Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Escherichia coli from Wild Birds and Rodents in Singapore

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) poses a public health concern worldwide. Wild birds and rodents, due to their mobility, are potential vehicles for transmission of AMR bacteria to humans. Ninety-six wild birds’ faecal samples and 135 rodents’ droppings samples were collected and analysed in 2017. Forty-six E. coli isolates from wild birds and rodents were subjected to AMR phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested from wild birds (80.8%) was significantly higher than that of isolates from rodents (40.0%). The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to each antimicrobial class for wild birds was 3.8% to 73.1% and that for rodents was 5.0% to 35.0%. Six out of 26 E. coli isolates from wild birds (23.1%) and two out of 20 (10.0%) isolates from rodents were multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. These MDR E. coli isolates were detected with various antimicrobial resistance genes such as blaTEM-1B and qnrS1 and could be considered as part of the environmental resistome. Findings in this study suggested that wild birds and rodents could play a role in disseminating antimicrobial resistant E. coli, and this underscores the necessity of environment management and close monitoring on AMR bacteria in wild birds and rodents to prevent spreading of resistant organisms to other wildlife animals and humans.

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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of potentially human‐pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from riding horses

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02832-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pouya Reshadi ◽

Fatemeh Heydari ◽

Reza Ghanbarpour ◽

Mahboube Bagheri ◽

Maziar Jajarmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Health Concern ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Abstract Background Transmission of antimicrobial resistant and virulent Escherichia coli (E. coli) from animal to human has been considered as a public health concern. This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic background and prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli and antimicrobial resistance in healthy riding-horses in Iran. In this research, the genes related to six main pathotypes of E. coli were screened. Also, genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance against commonly used antibiotics were studied, then phylo-grouping was performed on all the isolates. Results Out of 65 analyzed isolates, 29.23 % (n = 19) were determined as STEC and 6.15 % (n = 4) as potential EPEC. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (46.2 %) and ceftriaxone (38.5 %). blaTEM was the most detected resistance gene (98.4 %) among the isolates and 26.15 % of the E. coli isolates were determined as multi-drug resistant (MDR). Three phylo-types including B1 (76.92 %), A (13.85 %) and D (3.08 %) were detected among the isolates. Conclusions Due to the close interaction of horses and humans, these findings would place emphasis on the pathogenic and zoonotic potential of the equine strains and may help to design antimicrobial resistance stewardship programs to control the dissemination of virulent and multi-drug resistant E. coli strains in the community.

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In vitro transduction of antimicrobial resistance genes into Escherichia coli isolates from backyard poultry in Mexico

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2020-0280 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Martín Talavera-Gonzalez ◽

Martin Talavera-Rojas ◽

Edgardo Soriano-Vargas ◽

JESUS VAZQUEZ-NAVARRETE ◽

Celene Salgado-Miranda

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Northern Region ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Backyard Poultry ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

The transmission of multi-drug resistant pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant genes is an arising problem with multiple factors involved (humans, domestic animals, wildlife). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Escherichia coli isolates with different antimicrobial resistance genes from backyard poultry and demonstrate the in vitro transduction phenomenon of these genes between phages from migratory wild-birds and poultry E. coli isolates. We collected 197 E. coli isolates from chicken, turkeys, and ducks in backyard production units (northern region of the State of Mexico). Isolates were resistant to ampicillin (80.7%), tetracycline (64.4%), carbenicillin (56.3%), and nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (both, 26.9%). Moreover, blaTEM (56.3%), tetB (20.8%), tetA (19.2%), sulI (7.6%), sulII (10.1%), qnrA (9.6%) and qnrB (5.5%) genes were found. In vitro transduction using phages from migratory wild birds sampled in the wetland Chimaliapan (State of Mexico) was worked out. It was possible to transduce qnrA, tetB, blaTEM and sulII genes to E. coli isolates from poultry. This is the first report that describes the transduction of antimicrobial resistance genes from phages of migratory wild birds to poultry and suggests the possible transmission in backyard production units.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Companion Birds

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9110780 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 780

Author(s):

