scholarly journals The Impact of Device Settings, Use Patterns, and Flavorings on Carbonyl Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5650
Author(s):  
Yeongkwon Son ◽  
Clifford Weisel ◽  
Olivia Wackowski ◽  
Stephan Schwander ◽  
Cristine Delnevo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Single Top ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
The Impact

Health impacts of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping are associated with the harmful chemicals emitted from e-cigarettes such as carbonyls. However, the levels of various carbonyl compounds under real-world vaping conditions have been understudied. This study evaluated the levels of carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and diacetyl, etc.) under various device settings (i.e., power output), vaping topographies, and e-liquid compositions (i.e., base liquid, flavor types). The results showed that e-vapor carbonyl levels were the highest under higher power outputs. The propylene glycol (PG)-based e-liquids generated higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde than vegetable glycerin (VG)-based e-liquids. In addition, fruit flavored e-liquids (i.e., strawberry and dragon fruit) generated higher formaldehyde emissions than mint/menthol and creamy/sweet flavored e-liquids. While single-top coils formed 3.5-fold more formaldehyde per puff than conventional cigarette smoking, bottom coils generated 10–10,000 times less formaldehyde per puff. In general, increases in puff volume and longer puff durations generated significantly higher amounts of formaldehyde. While e-cigarettes emitted much lower levels of carbonyl compounds compared to conventional cigarettes, the presence of several toxic carbonyl compounds in e-cigarette vapor may still pose potential health risks for users without smoking history, including youth. Therefore, the public health administrations need to consider the vaping conditions which generated higher carbonyls, such as higher power output with PG e-liquid, when developing e-cigarette product standards.

Mining social media data for opinion polarities about electronic cigarettes

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Dai ◽  
Jianqiang Hao
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Bayes Model ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThere is an ongoing debate about harm and benefit of e-cigarettes, usage of which has rapidly increased in recent years. By separating non-commercial (organic) tweets from commercial tweets, we seek to evaluate the general public's attitudes towards e-cigarettes.MethodsWe collected tweets containing the words ‘e-cig’, ‘e-cigarette’, ‘e-liquid’, ‘vape’, ‘vaping’, ‘vapor’ and ‘vaporizer’ from 23 July to 14 October 2015 (n=757 167). A multilabel Naïve Bayes model was constructed to classify tweets into 5 polarities (against, support, neutral, commercial, irrelevant). We further analysed the prevalence of e-cigarette tweets, geographic variations in these tweets and the impact of socioeconomic factors on the public attitudes towards e-cigarettes.ResultsOpinions from organic tweets about e-cigarettes were mixed (against 17.7%, support 10.8% and neutral 19.4%). The organic—against tweets delivered strong educational information about the risks of e-cigarette use and advocated for the general public, especially youth, to stop vaping. However, the organic—against tweets were outnumbered by commercial tweets and organic—support tweets by a ratio of over 1 to 3. Higher prevalence of organic tweets was associated with states with higher education rates (r=0.60, p<0.0001), higher percentage of black and African-American population (r=0.34, p=0.01), and higher median household income (r=0.33, p=0.02). The support rates for e-cigarettes were associated with states with fewer persons under 18 years old (r=−0.33, p=0.02) and a higher percentage of female population (r=0.3, p=0.02).ConclusionsThe organic—against tweets raised public awareness of potential health risks and could aid in preventing non-smokers, adolescents and young adults from using e-cigarettes. Opinion polarities about e-cigarettes from social networks could be highly influential to the general public, especially youth. Further educational campaigns should include measuring their effectiveness.

scholarly journals Influence of Active Power Output and Control Parameters of Full-Converter Wind Farms on Sub-Synchronous Oscillation Characteristics in Weak Grids

