scholarly journals The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Xu ◽  
Daxin Dong ◽  
Yilun Wang ◽  
Shiying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Particulate Matter 2.5 ◽  
Adverse Factor

Previous studies have reported that air pollution negatively affects the tourism industry. This paper attempted to answer the following question: among different air pollutants, which one acts as the most adverse factor? The study was based on a sample of panel data covering 337 Chinese cities for the period between 2007 and 2016. Four pollutant indicators were inspected: PM 2 . 5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in size), PM 10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in size), SO 2 (sulfur dioxide), and NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide). It was found that PM 2 . 5 had a significantly negative impact on both domestic and inbound tourist arrivals. Regarding the other three pollutant indicators, except for the negative influence of NO 2 on inbound tourist arrivals, no statistically significant impact was found. This study suggests that tourism policy makers should primarily focus on PM 2 . 5 , when considering the nexus between air quality and tourism development. According to our estimates, the negative impact of PM 2 . 5 on tourism is substantial. If the PM 2 . 5 concentration in the ambient air increases by 1 μ g/m 3 (= 0.001 mg/m 3 ), domestic and inbound tourist arrivals will decline by 0.482% and 1.227%, respectively. These numbers imply an average reduction of 81,855 person-times in annual domestic tourist arrivals and 12,269 in inbound tourist arrivals in each city.

Exercise Performed Concomitantly with Particulate Matter Exposure Inhibits Lung Injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Silva-Renno ◽  
Guilherme Baldivia ◽  
Manoel Oliveira-Junior ◽  
Maysa Brandao-Rangel ◽  
Elias El-Mafarjeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Systemic Response ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Particulate Matter Exposure

AbstractAir pollution is a growing problem worldwide, inducing and exacerbating several diseases. Among the several components of air pollutants, particulate matter (PM), especially thick (10–2.5 µm; PM 10) and thin (≤2.5 µm; PM 2.5), are breathable particles that easily can be deposited within the lungs, resulting in pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Although physical activity is strongly recommended, its effects when practiced in polluted environments are questionable. Therefore, the present study evaluated the pulmonary and systemic response of concomitant treadmill training with PM 2.5 and PM 10 exposure. Treadmill training inhibited PM 2.5- and PM 10-induced accumulation of total leukocytes (p<0.001), neutrophils (p<0.001), macrophages (p<0.001) and lymphocytes (p<0.001) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), as well as the BAL levels of IL-1beta (p<0.001), CXCL1/KC (p<0.001) and TNF-alpha (p<0.001), whereas it increased IL-10 levels (p<0.05). Similar effects were observed on accumulation of polymorphonuclear (p<0.01) and mononuclear (p<0.01) cells in the lung parenchyma and in the peribronchial space. Treadmill training also inhibited PM 2.5- and PM 10-induced systemic inflammation, as observed in the number of total leukocytes (p<0.001) and in the plasma levels of IL-1beta (p<0.001), CXCL1/KC (p<0.001) and TNF-alpha (p<0.001), whereas it increased IL-10 levels (p<0.001). Treadmill training inhibits lung and systemic inflammation induced by particulate matter.

scholarly journals Investigating the effect of an open window vs. a closed window on the concentrations of suspended particulate matter in the indoors with respect to the outdoors

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Singh ◽  
Tushar Mondal ◽  
Anil Dewan
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Open Window ◽  
Indoor Particulate Matter ◽  
Pm 10

A study was conducted to see the effect of an opened window vs. a closed window in New Delhi in peak winters. This is the time when the PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations are the highest in the ambient air due to various external factors. A PM 2.5 and PM 10 air quality meter was used at a singular location near the window for 10 days with 9 readings taken during the daily working hours. Contrary to the possible conjectural belief, it was found that the window opened or closed did not have a substantial effect on the concentrations of the indoor levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10. The results showed that opening of the windows does not substantially affect the levels of the indoors with respect to the levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in the outdoors. Outdoors may provide the source of the particulate matter in the indoor, but due to diffusive effect, open windows play a key role in the reducing the indoor levels. This study was reconfirmed with options where the windows were opened and then closed and vice-versa. In all cases, the effect of the outdoor was not visible. To curb indoor particulate matter levels, isolation is not the solution. (200 words)

scholarly journals The Short-Term Effects of Ambient Air Pollutants on Childhood Asthma Hospitalization in Taiwan: A National Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Yen Kuo ◽  
Chin-Kan Chan ◽  
Chiung-Yi Wu ◽  
Dinh-Van Phan ◽  
Chien-Lung Chan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
National Study ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Asthma Hospitalization