Lorena Varriale ◽

Ludovico Dipineto ◽

Tamara Pasqualina Russo ◽

Luca Borrelli ◽

Violante Romano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

One Health ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Health Concern ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Antimicrobial resistance is a public health concern worldwide and it is largely attributed to the horizontal exchange of transferable genetic elements such as plasmids carrying integrons. Several studies have been conducted on livestock showing a correlation between the systemic use of antibiotics and the onset of resistant bacterial strains. In contrast, although companion birds are historically considered as an important reservoir for human health threats, little information on the antimicrobial resistance in these species is available in the literature. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa isolated from 755 companion birds. Cloacal samples were processed for E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolation and then all isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. P. aeruginosa was isolated in 59/755 (7.8%) samples, whereas E. coli was isolated in 231/755 (30.7%) samples. Most strains showed multidrug resistance. This study highlights that companion birds may act as substantial reservoirs carrying antimicrobial resistance genes which could transfer directly or indirectly to humans and animals, and from a One Health perspective this risk should not be underestimated.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Raw Retail Broiler Chickens in Zambia

10.21203/rs.2.14062/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Muligisa Muonga ◽

Geoffrey Mainda ◽

Mercy Mukuma ◽

Geoffrey Kwenda ◽

Bernard Hang'ombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Target Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Open Markets

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens is of public health concern, especially in developing countries like Zambia. This study was undertaken to determine the resistance profiles of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella isolated from dressed broiler chickens purchased from open markets and supermarkets in Zambia.Results A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were isolated. Identification and confirmation of the isolates was done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20E) (Biomerieux ® ) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique using a panel of 10 different antibiotics and multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of three target genes encoding for resistance: tetA, Sul1 and CTXM. AST results were entered and analyzed in WHONET 2018 software. A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were identified. Among the E. coli isolates, Tetracycline recorded the highest resistance of 79.4%, followed by Ampicillin 51.9%, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 49.7%, Nalidixic Acid 24.3%, Chloramphenicol 16.4%, Cefotaxime 16.4%, Ciprofloxacin 10.1%, Colistin 7.4%, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 6.9%, and Imipenem 1.1%. Two of the five Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Forty- seven (45.2%) of the isolates possessed at least one of the targeted resistance genes.Conclusion This study has demonstrated the presence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella on raw broiler chickens from both open markets and supermarkets. Such resistance is of public health concern and measures need to be put in place to regulate the use of these antimicrobials in poultry production.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Raw Retail Broiler Chicken Carcasses in Zambia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44168/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Muligisa Muonga ◽

Geoffrey Mainda ◽

Mercy Mukuma ◽

Geoffrey Kwenda ◽

Bernard Hang'ombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Target Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Genes Encoding

Abstract BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens is of public health concern, especially in developing countries such as Zambia. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella isolated from raw retail broiler chicken carcasses purchased from open and supermarkets in Zambia.ResultsA total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were isolated. Identification and confirmation of the isolates were done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20E) (Biomerieux ® ) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique using a panel of 10 antibiotics. Multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of three target genes encoding for resistance: tet A, Sul 1 and bla CTX-M . WHONET 2018 software was used to analyse AST results. The E. coli isolates were mostly resistant to tetracycline (79.4%), ampicillin (51.9%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (49.7%). Two of the five Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Forty- seven (45.2%) of the 104 isolates that were screened for the presence of the resistant genes possessed at least one of the targeted resistance genes.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated the presence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella on raw retail broiler chicken carcasses from open and supermarkets, which is of public health concern.

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Characterization of Non-O157 Escherichia coli from Cattle Faecal Samples in the North-West Province of South Africa

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms7080272 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 272 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Emmanuel W. Bumunang ◽

Tim A. McAllister ◽

Rahat Zaheer ◽

Rodrigo Ortega Polo ◽

Kim Stanford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

South African ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Shiga Toxins ◽

