scholarly journals Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine-Induced Antibody Response and Influencing Determinants in Patients ≥ 55 Years of Age in the 2018/2019 Season

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ganczak ◽  
Paulina Dubiel ◽  
Marzena Drozd-Dąbrowska ◽  
Ewelina Hallmann-Szelińska ◽  
Karol Szymański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Seroconversion Rate ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Primary Care Clinic ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
B Lineage ◽  
Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine

The effects of immunization with subunit inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) are not generally well assessed in the elderly Polish population. Therefore, this study evaluated vaccine-induced antibody response and its determinants. Methods: Consecutive patients ≥ 55 years old, attending a Primary Care Clinic in Gryfino, Poland, received QIV (A/Michigan/ 45/2015(H1N1)pdm09, A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2), B/Colorado/06/2017, B/Phuket/ 3073/2013) between October-December 2018. Hemagglutination inhibition assays measured antibody response to vaccine strains from pre/postvaccination serum samples. Geometric mean titer ratio (GMTR), protection rate (PR) and seroconversion rate (SR) were also calculated. Results: For 108 patients (54.6% males, mean age: 66.7 years) the highest GMTR (61.5-fold) was observed for A/H3N2/, then B/Colorado/06/2017 (10.3-fold), A/H1N1/pdm09 (8.4-fold) and B/Phuket/ 3073/2013 (3.0-fold). Most patients had post-vaccination protection for A/H3N2/ and B/Phuket/3073/ 2013 (64.8% and 70.4%, respectively); lower PRs were observed for A/H1N1/pdm09 (41.8%) and B/Colorado/06/ 2017 (57.4%). The SRs for A/H3N2/, A/H1N1/pdm09, B Victoria and B Yamagata were 64.8%, 38.0%, 46.8%, and 48.2%, respectively. Patients who received QIV vaccination in the previous season presented lower (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively) response to B Victoria and B Yamagata. Conclusions: QIV was immunogenic against the additional B lineage strain (B Victoria) without significantly compromising the immunogenicity of the other three vaccine strains, therefore, adding a second B lineage strain in QIV could broaden protection against influenza B infection in this age group. As the QIV immunogenicity differed regarding the four antigens, formulation adjustments to increase the antigen concentration of the serotypes that have lower immunogenicity could increase effectiveness. Prior season vaccination was associated with lower antibody response to a new vaccine, although not consistent through the vaccine strains.

scholarly journals Serologic antibody response to quadrivalent influenza vaccination in Polish elderly patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Dubiel ◽  
M Ganczak ◽  
M Drozd-Dąbrowska ◽  
E Hallmann-Szelińska ◽  
K Szymański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Primary Care Clinic ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine

Abstract Background The effectiveness of immunization with subunit inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) in the elderly has not been sufficiently estimated. The study objective was to evaluate QIV-induced antibody response and influencing determinants in Polish elderly patients. Methods Consecutive patients ≥55 years old attending the Primary Care Clinic in Gryfino, Poland, received QIV (A/Michigan/45/2015 [A/H1N1/pdm09], A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 [A/H3N2/], B/Colorado/06/2017 [Victoria lineage], B/Phuket/3073/2013 [Yamagata lineage]) between October-December 2018. Hemagglutination-inhibition assays measured antibody response to vaccine strains before/after vaccination. Geometric mean titer (GMT)/titers ratio (GMTR), protection (PR) and response (RR) rates were calculated. Results Among 108 participants (45.4% females; age 55-85, median 67 years) the highest GMTR after vaccination was observed for A/H3N2/(61.5-fold) followed by Victoria lineage (10.3-fold), A/H1N1/pdm09 (8.4-fold) and Yamagata lineage (3.0-fold). Most participants had a post-QIV protection for A/H3N2/and Yamagata lineage vaccine strains (64.8%, 70.4% respectively); lower PR were observed for Victoria lineage (57.4%) and A/H1N1/pdm09 (41.8%). The RR was high for A/H3N2/(91.7%) and Victoria lineage (68.5%), however, not satisfactory for A/H1N1/pdm09 and Yamagata lineage (59.3%, 52.8% respectively). Patients who received influenza vaccination in the previous year presented lower response to the both B strains compared to those who did not (p &lt; 0.0001 and p = 0.03 respectively). Conclusions Although vaccine-induced antibody response in the elderly Polish population was more effective against A/H3N2/and B Victoria, this introductory study supports the use of QIV. Prior season vaccination was associated with lower antibody response to the current vaccination; this was not consistent to vaccine strains. Further research to better investigate QIV effectiveness determinants in the elderly would be of value. Key messages Subunit inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) is effective in elderly people and should be used. The response to vaccination is not consistent and depends on the strain of influenza virus.