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Hao ◽  
Jun Liang ◽  
Kewen Wang ◽  
Guanglu Wu ◽  
Tibin Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Active Power ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Subsynchronous Oscillation ◽  
Damping Characteristics ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Oscillation Damping ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Active power outputs of a wind farm connected to a weak power grid greatly affect the stability of grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) systems. This paper studies the impact of active power outputs and control parameters on the subsynchronous oscillation characteristics of full-converter wind farms connected weak power grids. Eigenvalue and participation factor analysis was performed to identify the dominant oscillation modes of the system under consideration. The impact of active power output and control parameters on the damping characteristics of subsynchronous oscillation is analysed with the eigenvalue method. The analysis shows that when the phase-locked loop (PLL) proportional gain is high, the subsynchronous oscillation damping characteristics are worsened as the active power output increases. On the contrary, when the PLL proportional gain is small, the subsynchronous oscillation damping characteristics are improved as the active power output increases. By adjusting the control parameters in the PLL and DC link voltage controllers, system stability can be improved. Time-domain results verify the analysis and the findings.

The effects of training in hyperoxia vs. normoxia on skeletal muscle enzyme activities and exercise performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. R. Perry ◽  
Jason L. Talanian ◽  
George J. F. Heigenhauser ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Training Stimulus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Power Outputs

Inspiring a hyperoxic (H) gas permits subjects to exercise at higher power outputs while training, but there is controversy as to whether this improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, maximal O2 consumption (V̇o2 max), and endurance performance to a greater extent than training in normoxia (N). To determine whether the higher power output during H training leads to a greater increase in these parameters, nine recreationally active subjects were randomly assigned in a single-blind fashion to train in H (60% O2) or N for 6 wk (3 sessions/wk of 10 × 4 min at 90% V̇o2 max). Training heart rate (HR) was maintained during the study by increasing power output. After at least 6 wk of detraining, a second 6-wk training protocol was completed with the other breathing condition. V̇o2 max and cycle time to exhaustion at 90% of pretraining V̇o2 max were tested in room air pre- and posttraining. Muscle biopsies were sampled pre- and posttraining for citrate synthase (CS), β-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (β-HAD), and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-AsAT) activity measurements. Training power outputs were 8% higher (17 W) in H vs. N. However, both conditions produced similar improvements in V̇o2 max (11–12%); time to exhaustion (∼100%); and CS (H, 30%; N, 32%), β-HAD (H, 23%; N, 21%), and m-AsAT (H, 21%; N, 26%) activities. We conclude that the additional training stimulus provided by training in H was not sufficient to produce greater increases in the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscle and whole body V̇o2 max and exercise performance compared with training in N.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Association Between Lifetime Use of Electronic Cigarettes With or Without Marijuana and Self-Reported Past 12-Month Respiratory Symptoms as well as Lifetime Respiratory Diseases in U.S. Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S70-S75
Author(s):  
Zidian Xie ◽  
Dongmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Health

Abstract Introduction The use of electronic cigarettes (vaping), especially with marijuana, has become increasingly popular among adults. Aims and Methods The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study Wave 4 data on 33 606 adult participants who indicated ever using electronic cigarettes were included in the study. By controlling for confounding variables (such as age and smoking history), multivariable weighted logistic regression models were used to examine the cross-sectional association between lifetime e-cigarette use with or without marijuana and self-reported past 12-month respiratory symptoms as well as lifetime respiratory diseases. Results Compared to adults who never vaped, adults who had ever vaped with marijuana had a significantly higher association with self-reported past 12-month respiratory symptoms but not lifetime respiratory diseases. Compared to adults who had ever vaped without marijuana, adults who had ever vaped at least sometimes with marijuana had a significantly greater risk of having wheezing/whistling in the chest (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.44), chest sounded wheezy during or after exercise (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.93), and had a dry cough at night (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.57), while adults who had ever vaped rarely with marijuana had a significantly greater risk of having wheezing/whistling in the chest (aOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.61), chest sounded wheezy during or after exercise (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.52), and had a dry cough at night (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47). Conclusions Lifetime e-cigarette use with marijuana is associated with self-reported past 12-month respiratory symptoms in adults. Implications The use of e-cigarettes with marijuana has become prevalent in recent years. Our cross-sectional study suggests that there may be respiratory health symptoms associated with ever vaping with marijuana that is independent of nicotine vaping, which should raise public awareness of potential health risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes with marijuana. Further longitudinal studies on the respiratory health effects of e-cigarette use with marijuana are warranted.

