scholarly journals Fire Characteristics of Upholstery Materials in Seats

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3341
Author(s):  
Linda Makovická Osvaldová ◽  
Iveta Marková ◽  
Miroslava Vandlíčková ◽  
Stanislava Gašpercová ◽  
Michal Titko
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Flammability Test ◽  
Imitation Leather ◽  
Fire Characteristics ◽  
External Covering

The article deals with selected upholstery flammability test materials that, in the case of fire, can cause fire spread. For the research, frequently used materials for upholstery based on polyester were utilized: imitation leather, suede, and microplush. Initiation of initiating spontaneous flammability with various sources of ignition were measured including a smoldering cigarette and a match flame. Results were measured as smoldering time and length of the burnt-though sample. Upholstery materials are an integral part of seat construction. To be used in transport, upholstered material must meet safety measures such as the strength, sanitariness, and fire resistance. All tests were performed in accordance with applicable technical standards. Impact assessment of the sample (weight) on “smoldering time” and “length of degradation” was carried out using an ANOVA. Significant differences in length of degradation was observed between samples. Tests cannot provide reliable information about the flammability course of the final product. Upholstery is composed of external covering, of inner liner, and padding. Results of the research presented in this paper indicate the need to continue the research in a broader aspect.

scholarly journals Application of microscale combustion calorimeter to characterize protective properties of bovine leather

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Franka Žuvela Bošnjak ◽  
Sandra Flinčec Grgac ◽  
Suzana Mihanović
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Resistance Test ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽  
Combustion Calorimeter

The quality and properties of fire resistance are crucial to the selection of leather for the production of protective fire fighting boots, which has a primarily protective role. During fire extinguishing it is exposed to extremely high and low temperatures, chemicals (acids and alkalis), mechanical loads, etc. The properties of fire resistance were tested on two samples of bovine leather (BL1, BL2). Burn resistance test has been carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical standards for the burn resistance test: HRN EN ISO 15090: 2012, t, 7.3 - Firefighters and rescue services. The mentioned two samples were individually tested according to HRN EN ISO 15025: 2003. The test procedure was carried out by the "Flame Expansion Testing Method". Moreover, in this research used Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) Govmark, UK because that was designed for produce the maximum heating rate capability similarly the heating rates in fires and give as a lot of flammability parameters. The analysis of physicochemical properties of samples was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the samples was studied using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The measurement of the above samples on MCC was performed according to ASTM D7309. From the obtained HRR results, it is evident that BL1 sample has a better thermal stability than the BL2 sample.

scholarly journals FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDING STRUCTURES OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS STORES

Fire Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
O. I. Bashynskiy ◽  
M. Z. Peleshko ◽  
T. G. Berezhanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Combustible Liquids

The article is dedicated to the fire resistance limit of building structures of the objects for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Today, oil stores are very important elements of the oil supply system in Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources has shown that fires in oil stores cause extra fire hazard of surrounding objects. Increasing of their scales requires further improvement of fire safety measures during planning and using of oil stores. Fires in such buildings are tricky and large; they cause great harm and often lead to the death of people; their liquidation is very difficult. Theoretical calculations shown that the collapse of structures of the packaged oil stores and, as a result, significant material losses and the threat to people's life and health, were resulted from the incorrect selection of building structures and the discrepancy between the fire resistance of these structures and the applicable norms and requirements for such buildings. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 9 Fire resistance limit of the metal double-T pillar made of steel ВСт3пс4 (profile size number 30) was calculated in the article. Such constructions are used in oil stores. The obtained fire resistance limit of a metal double-T pillar is about 16 minutes (R 16). According to the normative documents for buildings of this type (the degree of fire resistance of the building – III), it should be 120 minutes (R 120). Even if the calculation method has an error due to the choice of another steel grade, objectively none of the double-T profiles from the assortment list would provide proper fire resistance limit.

Research on Fire Protection Planning Technology of Shanghai 2010 World Expo Site

2011 ◽  
Vol 271-273 ◽  
pp. 1000-1002
Author(s):  
Xin Han ◽  
Bei Hua Cong
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
General Requirement ◽  
Fire Control ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Fire Station ◽  
World Expo ◽  
Planning And Construction

Successful World Expo is first a safe Expo and a safe Expo needs reliable fire security. Based on the general requirement of planning and construction of Shanghai 2010 World Expo, through the analysis of the demand on fire protection features, this paper carries out planning research on fire safety layout, fire station, municipal fire protection water supply, fire control equipment, fire protection communication, fire protection of building, emergency shelter, emergency preplan fire-fighting, fire safety measures, technical standards of fire protection, etc. Hence, it would provide the essential foundation of disaster prevention and safety technical support for the successful hosting of Shanghai 2010 World Expo.

Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements Reinforced with GFRP Bars

2013 ◽  
Vol 651 ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Ana Almerich-Chulia ◽  
Jose Molines-Cano ◽  
Pedro Martin-Concepcion ◽  
Juan Rovira-Soler
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Concrete Element ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Fire Engineering ◽  
Fire Endurance ◽  
Concrete Elements ◽  
Mechanics Characteristics

Fire engineering is primarily to prevent loss of life or injury during a fire. Obviously the best way to achieve this is to prevent ignition, minimizing fire spread and smoke, dying the fire before it has fully developed. When this is not possible, when the fire is fully developed, structural elements must guarantee sufficient fire resistance. If containment methods fail, structural integrity must stay for a period long enough to evacuate occupants and firemen put out it. This investigation studies the bearing capacity of GFRP reinforced concrete element, its fire resistance, variations of its mechanics characteristics and its bonding to concrete when temperature rises, together others changes that may occur in the element.

Modelling the effects of landscape fuel treatments on fire growth and behaviour in a Mediterranean landscape (eastern Spain)

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Duguy ◽  
José Antonio Alloza ◽  
Achim Röder ◽  
Ramón Vallejo ◽  
Francisco Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Fire Size ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Area Burned ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Fuel Accumulation ◽  
Fire Characteristics

The number of large fires increased in the 1970s in the Valencia region (eastern Spain), as in most northern Mediterranean countries, owing to the fuel accumulation that affected large areas as a consequence of an intensive land abandonment. The Ayora site (Valencia province) was affected by a large fire in July 1979. We parameterised the fire growth model FARSITE for the 1979 fire conditions using remote sensing-derived fuel cartography. We simulated different fuel scenarios to study the interactions between fuel spatial distribution and fire characteristics (area burned, rate of spread and fireline intensity). We then tested the effectiveness of several firebreak networks on fire spread control. Simulations showed that fire propagation and behaviour were greatly influenced by fuel spatial distribution. The fragmentation of large dense shrubland areas through the introduction of wooded patches strongly reduced fire size, generally slowing fire and limiting fireline intensity. Both the introduction of forest corridors connecting woodlands and the promotion of complex shapes for wooded patches decreased the area burned. Firebreak networks were always very effective in reducing fire size and their effect was enhanced in appropriate fuel-altered scenarios. Most firebreak alternatives, however, did not reduce either rate of fire spread or fireline intensity.

scholarly journals Development of an integrated cooling system for motorcycle helmet by physical study of temperature variations and heat transfer

2022 ◽  
Vol 2153 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
S F Zambrano-Becerra ◽  
P M Galvis-Sanchez ◽  
N Y Perez-Rangel ◽  
E Florez-Solano ◽  
E Espinel-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Physical Principle ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Physical Study ◽  
Motorcycle Helmet ◽  
Motorcycle Helmets

Abstract In Colombia, the most widely used means of transport today are motorcycles, which have become increasingly numerous, bearing in mind that they are subject to laws and regulations imposed by the country’s mobility, transit and transport agencies, the use of helmets is mandatory for drivers and passengers, safety measures are monitored, the hull must be certified and meet the required technical standards; whereas its role is to protect people in the event of accidents, regulations require that the helmet be completely closed to protect the entire head and chin; the design of the helmet allows air entry and there is no concentration of temperature inside, all this is done by implementing air inlet and outlet ducts, which circulate air when the motorcycle is in motion, unfortunately this does not happen due to the accumulation of temperature in the back of the helmet that makes the user feel tired and uncomfortable. This research proposes the development of a prototype portable cooling system for motorcycle helmets by the physical principle of heat transfer, by using Peltier cells, to have low production cost, optimal operation, and low energy consumption thanks to natural air flow.