scholarly journals Protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous HI antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pyhälä
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYA split-product influenza A vaccine which contained an influenza B strain (B/Hong Kong/8/73) and two influenza A strains, antigenically identical with A/Fort Dix/741/76 (HswlNl) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), was offered to personnel of the CPHL. Changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. During the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza A infections (2·6%) among the vaccinees. This is one eighth of the corresponding infection rate (22%) in the general population estimated on the basis of other indices.The vaccinees' antibody response was strongly influenced by the age of the individual subjects. During the trial period the decrease in the antibody titres slowed down. The geometric mean titres of homologous HI antibodies were still substantially higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. This also applied to heterologous antibodies against H1N1 viruses in persons born between 1926 and 1952. In participants born after 1952, the vaccine was not able to evoke these antibodies, and in participants born in or before 1925 the boosting effect was poor.

scholarly journals The results of clinical trial on immunogenicity of adjuvanted quadrivalent inactivated subunit influenza vaccine Grippol Quadrivalent in pediatric population 6 to 17 years old

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
O.P. Kovtun ◽  
V.V. Romanenko ◽  
I.V. Feldblum ◽  
A.U. Sabitov ◽  
A.V. Ankudinova
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Seroconversion Rate ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quadrivalent Vaccine ◽  
Seroprotection Rate ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
B Virus

Russian health care workers currently use trivalent influenza vaccines with a strain of a single lineage of type B virus. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of an adjuvanted quadrivalent inactivated subunit influenza vaccine Grippol Quadrivalent in pediatric population 6 to 17 years old. We compared this new vaccine to a trivalent Grippol Plus vaccine in terms of immunogenicity against certain strains of influenza virus. A multicenter double-blind randomized controlled clinical study was conducted in 440 pediatric subjects (age groups: 6 to 11; 12 to 17 y.o.); 221 subjects received Grippol Quadrivalent, 219 – Grippol Plus. Vaccine immunogenicity was evaluated by seroprotection rate (SPR), seroconversion rate (SCR), geometric mean titer (GMT) of antibodies, and an X-fold rise in antibodies level (↑GMT). Antibodies quantification was done using hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) in serial serum dilutions. No significant differences were found between the two vaccines’ performance against A(H1N1), A(H3N2) strains or Victoria B virus. With respect to type A virus, both vaccines satisfied three of CPMP criteria (SPR, SCR, ↑GMT). With respect to Victoria B virus, the two vaccines met but one CPMP criterion (↑GMT). The immunogenicity against Yamagata B virus was evaluated only for Grippol Quadrivalent vaccine which met two of CPMP requirements (SCR, ↑GMT). Our findings suggest that in terms of its prophylactic efficiency, Grippol Quadrivalent vaccine is no inferior to the Grippol Plus one.

scholarly journals Live Oral Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine Induces Durable Antibody Response

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie D. Collins ◽  
Anima Adhikari ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Robert A. Kuschner ◽  
Nicos Karasavvas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
The United States ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Military