This investigation determined the effects of air pollution on childhood asthma hospitalization in regions with differing air pollution levels in Taiwan over a long time period. Data of childhood hospital admissions for asthma in patients aged 0–18 years and air quality in eight regions for the period 2001–2012 in Taiwan were collected. Poisson generalized linear regression analysis was employed to identify the relative risks of hospitalization due to asthma in children associated with exposure to varying levels of air pollutants with a change in the interquartile range after adjusting for temperature and relative humidity. Particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), were positively associated with childhood asthma hospitalization, while O3 was negatively associated with childhood asthma hospitalization. SO2 was identified as the most significant risk factor. The relative risks for asthma hospitalization associated with air pollutants were higher among children aged 0–5 years than aged 6–18 years and were higher among males than females. The effects of air pollution on childhood asthma were greater in the higher-level air pollution regions, while no association was observed in the lower-level air pollution regions. These findings may prove important for policymakers involved in implementing policies to reduce air pollution.

scholarly journals Trend of Particulate Matter PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Dhaka City

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Rouf ◽  
M Nasiruddin ◽  
AMS Hossain ◽  
MS Islam
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Pm 10

Dhaka City has been affecting with severe air pollution particularly by particulate matter. The ambient air quality data for particulate matter were collected during April 2002 to September 2005 at the Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAMS) located at Sangshad Bhaban, Dhaka. Data reveal that the pollution from particulate matter greatly varies with climatic condition. While the level comes down the limit value in the monsoon period (April-October), it goes beyond the limit during non-monsoon time (November-March). The latest data show that during monsoon period PM 10 concentration varies from 50 μg/m3 to 80 μg/m3 and PM 2.5 concentration from 20 μg/m3 to 60 μg/m3 and during non monsoon period PM 10 varies from 100 μg/m3 to 250 μg/m3 and PM 2.5 varies from 70 μg/m3 to 165 μg/m3. The seasonal variation clearly indicates the severe PM 10 pollution during the dry winter season and also sometime during post-monsoon season in Dhaka City. Keywords: Air pollution; PM 2.5; PM 10; Air quality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i3.9049 BJSIR 2011; 46(3): 389-398

scholarly journals Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM10 collected in Wadowice, South Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Alicja Skiba ◽  
Katarzyna Styszko ◽  
Przemysław Furman ◽  
Natasza Dobrowolska ◽  
Magdalena Kistler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Daily Pm10

Krakow is a city in southern Poland inhabited by about 741,000 people. However, Krakow’s agglomeration includes neighboring cities, hence more than 1 million people live there. The agglomeration is struggling with the problem of air pollution. In 2016, admissible average annual concentrations of PM10 (40 μg / m3) were exceeded at all measuring points. Furthermore, daily PM10 concentrations were regularly exceeded in the winter, which is associated with increased coal combustion during this period. Fortunately, interest in the subject of air quality in the world is constantly growing. People are more often aware of the negative impact on health of chemical compounds present in particulate matter (PM) such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), which were proved to be cancerogenic and mutagenic for people. That is why it is so important to study their presence in the ambient air. PM10 collected in the center of Wadowice (22.12.2016 – 13.10.2017) were investigated. PAHs were extracted from particulate matter and analysed applying the GC/MS technique. The results are discussed in the article.

scholarly journals Air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence from cohort studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyao Tang ◽  
Jian-Bo Zhou ◽  
Fuqiang Luo ◽  
Yipeng Han ◽  
Yoriko Heianza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Particulate Matter 2.5

Exposure to different air pollutants has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the evidence for the association between air pollutants and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has not been systematically evaluated. We systematically retrieved relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science, and performed stratified analyses and regression analyses. Thirteen studies were analyzed, comprising 1 547 154 individuals from nine retrospective studies, three prospective studies, and one case–control study. Increased exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) was not associated with the increased risk of GDM (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.06). However, subgroup analysis showed positive correlation of PM2.5 exposure in the second trimester with an increased risk of GDM (combined OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.13). Among pollutants other than PM2.5, significant association between GDM and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10), nitrogen oxide (NOx) (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.15) was noted. There was no significant association between exposure to black carbon or ozone or carbon monoxide or particulate matter ≤10 µm in diameter and GDM. Thus, systematic review of existing evidence demonstrated association of exposure to NO2, NOx, and SO2, and the second trimester exposure of PM2.5 with the increased risk of GDM. Caution may be exercised while deriving conclusions from existing evidence base because of the limited number and the observational nature of studies.

scholarly journals Ischemic Heart Disease and Ambient Air Pollution of Particulate Matter 2.5 in 51 Counties in the U.S.