North West ◽

E Coli ◽

African Cattle ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Escherichia coli are commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, but some strains have acquired Shiga-toxins and can cause enterohemorrhagic diarrhoea and kidney failure in humans. Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains such as E. coli O157:H7 and some non-O157 strains also contain other virulence traits, some of which contribute to their ability to form biofilms. This study characterized non-O157 E. coli from South African cattle faecal samples for their virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), biofilm-forming ability, and genetic relatedness using culture-based methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Of 80 isolates screened, 77.5% (62/80) possessed Shiga-toxins genes. Of 18 antimicrobials tested, phenotypic resistance was detected against seven antimicrobials. Resistance ranged from 1.3% (1/80) for ampicillin-sulbactam to 20% (16/80) for tetracycline. Antimicrobial resistance genes were infrequently detected except for tetA, which was found in 31.3% (25/80) and tetB detected in 11.3% (9/80) of isolates. Eight biofilm-forming associated genes were detected in STEC isolates (n = 62) and two non-STEC strains. Prevalence of biofilm genes ranged from 31.3% (20/64) for ehaAβ passenger to 100% for curli structural subunit (csgA) and curli regulators (csgA and crl). Of the 64 STEC and multi-drug resistant isolates, 70.3% (45/64) and 37.5% (24/64) formed strong biofilms on polystyrene at 22 and 37 °C, respectively. Of 59 isolates screened by PFGE, 37 showed unique patterns and the remaining isolates were grouped into five clusters with a ≥90% relatedness. In silico serotyping following WGS on a subset of 24 non-O157 STEC isolates predicted 20 serotypes comprising three novel serotypes, indicating their diversity as potential pathogens. These findings show that North West South African cattle harbour genetically diverse, virulent, antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming non-O157 E. coli. Biofilm-forming ability may increase the likelihood of persistence of these pathogens in the environment and facilitate their dissemination, increasing the risk of cross contamination or establishment of infections in hosts.

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Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and cattle, Ibadan, Nigeria

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02734-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kayode Fashae ◽

Ines Engelmann ◽

Stefan Monecke ◽

Sascha D. Braun ◽

Ralf Ehricht

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Ibadan Nigeria

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global health concern reducing options for therapy of infections and also for perioperative prophylaxis. Many Enterobacteriaceae cannot be treated anymore with third generation cephalosporins (3GC) due to the production of certain 3GC hydrolysing enzymes (extended spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs). The role of animals as carriers and vectors of multi-resistant bacteria in different geographical regions is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in wild birds and slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cattle faecal samples (n = 250) and wild bird pooled faecal samples (cattle egrets, Bubulcus ibis, n = 28; white-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata, n = 24) were collected and cultured on cefotaxime-eosin methylene blue agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar diffusion assays and all 3GC resistant isolates were genotypically characterised for AMR genes, virulence associated genes (VAGs) and serotypes using DNA microarray-based assays. Results All 3GC resistant isolates were E. coli: cattle (n = 53), egrets (n = 87) and whistling duck (n = 4); cultured from 32/250 (12.8%), 26/28 (92.9%), 2/24(8.3%), cattle, egrets and whistling duck faecal samples, respectively. blaCTX-M gene family was prevalent; blaCTX-M15 (83.3%) predominated over blaCTX-M9 (11.8%). All were susceptible to carbapenems. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one of the other tested antimicrobials; multidrug resistance was highest in the isolates recovered from egrets. The isolates harboured diverse repositories of other AMR genes (including strB and sul2), integrons (predominantly class 1) and VAGs. The isolates recovered from egrets harboured more AMR genes; eight were unique to these isolates including tetG, gepA, and floR. The prevalent VAGs included hemL and iss; while 14 (including sepA) were unique to certain animal isolates. E. coli serotypes O9:H9, O9:H30 and O9:H4 predominated. An identical phenotypic microarray profile was detected in three isolates from egrets and cattle, indicative of a clonal relationship amongst these isolates. Conclusion Wild birds and cattle harbour diverse ESBL-producing E. coli populations with potential of inter-species dissemination and virulence. Recommended guidelines to balance public health and habitat conservation should be implemented with continuous surveillance.

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Diverse commensal E. coli clones and plasmids disseminate antimicrobial resistance genes in domestic animals and children in a semi-rural community in Ecuador

10.1101/581967 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liseth Salinas ◽

Paúl Cárdenas ◽

Timothy J. Johnson ◽

Karla Vasco ◽

Jay Graham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Rural Community ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Resistance Patterns

