the injured dealt with through the accounting view. This paper aimed at measuring the effect of traffic accidents in terms of money, to be use for the development of Accer province – South of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The overall cost of the traffic accidents in 2013 is 23 pillions Riyal. The percentage of the injured is 30% per family. The cost account of traffic accidents in Accer province is 1. 6 pillions Riyal. These sums of money could have been use for the development of the province. The paper recommends The direct, indirect, a variables and continues costs of the traffic accidents should give a due consideration The traffic administration should give a due consideration as well, to be minimizing the number of the traffic accidents. There should be decisive practical measures to stop these accidents.

scholarly journals The Impact of Government Subsidies on Private R&D Investment in Different Markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Jinglve Wang ◽  
Guohua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Private Investment ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Government Subsidies ◽  
End Products ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
D Investment ◽  
Governmental Subsidy

In contrast to the econometric models that have been commonly used throughout a large portion of the literature, we develop six game-theoretic models to analyze governmental subsidy strategies in different market environments and to investigate the question of whether government subsidies crowd in or crowd out private investment in R&D activities. Based on realistic situations, we classify governmental subsidy strategies into three types, namely, no subsidy provided, subsidies provided based on the price of the end products, and subsidies provided based on the cost of R&D. In addition, according to whether competition exists in the market, we classify markets into monopoly markets and duopoly markets. Our research shows (a) that the relationship between government subsidies and private R&D investment is deeply impacted by the form of the subsidies used; (b) that the characteristic value of the R&D project and the competitive environment of the market are the two key factors that should be considered when governments decide which form of subsidy to employ; and (c) the optimal amount for each type of subsidy.

Extending social protection to persons with disabilities: Exploring the accessibility and the impact of the Disability Fund on the lives of persons with disabilities in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Peprah Opoku ◽  
William Nketsia ◽  
Elvis Agyei-Okyere ◽  
Wisdom Kwadwo Mprah
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Units ◽  
The Impact

In many low-income countries, persons with disabilities are consistently denied access to essential services, contributing to a high incidence of poverty among them. The Goal 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) exhorts countries to develop appropriate social protection to serve as a springboard to alleviate poverty among all persons. The government of Ghana has introduced Disability Fund to provide one-off financial support to persons with disabilities through its decentralised political units. This is to enable persons with disability to participate in socio-economic activities. However, after a decade of the establishment of the fund, anecdotal evidence still shows that many persons with disabilities continue to live in deplorable conditions. Therefore, the main aim of this qualitative study was to explore the beneficial impact of the fund on the lives of persons with disabilities in Ghana. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from 48 participants, comprising 20 males and 28 females with disabilities. The narratives from the participants revealed that only a few were able to access the fund. In their quest to access the fund, participants encountered barriers, such as lack of information, delays in disbursement and insufficient funds. The findings underscore the need for re-evaluation of the administration of Disability Fund and its disbursement processes. The implications of the findings for policy reform are extensively discussed.

An Adapted Model of Cost-Related Nonadherence to Medications Among People With Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Gupta ◽  
Mary Ann McColl ◽  
Sara J. T. Guilcher ◽  
Karen Smith
Keyword(s):  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Medication Cost ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Physician Services ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
Medical Regimens ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
Care Costs

Despite emerging evidence on cost-related nonadherence (CRNA) to prescription medications, there is little conceptualization and exploration of this phenomenon with respect to disability. Specifically, there is a gap in the literature that explores factors influencing medication cost–adherence relationship among individuals living with a disability. To advance research on and policy for CRNA to medications among people with disabilities, we need a framework that can contribute towards guiding solutions to this problem. We examined the applicability of Piette and colleagues’ existing model for CRNA to the context of people with disabilities and suggested an adapted model (CRNA to medications for persons with disability [CRNA-d]) that can provide a more specific conceptualization of CRNA with respect to disability. The adapted CRNA-d model depicts that CRNA to prescription medications with respect to disability is a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon, determined by various socioeconomic, disability-related, medication-related, prescriber-related, and system-related factors. We discuss how higher susceptibility to health complications, barriers to income and employment, additional health care costs, the complexity of medical regimens, limited access to physician services, and other policy-related factors increase the risk of persons with disabilities to face cost-related barriers to fulfill their necessary medications.

scholarly journals Sermons That Have Changed My Life: A Qualitative Study of the Factors in Sermons that Elicit Change

Homiletic ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Stoorvogel ◽  
Mark Van Vuuren ◽  
Menno De Jong
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
The Impact

Can people be changed by sermons? This study focuses on the impact sermons can have on people’s lives, and the factors involved. A qualitative study was conducted among a group of sermon listeners. The results show that all the respondents experienced a change in their lives through sermons. Moreover, the respondents show remarkable unity in their views about which factors in the sermons caused them to change. The results illustrate that the connection between the message of the sermon and the actual question, the listener’s challenge or field of interest, and the preacher’s ability to communicate in a surprising and novel way are key factors in a sermon to elicit change.

