scholarly journals The Relative Importance of Globalization and Public Expenditure on Life Expectancy in Europe: An Approach Based on MARS Methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8614
Author(s):  
Pedro Antonio Martín Cervantes ◽  
Nuria Rueda López ◽  
Salvador Cruz Rambaud
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Public Budget ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

Background: There has been a widespread debate about the overall impact of globalization on population, not just economically, but also in terms of health status. Moreover, the current health crisis is going to force governments to review the structure of the public budget to most effectively alleviate the negative economic and health effects on the population. Objective: The aim of this paper is to analyze the relative importance of globalization and the public budget composition—specifically the participation of public expenditure on healthcare, social services and environment in gross domestic product (GDP)—on life expectancy at birth in European countries during the period 1995–2017. Methods: The Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) methodology was applied to analyze the socioeconomic determinants of life expectancy at birth. Results: Our findings show that globalization has no relative importance as an explanatory variable of life expectancy in European countries, while government expenditure on social protection is the most relevant followed by public expenditure on health, gross national income per capita, education level of the population and public expenditure on environmental protection. Conclusion: European strategies intended to impact on health outcome should spend more attention to the composition of public budget.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY: ANALYSIS OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Marija Trpkova-Nestorovska ◽  
Nikola Levkov
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Quality Of Living ◽  
Per Capita

Political, social or economic factors can significantly influence the life expectancy at birth. This is important since life expectancy is an indicator of both the quality of life and one country’s development. Governments should create strategies in order to improve the quality of life, nevertheless, they should first know the main factors that determine it. Consequently, the main purpose of this analysis is to identify the key determinants of life expectancy at birth by using the cointegrated panel regression model for twelve Southeastern European countries. The research includes annual data for period 2000-2015, for twelve countries. The countries included in this analysis are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey. Kosovo and Montenegro are not included in the analysis due to the insufficient data for the observed period. The total number of observations is 192. The analysis examines the possible statistically significant impact that the six explanatory variables (consumer price index, employment, food production index, gross national income per capita, health expenditure per capita and immunization) may have on the life expectancy. Before the regression model is estimated, variables are tested for stationarity and cointegration. The results from the cointegrated panel regression confirm that the consumer price index, employment and gross national income per capita are statistically significant determinants that influence the life expectancy at birth in the Southeastern European countries. Consumer price index has positive impact of the life expectancy, as the life expectancy continues to increase, the demand for food also increases and so does its prices. Employment to population ratio has negative and statistically significant impact, where decline in employment is mostly due to the emigration of the active work force. While the employment rate is declining, the life expectancy, partly due to the other factors, is constantly increasing, thus the negative dependence. Gross national income has positive and statistically significant effect on the life expectancy. The result is in accordance with the expectations because greater the gross national impact per capita means better standard of living with quality housing, education, health providers, quality food. Solid economy is precondition for improvement of life expectancy and thus quality of living. Having economic factors as key determinants of life expectancy is important input while creating government policies and measures that could contribute to better quality of living.

PROBLEMS OF ASSESSING THE HEALTH CARE COSTS EFFECTIVENESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Людмила Горшкова ◽  
Lyudmila Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Logarithmic Curve ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Care Costs

Assessing the effectiveness of health care expenditure is a major economic task. The most important indicator to assess the effectiveness of health care costs is the expected life expectancy (ELE). Infant mortality is also closely related to DLE. The article substantiates the logarithmic model of the dependence of ELE from health care expenditure (per person for a particular year). Each country is represented by a point on the coordinate plane with an ordinate equal to the ELE in this country and an abscissa equal to the health care expenditure in it. The modeling logarithmic curve is taken as the theoret-ical threshold of the cost-effectiveness: the higher the curve is the point repre-senting the country, the more effective the health care costs in this country, and the lower the threshold curve, the costs are more unprofitable. It is shown that the dependence of ELE from GDP (or GRP by regions of Russia) is not so obvious: although there is a tendency to such a dependence, but with a large number of drop-out values. Despite the achievement of the highest average expected life expectancy in Russia in the country's history, it is significantly lower than in developed countries. The main causes of low expected life expectancy at birth are unsatisfactory health indicators, and as a result, high incidence and disability. Traumatism on the roads and suicides are one of the significant reasons for the low expected life expectancy in Russia and are significantly higher than similar indicators in other countries. The article shows the close correlation between the cost of health care per person and expected life expectancy. However, in the Russian Federation, the share of public expenditure in the structure of aggregate health expenditure is decreasing. Social insurance funds are more than half of the health care public expenditure. The author reveals considerable regional differences in health spending per person and average expected life expectancy. The article highlights the insufficient level of health care costs in Russia as a whole and in regions.