ABSTRACTThe increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has had major clinical and economic impacts in human medicine. Many of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae found in humans are community-acquired and linked to food animals (i.e. livestock raised for meat and dairy products). In this study, we examined whether numerically dominant, commensal Escherichia coli strains from humans (n=63 isolates) and domestic animals (n=174 isolates) in the same community and with matching phenotypic AMR patterns, were clonally related or shared the same plasmids. We identified 25 multi-drug resistant isolates (i.e. resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) that shared identical phenotypic resistance patterns. We then investigated the diversity of E. coli clones, AMR genes and plasmids carrying the AMR genes using conjugation, replicon typing and whole genome sequencing. None of the MDR E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) analyzed were clonal. While the majority of isolates shared the same antimicrobial resistance genes and replicons, DNA sequencing indicated that these genes and replicons were found on different plasmid structures. Our findings suggest that nonclonal resistance gene dissemination is common in this community and that diverse plasmids carrying AMR genes presents a significant challenge for understanding the movement of AMR in a community.IMPORTANCEEven though Escherichia coli strains may share nearly identical AMR profiles, AMR genes, and overlap in space and time, the diversity of clones and plasmids challenges to research that aims to identify sources of AMR. Horizontal gene transfer appears to play a much larger role than clonal expansion in the spread of AMR in the community.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Diversity of Clones among Faecal ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy and Sick Dogs Living in Portugal

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10081013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1013

Author(s):

Isabel Carvalho ◽

Rita Cunha ◽

Carla Martins ◽

Sandra Martínez-Álvarez ◽

Nadia Safia Chenouf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

E Coli ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Positive Isolate ◽

Sequence Types ◽

M 14

The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence and genetic characteristics of ESBL and acquired-AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and sick dogs in Portugal. Three hundred and sixty-one faecal samples from sick and healthy dogs were seeded on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 µg/mL) for cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli recovery. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 15 antibiotics was performed and the ESBL-phenotype of the E. coli isolates was screened. Detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and molecular typing of the isolates (phylogroups, multilocus-sequence-typing, and specific-ST131) were performed by PCR (and sequencing when required). CTXRE. coli isolates were obtained in 51/361 faecal samples analysed (14.1%), originating from 36/234 sick dogs and 15/127 healthy dogs. Forty-seven ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were recovered from 32 sick (13.7%) and 15 healthy animals (11.8%). Different variants of blaCTX-M genes were detected among 45/47 ESBL-producers: blaCTX-M-15 (n = 26), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10), blaCTX-M-32 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2), and blaCTX-M-variant (n = 1); one ESBL-positive isolate co-produced CTX-M-15 and CMY-2 enzymes. Moreover, two additional CTXR ESBL-negative E. coli isolates were CMY-2-producers (qAmpC). Ten different sequence types were identified (ST/phylogenetic-group/β-lactamase): ST131/B2/CTX-M-15, ST617/A/CTX-M-55, ST3078/B1/CTX-M-32, ST542/A/CTX-M-14, ST57/D/CTX-M-1, ST12/B2/CTX-M-15, ST6448/B1/CTX-M-15 + CMY-2, ST5766/A/CTX-M-32, ST115/D/CMY-2 and a new-ST/D/CMY-2. Five variants of CTX-M enzymes (CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-1 predominant) and eight different clonal complexes were detected from canine ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Although at a lower rate, CMY-2 β-lactamase was also found. Dogs remain frequent carriers of ESBL and/or qAmpC-producing E. coli with a potential zoonotic role.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from Raw Retail Broiler Chicken Carcasses in Zambia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44168/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Muligisa Muonga ◽

Geoffrey Mainda ◽

Mercy Mukuma ◽

Geoffrey Kwenda ◽

Bernard Hang'ombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Target Genes ◽

Health Concern ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Genes Encoding

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens is of public health concern, especially in developing countries such as Zambia. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella isolated from raw retail broiler chicken carcasses purchased from open and supermarkets in Zambia.Results A total of 189 E. coli and five Salmonella isolates were isolated. Identification and confirmation of the isolates were done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20E) (Biomerieux®) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique using a panel of 10 antibiotics. Multiplex PCR was used to determine the presence of three target genes encoding for resistance: tetA, Sul1 and blaCTX-M. WHONET 2018 software was used to analyse AST results. The E. coli isolates were mostly resistant to tetracycline (79.4%), ampicillin (51.9%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (49.7%). Two of the five Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Forty- seven (45.2%) of the 104 isolates that were screened for the presence of the resistant genes possessed at least one of the targeted resistance genes.Conclusion This study has demonstrated the presence of AMR E. coli and Salmonella on raw retail broiler chicken carcasses from open and supermarkets, which is of public health concern.

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