Human adenoviruses (AdV) are mostly associated with minimal pathology. However, more severe respiratory tract infections and acute respiratory diseases, most often caused by AdV-4 and AdV-7, have been reported. The only licensed vaccine in the United States, live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine, is indicated for use in the military, nearly exclusively in recruit populations. The excellent safety profile and prominent antibody response of the vaccine is well established by placebo-controlled clinical trials, while, long-term immunity of vaccination has not been studied. Serum samples collected over 6 years from subjects co-administered live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine in 2011 were evaluated to determine the duration of the antibody response. Group geometric mean titers (GMT) at 6 years post vaccination compared to previous years evaluated were not significantly different for either AdV-4 or AdV-7 vaccine components. There were no subjects that demonstrated waning neutralization antibody (NAb) titers against AdV-4 and less than 5% of subjects against AdV-7. Interestingly, there were subjects that had a four-fold increase in NAb titers against either AdV-4 or AdV-7, at various time points post vaccination, suggesting either homotypic or heterotypic re-exposure. This investigation provided strong evidence that the live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine induced long-term immunity to protect from AdV-4 and AdV-7 infections.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and safety of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Fadlyana ◽  
Kusnandi Rusmil ◽  
Novilia Sjafri Bachtiar ◽  
Rachmat Gunadi ◽  
Hadyana Sukandar
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Influenza Prevention

Background Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (TIV) containing antigens of two influenza A strains, A(H1N1) and A(H3N2), and one influenza B strain, are the standard {onnulation for influenza prevention. The vaccines must be updated annually to provide optimal protection against the predicted prevalent strains for the next influenza season.Objective To assess the immunogenidty and safety of the inactivated influenza vaccine (Flubio®) in adolescents and adults, 28 days after a single dose.Methods In this experimental, randomized, single-blind, bridging study, we included 60 healthy adolescents and adults. A single, 0.5 mL dose was administered intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle of the left ann. Blood samples were obtained before and 28 days after immunization. Standardized hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was used to assess antibody response to influenza antigens.Results From January to February 2010, a total of 60 adolescents and adults enrolled in the study, but two participants did not provide the required blood samples. One hundred percent of the subjects had an anti-influenza titer ≥ 1:40 HI units to all three strains, A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1), A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (P=1.000) after immunization. The Geometric Mean Titers (GMT) after immunization increasedfor all strains: A/Brisbane, 76.4 to 992.7, A/Uruguay, 27.6 to 432.1, and B/Brisbane, 19.9 to 312.7. Twenty eight days after immunization, we found a 4 times increase in antibody titers in 75.8% of the subjects for A/Brisbane, 84.5% for A/Uruguay, and 77.6% for B/Brisbane. We also observed that 100% of seronegative subjects converted to seropositive for all 3 strains. All vaccines were well-tolerated. There were no serious adverse events reported during the study.Conclusion In adolescents and adults, the Flubio® vaccine was immunogenic and safe.

Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Report after Two Epidemic Seasons.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 4598-4598
Author(s):  
Piotr Centkowski ◽  
Lidia B. Brydak ◽  
Magdalena Machala ◽  
Ewa Kalinka ◽  
Maria Blasinska-Morawiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Antibody Titers