Medium-Term Planning in UK Nationalised Industries: An Enquiry

1978 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
T.D. Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
White Paper ◽  
National Plan ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
The Public ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
The Government

There is now, of course, no official medium-term National Plan. The Government in recent years has published very little about possible medium-term developments. In the Public Expenditure White Paper, from December 1972 up to February 1976, there was a single table outlining the possible evolution of the economy over the four-year period which the public expenditure forward estimates cover. In the last two public expenditure white papers, even this single table has been dropped. In the latest paper there is the highly tentative suggestion that gross domestic product might rise at 3½ per cent a year up to 1979-80—but nothing is said about the macro-economic assumptions for later years. There is now no table showing the distribution of resources which might accompany this growth-rate—merely a text reference which says that ‘a rise in the proportion of national income devoted to industrial investment is essential…’

scholarly journals Changing contribution of smoking to the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe, 1950–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 835-841
Author(s):  
Fanny Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Related Part

Abstract This article provides a detailed and overarching illustration of the contribution of smoking to sex differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) in Europe, focusing on changes over time and differences between both European countries and European regions. For this purpose, the sex difference in e0 for 31 European countries over the 1950–2014 period was decomposed into a smoking- and a non-smoking-related part, using all-cause mortality data and indirectly estimated smoking-attributable mortality rates by age and sex, and a formal decomposition analysis. It was found that smoking-attributable mortality contributed, on average, 3 years (43.5%) to the 7-year life expectancy difference between women and men in 2014. This contribution, was largest in 1995, at 5.2 out of 9.0 years, and subsequently declined in parallel with the average sex difference in life expectancy. The average contribution of smoking-attributable mortality was especially large in North-Western Europe around 1975; in Southern Europe around 1985; and in Eastern Europe around 1990–1995, when smoking-attributable mortality reached maximum levels among men, but was still low among women. The observed parallel decline from 1995 onwards in the sex differences in e0 and the absolute contribution of smoking to this sex difference suggests that this recent decline in the sex difference in e0 can be almost fully explained by historical changes in sex differences in smoking, and, consequently, smoking-attributable mortality. In line with the progression of the smoking epidemic, the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe are expected to further decline in the future.

scholarly journals Variations in the Incidence and Mortality of Ovarian Cancer and Their Relationship with the Human Development Index in European Countries in 2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Mohammadian ◽  
Mahin Ghafari ◽  
Bahman Khosravi ◽  
Hamid Salehiniya ◽  
Mohammad Aryaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) has high incidence and mortality rates among the reproductive system cancers. This study investigated the relationship between the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of OC and Human Development Index (HDI) in European countries in 2012. Methods: This ecological study assessed the correlation between the ASIR and ASMR of OC and HDI and its components including life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and gross national income (GNI) per capita. Bivariate correlation analysis was used for assessing the correlation between the ASIR and ASMR of OC and HDI and its components. All reported P values were two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc.). Results: The maximum ASIR of OC was observed in Latvia, Bulgaria, and Poland. The highest ASMR of OC was observed in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The incidence and mortality rates of OC are expected to increase between 2012 and 2035. This increase will be more pronounced in women ≥ 65 years. HDI had a weak negative correlation with the ASIR of OC (r=- 0.213; P=0.186) and a weak positive correlation with the ASMR of OC (r=0.072; P=0.659). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, health policy makers must make appropriate decisions to deal with the increasing morbidity and mortality of OC, especially in women over 65 years of age, in regions with lower access to prevention and treatment services.

Tax Structure and Bureaucratic Bargaining

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Median Voter ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Public Budget ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bureaucratic Control ◽  
Public Bureaucracy

This article explores some limitations on the power of the public bureaucracies to control public sector budgets. Two conditions are considered within a majority rule election framework. First, individuals may react to the potential loss of income resulting from a bureaucratically chosen output of public goods. Second, bureaucratic control of the public budget is constrained by the existing tax structure. The model demonstrates that the bureaucratic ability to set public expenditure levels has been seriously overestimated. Further, the model raises questions as to the role of the median voter in elections when the agenda is controlled by a public bureaucracy.

scholarly journals Combining economic policy instruments with desalinisation to reduce overdraft in the Spanish Alto Guadalentín aquifer

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Martínez-Granados ◽  
Javier Calatrava
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Public Budget ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aquifer Depletion ◽  
Political Cost ◽  
The Cost

This paper analyses the cost-effectiveness of combining several economic policy instruments to address the problem of non-renewable pumping in the Alto Guadalentín aquifer in southeastern Spain, one of the most extreme cases of aquifer depletion in Europe. Our results show that all instruments have significant economic impacts. However, the future availability of desalinisation would notably mitigate these impacts, as farmers can substitute groundwater with desalinised water. Although a complete ban on non-renewable pumping and an environmental tax on withdrawals imply the lowest level of public expenditure, they are very unpopular and have a large political cost. The buyback of groundwater rights and the subsidisation of desalinisation in exchange for reducing withdrawals are likely to be much better received by farmers, as their cost would be charged to the public budget. A combination of instruments would split the cost of aquifer recovery between farmers and the administration and would therefore possibly not meet with as much opposition from stakeholders.

scholarly journals The Basic Stages of Preparing a Public Budget

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Hamad Al-Hakeem ◽  
Kahi Ilham Abdal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Public Budget ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Quality Of Living

Budgeting is creating a plan to spend your money.  Good budgeting is spending less than you are earning as you plan for your financial goals.  Budgeting is the fundamental step in achieving financial literacy, and by extension, reaching financial security and freedom.  Budgeting is the process of creating a plan to spend and invest your hard earned money wisely to meet your personal and financial goals in life.  It should not be a mathematical exercise that we think we have to endure; rather, it is the result of self- assessment of our relationship with money and a necessary road map to steer us toward a higher standard and quality of living. The budget determines the general policy of the State and reflects its economic and development orientations and the partnership of all citizens with regard to their tax obligations or service rights. This is a strategic plan as a result of the expenditure study for years, taking into account the needs and potential of the ministries and the capacity to mobilize resources to cover the public expenditure of the State.

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