The Impact of Vaping on Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482110488
Author(s):  
Mohsin Shah ◽  
Mary K. Bryant ◽  
Gita N. Mody ◽  
Rebecca G. Maine ◽  
Judson B. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Pneumothorax ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Cigarette smoking is associated with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are touted as a healthier alternative to cigarettes; however, the impact E-cigarette use has on PSP management is not known. The goal of this study was to determine if E-cigarette use is associated with inferior outcomes after PSP, compared to never smokers and cigarette smokers. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients in a large tertiary care hospital system in an urban area who presented with PSP from September 2015 through February 2019. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax patients were identified from the institutional Society of Thoracic Surgeon (STS) database. Patients with pneumothoraces from traumatic, iatrogenic, and secondary etiologies were excluded. Baseline clinical and demographic data and outcomes including intervention(s) required, length of stay, and recurrence were evaluated. Results Identified were 71 patients with PSP. Seventeen (24%) had unverifiable smoking history. Of the remaining, 7 (13%) currently vaped, 27(50%) currently smoked cigarettes, and 20(37%) were never smokers. Mean age was 33 years; 80% male. All vapers required tube thoracostomy vs 74% of current smokers and 75% of never smokers. Vaping was associated with increased odds of recurrence compared to never smokers (OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.35,11.44). Vapers had the shortest median time to recurrence after initial hospitalization (10 d[4,18] v 20 d[5,13] cigarette smokers v 27 d[13 275] never smokers, P < .001). Conclusion Vaping may complicate PSP outcomes. As vaping use increases, especially among adolescents, it is imperative that the manner of tobacco use is documented and considered when caring for patients, especially those with pulmonary problems.

Difference in Pacing Between Time- and Distance-Based Time Trials in Trained Cyclists

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1018-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson ◽  
Marcin Lipski ◽  
Tim Meyer ◽  
Sabrina Skorski
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Power Outputs

The purpose of this study was to compare the pacing profiles between distance- and duration-based trials of short and long duration. Thirteen trained cyclists completed 2 time-based (6 and 30 min) and 2 distance-based (4 and 20 km) self-paced cycling time trials. Participants were instructed to complete each trial with the highest average power output. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured throughout the trials. Average power output was not different between the 4-km and 6-min trials (324 ± 46 vs 325 ± 45 W; P = .96) or between the 20-km and 30-min trials (271 ± 44 vs 267 ± 38 W; P = .24). Power output was greater on commencement of the distance-based trials when short and long trials were analyzed together. Furthermore, the rate of decline in power output over the 1st 40% of the trial was greater in the 20-km trial than in the 30-min trial (P = .01) but not different between the 4-km and the 6-min trials (P = .13). RPE was greater in the 4-km trial than in the 6-min trial but not different between the 20-km and 30-min trials. These findings indicate that athletes commenced distance-based time trials at relatively higher power outputs than a similar time-based trial. Such findings may result from discrete differences in our ability to judge or predict an exercise endpoint when performing time- and distance-based trials.

scholarly journals Cu2Se-based thermoelectric cellular architectures for efficient and durable power generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungjun Choo ◽  
Faizan Ejaz ◽  
Hyejin Ju ◽  
Fredrick Kim ◽  
Jungsoo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Mechanical Stiffness ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Printing Inks ◽  
Binder Free ◽  
Sustainable Power

AbstractThermoelectric power generation offers a promising way to recover waste heat. The geometrical design of thermoelectric legs in modules is important to ensure sustainable power generation but cannot be easily achieved by traditional fabrication processes. Herein, we propose the design of cellular thermoelectric architectures for efficient and durable power generation, realized by the extrusion-based 3D printing process of Cu2Se thermoelectric materials. We design the optimum aspect ratio of a cuboid thermoelectric leg to maximize the power output and extend this design to the mechanically stiff cellular architectures of hollow hexagonal column- and honeycomb-based thermoelectric legs. Moreover, we develop organic binder-free Cu2Se-based 3D-printing inks with desirable viscoelasticity, tailored with an additive of inorganic Se82− polyanion, fabricating the designed topologies. The computational simulation and experimental measurement demonstrate the superior power output and mechanical stiffness of the proposed cellular thermoelectric architectures to other designs, unveiling the importance of topological designs of thermoelectric legs toward higher power and longer durability.