scholarly journals Managing Tax Dispute Due to IFRS-16 on the Retrofits Implementation in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.21) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Ismiriai Nasip ◽  
Eka Sudarmaji
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Business Owner ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The IFRS-16 will shortly be implemented worldwide, where the operating lease is effectively removed, and all operational leases are qualified as debt. The operational lease is a major source and is important for off-balance sheet financing in Indonesia. Therefore, the implementation of IFRS-16 will probably hurt Indonesian business. The contract and/or service level agreements on the retrofits for the energy efficiency product can relieve the business owner from cash flow and new debts. This study established a framework for a critical comparative study; compare and assess the possibility of the retrofit financial practices under the current taxes regime, and the possibility upon IFRS-16 implementation to better understand the favorable measures for retrofit practitioners and future customers to handle the disputes. Triangulate the findings of comparative study and questionnaire survey to develop recommendation for the future researchers, practitioners and the government. The result indicates that the benefits of the retrofits financing implementation beat the cost and complexity posed by the enactment of new IFRS standards. Thus, the impact of the IFRS-16 and taxation are being considered as a part of business constraints that should be addressed together and able to manage the disputes over misperception on retrofits aspects with taxes officers.  

scholarly journals Comparison of the cost of illness of primary liver cancer between Japan and Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Wu ◽  
Kunichika Matsumoto ◽  
Ya-Mei Chen ◽  
Yu-Chi Tung ◽  
Tzu-Ying Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Contribution Ratio ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mortality Cost ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Foreign Exchange Volatility ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Primary liver cancer (PLC) is the fifth and second leading cause of death in Japan and Taiwan, respectively. The aim of this study was to compare the economic burden of PLC between the two countries using the cost of illness (COI) method and identify the key factors causing the different trends in the economic burdens of PLC. Materials and methods We calculated the COI every 3 years using governmental statistics of both countries (1996–2014 data for Japan and 2002–2014 data for Taiwan). The COI was calculated by summing the direct costs, morbidity costs, and mortality costs. We compared the COIs of PLC in both countries at the USD-based cost. The average exchange rate during the targeted years was used to remove the impact of foreign exchange volatility. Results From 1996 to 2014, the COI exhibited downward and upward trends in Japan and Taiwan, respectively. In Japan, the COI in 2014 was 0.70 times the value in 1996, and in Taiwan, the COI in 2014 was 1.16 times greater than that in 1996. The mortality cost was the greatest contributor in both countries and had the largest contribution ratio to the COI increase in Japan. However, the direct cost in Taiwan had the largest contribution ratio to the COI decrease. Conclusions To date, the COI of PLC in Japan has continuously decreased, whereas that in Taiwan has increased. Previous health policies and technological developments are thought to have accelerated the COI decrease in Japan and are expected to change the trend of COI of PLC, even in Taiwan.

Quantifying the Impact of Development of the Transport Sector in Pakistan

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 779-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

An efficient transport system is not only a pre-requisite for economic development but is also important to achieve the objective of economic integration in the world economy. Insufficient transport infrastructure results in congestion, delay delivery time, fuel waste, pollution and accident1 which built inefficiencies in the economy and costs the economy 4 to 6 percent of GDP each year [Shah (2006)and World Bank (2007)], which can be saved by investing in transport services. Realising its importance, the government of Pakistan has initiated National Trade Corridor Improvement Programme (NTCIP) in 2005 to improve logistic and transport infrastructure so that it can fulfill the demand of economy more efficiently. This five years programme includes all sectors that improve performance of corridor-high way namely, road transport, railways, airports, and ships etc. The objective of the programme is to reduce the cost of doing business and improve quality of services. The study quantifies the efficiency of transport sector by evaluating the impact of public investment to improve transport services on the economy in general and on cost of land transportation in particular; i.e., cost of freight and passenger movement and cost of externalities such as congestion, air pollution and accident. The outcome of the study depends on how improved facility is achieved, i.e., who bears the cost and who benefits etc. This paper assumes tax financed public investment that not only change domestic price and demand, but also welfare and poverty. The issue is analysed in computable general equilibrium framework taking into account inter linkages of transport sector with rest of the economy. First, a social accounting matrix (SAM) is developed with a detailed transport module. Then, a dynamic CGE model is developed around this SAM and simulations are conducted for short run and long run analysis of public investment in trans port sector.

Carp polyculture in ponds in greater Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Colavito
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aquaculture Production

Abstract The greater Mymensingh area comprises seven districts and a population of over 17 million people (2002). This area was the location of DANIDA's Mymensingh Aquaculture Extension Project (MAEP) implemented jointly with the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) to assess the potential of aquaculture to alleviate poverty. The MAEP (1989-2003) promoted carp polyculture through the development of hatcheries, nurseries, micro-credit, and an extensive training programme targeted at the poorest households. The MAEP played a key role in initiating improved aquaculture practice in Bangladesh. Winrock International was engaged by DANIDA to document the impact of the MAEP. In the Mymensingh area, over 1.4 million households have adopted carp polyculture. Annual income per household from carp polyculture is US$ 145 (2002). Unit yields increased from 1 to 3.3 t ha-1 from 1989 to 2002. Total production has increased from 85,000 to 351,000 t resulting in an annual increase in revenue of US$ 204 million. Over 40% of Bangladesh's aquaculture production now comes from greater Mymensingh, which has less than 10% of the nation's population. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the MAEP investment is 224% and the cost benefit ratio is 1:27. The MAEP has had a profound impact in improving the lives of the rural poor.

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