Abstract Vaccination against influenza is recommended for immunocompromised individuals. However, there is little information concerning the efficacy of vaccination in patients (pts) with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The purpose of this study was to assess humoral response to standard intramuscular trivalent subunit influenza vaccine in pts with NHL as compared to healthy subjects. In two consecutive epidemic seasons, 2003/2004 and 2004/2005, 163 pts and 92 healthy controls were vaccinated. Antibody titers to hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were measured in serum samples collected before vaccination, and 1 and 6 months apart. Changes in the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NII) antibody titers were assessed by comparing geometric mean titers and mean fold increases to baseline values and by comparing changes in the HA seroconversion and seroprotection rates. Pts who received influenza vaccine during 2003/2004 season had after one month increases in the geometric mean titers by a factor of 8,64–26,60 for HI and 6,93–12,66 for NI, as compared with respective increases by a factor of 9,12–24,41 and 4,83–10,31 for the healthy controls. At one month after vaccination seroprotection and seroresponse rates were similar in the two groups, ranging from 68,42 to 84,21 % and 71,93 to 94,74 % in NHL and 66,67–82,22 % and 62,22–86,67 % in controls, respectively. After six months, seroprotection and seroresponse rates had decreased in NHL group to 31,91–38,30% and 46,81–72,34%, respectively. Pts who received influenza vaccine during 2004/2005 season had after 1 month increases in the geometric mean titers by a factor of 38,76–41,49 for HI and 26,59–30,31 for NI, as compared with respective increases by a factor of 81,19–104,32 and 52,16–54,52 for the healthy controls. Seroprotection and seroresponse rates were lower in the former group, ranging from 62,11 to 65,26 % and 74,47 to 77,66 %, respectively. After six months, these parameters had decreased to 24,72–31,46% and 57,30–59,55%, respectively. In both studied seasons, pts achieved titres of functional antibodies greater than the protective threshold, irrespective of the previous chemotherapy administration. The results of this study indicate that standard influenza vaccination induces sufficient immune responses in pts with NHL. Previous chemotherapy adminstration seems to have no impact on the efficacy of vaccination.

scholarly journals Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4

1975 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Smith ◽  
W. B. Fletcher ◽  
Martin Peters ◽  
M. Westwood ◽  
F. J. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Injection Site ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Adjuvant Vaccine ◽  
Systemic Symptoms

SUMMARYA comparison was made of the antibody response and subjective reactions to zonally-purified influenza vaccine in aqueous suspension and in peanut oil adjuvant 65-4. Both preparations contained 700 CCA units of A/Aichi/2/68, and 300 CCA units of B/Mass/1/71.Subjective reactions were recorded by asking the volunteers to complete a record daily for 5 days. Pain at the injection site was recorded by 64% of the recipients of the oil adjuvant vaccine compared with 35% of the aqueous recipients, but local redness was more frequent after aqueous vaccine. Systemic symptoms were recorded a little more frequently after aqueous than oil adjuvant vaccine.When measured 7½ weeks after a single dose of vaccine, the HAI geometric mean antibody titre (G.M.T.) to the A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen (antigenically similar to the A/Aichi/2/68 antigen in the vaccine) increased 2·7-fold after aqueous and 16·4-fold after adjuvant vaccine. Sixty-two weeks after vaccination the antibody titres remained higher in those given adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to B/Mass/1/71 increased 1·9-fold 7½ weeks after aqueous vaccine and 3·7-fold after adjuvant vaccine.The antibody response to both influenza A and B antigens was broader in the recipients of adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to A/England/42/72 increased 2·8-fold after aqueous and 13-fold after adjuvant vaccine; and to B/England/847/73 it increased 1·3-fold after aqueous and 1·9-fold after adjuvant vaccine.

scholarly journals Assessment of Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Lioznov ◽  
S. M. Kharit ◽  
M. K. Erofeeva ◽  
T. G. Zubkova ◽  
O. V. Gorchakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Good Tolerability ◽  
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Randomized Clinical Study ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine

In this multicenter double blind randomized clinical study with parallel groups conducted with 612 healthy volunteers, domestic influenza quadrivalent inactivated subunit vaccine Grippol® Quadrivalent safety, tolerability and immunogenicity was evaluated in comparison with seasonal trivalent vaccines, It was demonstrated that quadrivalent influenza vaccine Grippol® Quadrivalent possesses good tolerability, low reactogenicity, and has favorable safety profile similar to that for trivalent comparators. Besides, it was proven that quadrivalent influenza vaccine Grippol® Quadrivalent has same immunogenicity for three conventional strains and significantly exceeds trivalent comparators for missed influenza B strain.

scholarly journals 2737. Comparison of Antibody Responses to Vaccination with a Pure Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine (rHA) and Licensed Subvirion Influenza Vaccine Made in Eggs or Cell Culture in Adults 60 Years and Older

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S963-S963
Author(s):  
Moumita Sarker ◽  
Angela Branche ◽  
Michael Peasley ◽  
David Topham
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
High Dose