scholarly journals Simulation of 2-Coil and 4-Coil Magnetic Resonance Wearable WPT Systems

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yixuan Sun ◽  
Stephen Beeby
Keyword(s):  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Wireless Power ◽  
Peak Efficiency ◽  
Frequency Splitting ◽  
At Resonance ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Proper Frequency

This paper presents the COMSOL simulations of magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer (WPT), using simplified coil models for embroidered planar two-coil and four-coil systems. The power transmission of both systems is studied and compared by varying the separation, rotation angle and misalignment distance at resonance (5 MHz). The frequency splitting occurs at short separations from both the two-coil and four-coil systems, resulting in lower power transmission. Therefore, the systems are driven from 4 MHz to 6 MHz to analyze the impact of frequency splitting at close separations. The results show that both systems had a peak efficiency over 90% after tuning to the proper frequency to overcome the frequency splitting phenomenon at close separations below 10 cm. The four-coil design achieved higher power efficiency at separations over 10 cm. The power efficiency of both systems decreased linearly when the axial misalignment was over 4 cm or the misalignment angle between receiver and transmitter was over 45 degrees.

457 The Impact of PAP Therapy on Hematocrit in OSA and Polycythemia: A Pilot Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A180-A181
Author(s):  
Mustafa Jafri ◽  
Gabrielle Rosa-Acosta ◽  
Jose Flores Martinez ◽  
Elizabeth Schofield ◽  
Cy Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Testosterone Therapy ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Testosterone Administration ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Untreated polycythemia leads to complications including thrombosis. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is commonly associated with secondary erythrocytosis, which testosterone therapy can perpetuate. Effects of positive airway pressure (PAP) on elevated hematocrit (HCT) is unknown. We hypothesize PAP adherence can reduce HCT in men with OSA and polycythemia. Methods Retrospective chart review of male outpatients with newly diagnosed OSA and HCT≥45% at or 3 months before polysomnography (PSG) was conducted. Intervention group consisted of patients initiating PAP for OSA. HCT within 6 months of PAP initiation and PSG were recorded for intervention and control groups, respectively. Primary endpoint was time-to-HCT reduction of HCT&lt;50% plus 3% decrease. Cox proportional-hazards analysis was used to assess time-to-HCT response. Demographics, smoking history, testosterone administration, STOP-Bang score, AHI, and PAP compliance data were obtained. Patients excluded if PAP not indicated, or if PSG, PAP compliance, or repeat HCT were unavailable. Results 41 men with OSA had HCT≥45%, of which 16 had HCT≥50%. Median age was 60 years and median BMI was 32 kg/m2. 28 started PAP. 21 met definition for PAP compliance within 6 months. Median AHI of intervention and control groups were 23 and 19 events/hr, respectively. Mean baseline HCT of both groups were 49 and 50, respectively. No significant difference in age, BMI, smoking history, testosterone therapy, and baseline HCT between both groups noted. 39% of intervention group exhibited HCT response at 1 or more longitudinal assessments, versus 38% of control. Intervention group had higher mean STOP-Bang than control (mean 5.9 vs. 4.6, p=0.01) and trended towards higher mean baseline AHI (27.4 vs. 19.0, p= 0.06). Time-to-event analysis controlling for STOP-Bang and AHI demonstrated PAP was not associated with time-to-HCT response (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.4–4.4). In moderate-severe OSA patients, 40% of intervention group had HCT response compared to 14% of control, though difference was not significant (HR = 2.5, 95% CI = 0.3–20.0). Conclusion Moderate-severe OSA patients trended towards reduction in HCT with PAP, although not statistically significant. Testosterone administration did not affect HCT response to PAP in this cohort. Larger studies are required to determine HCT response to PAP in these patients. Support (if any):

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