Environmental Impact Assessment on Lifecycle of Sofa Material

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 3032-3035
Author(s):  
Ya Kuan Chou ◽  
Tien Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Polyester Fiber ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Imitation Leather

According to the materials of casing, frame, and cushion, this research aims to investigate the environmental impact assessment of sofas. With reference to this characteristic, this assessment is based on the evaluation model “Eco-indicator 99” of Sima Pro and the results are listed as below: l Regarding sofa materials which are brought about the negative influence to the environment: Sofa casing: polyester fiber > leather > imitation leather > cotton; sofa frame: wood > plastic > metal; sofa cushion: TDI foam > MDI foam. l If we deal with sofa materials by chemical methods, respiratory inorganics are caused from a great quantity of fossil fuels during production and the huge negative influence will result in climate change. l Concerning the waste influence on the environment when sofas are end of life: Sofa casing: To incinerate or landfill polyester fiber is more seriously; sofa frame: To incinerate or landfill wood is more critically; sofa cushion: to incinerate TDI or MDI is more harmfully than to landfill or recycle them. l It will have positive help and decrease garbage if we can recycle sofa waste.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Required Fire Resistance Time Using a Fire Characteristics Graph

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Yun-Seong Kim ◽  
Ji-Woo Han ◽  
Hye-Won Kim ◽  
Byeong-heun Lee ◽  
Seung-Hyun Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Characteristics

In actual fires, the nature of fires varies from compartment to compartment. However, the domestic standard utilizes a uniform fire resistance of 60 min. Therefore, in this study, the required fire time was calculated by predicting the temperature of the compartment to check whether the domestic fire resistance standards are safe. The results show that, even if the facilities are divided into the same use, they all require different fire-resisting times and are at risk. In addition, simple calculations are proposed by recalculating the complex formula required to determine the fire resistance time.

Fire Walls Made from Concrete and Masonry - Barriers against a Fire Spreading

2016 ◽  
Vol 691 ◽  
pp. 408-419
Author(s):  
Maria Bellová
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Fire Exposure ◽  
Reinforcing Bars ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
Fire Spreading

Fire exposure of a construction represents an accidental load (temporary with a high intensity) and it´s appearance during service life of the construction is improbable. All structural eurocodes, which deal with the normal temperature (20°C) design of structures made from loadbearing materials (steel, steel and concrete composite, concrete, masonry and timber), include always Part 1-2: Structural fire design. Concrete, similar to the masonry, has (in comparison with other construction materials such as steel and timber), an excellent resistance against fire exposure. This is why both of these materials are used for construction of fire walls, which create barriers against the fire spreading. Fire walls separate two spaces and they are designed for fire resistance and structural stability, including resistance to mechanical impact. In the case of fire and failure of the structure on one side of the fire wall, fire spread beyond the wall is avoided. Properties of concrete and masonry walls, subject to fire exposure, are however negatively influenced. Concrete compressive strength is reduced depending on the aggregate choice. The strength of reinforcing bars is also reduced at elevated temperature, by an amount which strongly depends on the axis distance of the reinforcing bars from an edge of a cross section, too. The behaviour of a masonry wall depends on a masonry unit type and material, type of the mortar, the density of units, type of the wall construction, and applied surface finishes. In the present article we discuss basic principles of the design and assessment of various concrete and masonry fire walls and compare their effect - fire resistance period – depending on their thickness.

scholarly journals Electrical Surge Protection Device (SPD): An Alternative to Reduce Material Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 432-440
Author(s):  
Jorge Elson Pimentel Nascimento ◽  
Fabiana Rocha Pinto ◽  
David Barbosa de Alencar ◽  
Gisele De Freitas Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Class I ◽  
Protection Device ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
National Technical ◽  
Surge Protection

The SPD is undoubtedly the equipment designed to protect the electronics of any building, one of the protections that together with proper grounding and SPDA, are widely used by industry to protect their equipment and people. This research shows the importance of SPD for electrical installations in general, shows that we still do not have the risk of encircling all electrical protections in our homes, which lead to inquiring. Why not use all safety measures in our residential electrical installations, viewed as people who build a bus camera rated by a qualified professional, to guide their client, explaining to him the importance of a safe installation, ie the values with electrical material are still elevated for safe construction. In this research, some brands of SPD were analyzed and compared as to the method of manufacture, classification and prices, a survey that also did not comply with Law No. 11,337, of July 26, 2006. Determines the obligation that the buildings have a system grounding and electrical installations used with the use of conductor protective earth, as well as making the presence of conductor protective earth mandatory in the electrical appliances it specifies. Law 12,119 / 09, of December 15, 2009, amends art. 2 of Law No. 11,337, of July 26, 2006, to better detail the scope of its content and to adapt the nomenclature used to the technical standards used. "Art. 2 Electrical and electronic equipment, with metal housing marketed in the Country, classified in class I, in accordance with the relevant national technical standards, the items allowed for use in earth protection and with plugs, are also allowed in accordance with Brazilian technical standards.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document