Abstract Background Influenza is associated with increased mortality and morbidity for older adults. High-dose egg grown trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluzone HD) is safe and provides superior immune responses in older adults compared with standard dose (SD). Recently, two new vaccines have been licensed in the United States: cell cultured inactivated vaccine FluCelVax and baculovirus-expressed pure hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine FluBlok. Data from one study demonstrated higher efficacy with FluBlok than SD Fluzone in older adults. There is no data however comparing HD Fluzone to FluBlok and FluCelVax has not been studied at all. The purpose of this study was to assess hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) antibody responses to vaccination with three vaccines in adults ≥ 60 years. Methods Adults ≥ 60 years were randomly assigned to receive one of the three vaccines: Fluzone HD, FluBlok and FluCelVax (Figure 1). Active influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance was conducted with bi-weekly telephone calls. Serum samples were collected prior to vaccination and at day 7, 14, 28 and 180 and antibody responses assessed by HAI titer to A/Singapore/INFIMH-16–0019(H3N2), A/Michigan/45/2015(H1N1) and B/Colorado/6/2017 (Victoria) viruses as well as a circulating H3N2 strain. The primary endpoint was a 4-fold rise in antibody titer at day 28. Results 48 subjects were vaccinated in October 2018. Mean age was 69 and 65% were female. Two subjects reported ILI symptoms and one was positive for infection (H1N1). A majority of subjects demonstrated pre-existing antibody to all three viruses (Figure 2, Blue). Geometric mean titers (GMT) for antibody responses to the influenza A viruses were similar for FluBlok (FB) and HD Fluzone (FZ) but lower for FluCelVax(FCB) subjects (Figure 2, Orange). A higher percent of FlubBlok subjects demonstrated 4-fold rise in antibody responses to the Victoria influenza B virus (FB GMT 140 vs. FZ GMT 116, P = 0.26). Conclusion In this small study, antibody responses were similar or higher in older adults after vaccination with FluBlok compared with Fluzone HD with lower responses demonstrated with FluCelvax. Emerging concerns about HA egg adaptation during vaccine development compels further study to determine the appropriate vaccination strategy for this vulnerable population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity in sheep of Uruguayan commercial vaccines against bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, 5 and bovine pestiviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingryd Merchioratto ◽  
Alana de Almeida Aurélio ◽  
Janice Machado Villela ◽  
Nicole Vieira Stone ◽  
Isac Junior Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT: The serological responses induced by four commercial inactivated Uruguayan vaccines against bovine alphaherpesviruses (BoHV)-1 and -5 and bovine pestiviruses (BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and HoBiPeV) were evaluated in sheep. Thirty-seven sheep were immunized twice (day 0 and 25) and their serum samples were tested at different intervals (days 0, 25, 40, 60, and 90) post-vaccination (PV). Among the four vaccines tested, only one (G4) could induce the production of moderate neutralizing antibody titers against BoHV-1 and -5 and BVDV-1 and -2. The G3 vaccine showed a neutralizing serological response against the bovine alphaherpesviruses only. The G1 and G2 vaccines produced extremely low levels of antibodies in a few vaccinated animals only (geometric mean titers (GMT) 2.2). Similar levels of immunological responses were induced by the G4 vaccine against BoHV-1 and -5, and titers of neutralizing antibodies induced in approximately 70% of the animals are known to confer protection (GMT > 8). For bovine pestiviruses, the vaccine stimulated response of G4 against BVDV-2 was higher compared to that against BVDV-1, and extremely low for HoBiPeV. The peak of neutralizing antibodies to BoHV-1 and BVDV-1 was observed on days 40 and 60 PV, respectively. Thereafter, a remarkably decrease in neutralizing antibody response was observed at day 90 PV. These results demonstrated that tested commercial Uruguayan vaccines did not induce a serological response of adequate magnitude and duration. Thus, it is important to periodically review formulations and compositions of commercial vaccines against bovine alphaherpesviruses and pestiviruses.

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