2007 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Balluz ◽  
Xiao-Jun Wen ◽  
Machell Town ◽  
Jeffrey D. Shire ◽  
Judy Qualter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Particulate Matter 2.5 ◽  
The U.S

Objective. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the most common health threats to the adult population of the U.S. and other countries. The objective of this study was to examine the association between exposure to elevated annual average levels of Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) air quality index (AQI) and IHD in the general population. Methods. We combined data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency air quality database. We analyzed the data using SUDAAN software to adjust the effects of sampling bias, weights, and design effects. Results. The prevalence of IHD was 9.6% among respondents who were exposed to an annual average level of PM2.5 AQI >60 compared with 5.9% among respondents exposed to an annual average PM2.5 AQI ≤60. The respondents with higher levels of PM2.5 AQI exposure were more likely to have IHD (adjusted odds ratio 5 1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.11, 2.66) than respondents with lower levels of exposure after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions. Our study suggested that exposure to relatively higher levels of average annual PM2.5 AQI may increase the likelihood of IHD. In addition to encouraging health-related behavioral changes to reduce IHD, efforts should also focus on implementing appropriate measures to reduce exposure to unhealthy AQI levels.

scholarly journals Association Between Ambient Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors With SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Mortality in India: an Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Aggarwal ◽  
Sivaraman Balaji ◽  
Tanvi Singh ◽  
Geetha R Menon ◽  
Sandeep Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Ambient Air Pollutants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a serious public health concern worldwide. Certain regions of the globe were severely affected in terms of prevalence and mortality than other. Although the cause for this pattern is not clearly understood, lessons learned from previous epidemics and emerging evidences suggest the major role of ecological factors like ambient air pollutants (AAP) and meteorological parameters in increased COVID-19 incidence. The present study aimed to understand the impact of these factors on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and their associated mortality in major cities of India.Methods: This study used secondary AAP, meteorological and COVID-19 data from official websites for the period January-November 2020, which were divided into Pre-lockdown (January-March 2020), Phase I (April to June 2020) and Phase II (July to November 2020). After comprehensive screening, five major cities that includes 48 CPCB monitoring stations collecting daily data of ambient temperature, particulate matter PM2.5 and 10 were analysed. Spearman and Kendall’s rank correlation test was performed to understand the association between SARS-CoV-2 transmission and AAP and, meteorological variables. Similarly, case fatality rate (CFR) was determined to compute the correlation between AAP and COVID-19 related morality.Results: The level of air pollutants in major cities were significantly reduced during Phase I compared to Pre-lock down and increased upon Phase II in all the cities. During the Phase II in Delhi, the strong significant positive correlation was observed between the AAP and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, in Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai AAP levels were moderate and no correlation was noticed. The relation between AT and SARS-CoV-2 transmission was inconclusive as both positive and negative correlation observed. In addition, Delhi and Kolkata showed a positive association between long-term exposure to the AAP and COVID-19 CFR. Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that the particulate matter upon exceeding the satisfactory level serves as an important cofactor in increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and related mortality. These findings would help public health experts to understand the SARS-CoV-2 transmission against ecological variables in India and provides supporting evidence to healthcare policymakers and government agencies for formulating strategies to combat the COVID-19.

scholarly journals Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress Mediated by UVA-Visible Light Leads to Keratinocyte Damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10645
Author(s):  
Krystian Mokrzyński ◽  
Olga Krzysztyńska-Kuleta ◽  
Marcin Zawrotniak ◽  
Michał Sarna ◽  
Tadeusz Sarna
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ambient Air Pollutants

The human skin is exposed to various environmental factors including solar radiation and ambient air pollutants. Although, due to its physical and biological properties, the skin efficiently protects the body against the harm of environmental factors, their excessive levels and possible synergistic action may lead to harmful effects. Among particulate matter present in ambient air pollutants, PM2.5 is of particular importance for it can penetrate both disrupted and intact skin, causing adverse effects to skin tissue. Although certain components of PM2.5 can exhibit photochemical activity, only a limited amount of data regarding the interaction of PM2.5 with light and its effect on skin tissue are available. This study focused on light-induced toxicity in cultured human keratinocytes, which was mediated by PM2.5 obtained in different seasons. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were employed to determine sizes of the particles. The ability of PM2.5 to photogenerate free radicals and singlet oxygen was studied using EPR spin-trapping and time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, respectively. Solar simulator with selected filters was used as light source for cell treatment to model environmental lightning conditions. Cytotoxicity of photoexcited PM2.5 was analyzed using MTT assay, PI staining and flow cytometry, and the apoptotic pathway was further examined using Caspase-3/7 assay and RT-PCR. Iodometric assay and JC-10 assay were used to investigate damage to cell lipids and mitochondria. Light-excited PM2.5 were found to generate free radicals and singlet oxygen in season-dependent manner. HaCaT cells containing PM2.5 and irradiated with UV-Vis exhibited oxidative stress features–increased peroxidation of intracellular lipids, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced expression of oxidative stress related genes and apoptotic cell death. The data indicate that sunlight can significantly increase PM2.5-mediated toxicity in skin cells.

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