scholarly journals Investigation of Changes in Saliva in Radiotherapy-Induced Head Neck Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1629
Author(s):  
Christina Winter ◽  
Roman Keimel ◽  
Markus Gugatschka ◽  
Dagmar Kolb ◽  
Gerd Leitinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Head Neck Cancer ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

The intact function of the salivary glands is of utmost importance for oral health. During radiotherapy in patients with head and neck tumors, the salivary glands can be damaged, causing the composition of saliva to change. This leads to xerostomia, which is a primary contributor to oral mucositis. Medications used for protective or palliative treatment often show poor efficacy as radiation-induced changes in the physico-chemical properties of saliva are not well understood. To improve treatment options, this study aimed to carefully examine unstimulated whole saliva of patients receiving radiation therapy and compare it with healthy unstimulated whole saliva. To this end, the pH, osmolality, electrical conductivity, buffer capacity, the whole protein and mucin concentrations, and the viscoelastic and adhesive properties were investigated. Moreover, hyaluronic acid was examined as a potential candidate for a saliva replacement fluid. The results showed that the pH of radiation-induced saliva shifted from neutral to acidic, the osmolality increased and the viscoelastic properties changed due to a disruption of the mucin network and a change in water secretion from the salivary glands. By adopting an aqueous 0.25% hyaluronic acid formulation regarding the lost properties, similar adhesion characteristics as in healthy, unstimulated saliva could be achieved.

scholarly journals Cytokine/Chemokine/Growth Factor Profiles Contribute to Understanding the Pathogenesis of the Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Euthyroid Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
K. Morawska ◽  
M. Maciejczyk ◽  
S. Zięba ◽  
Ł. Popławski ◽  
A. Kita-Popławska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. It is suggested that, in addition to thyroid gland dysfunction, HT is responsible for impaired secretion from the salivary glands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of symptoms of salivary gland dysfunction. We also assessed the relationship between the levels of selected cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and the rate of UWS secretion and symptoms of xerostomia in HT patients. The study group consisted of 25 female patients diagnosed with Hashimoto’s disease in its spontaneous euthyroid state who had never received hormonal treatment. In more than half of the examined patients, we observed the level of UWS secretion below 0.2 mL/min, indicating impaired secretory function of the salivary glands. Moreover, we demonstrated that the clinical symptoms of salivary gland dysfunction worsen with disease duration. Nevertheless, the inflammatory changes occurring in these glands are independent of general inflammation in the course of HT. Our results clearly indicate an abnormal profile of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the UWS of HT euthyroid women as well as the fact that concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1 as well as INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 may be potential biomarkers for salivary gland dysfunction in the course of HT. Furthermore, salivary IL-12 (p40) may be helpful in assessing the progression of autoimmunity-related inflammation in the course of HT. In conclusion, secretory dysfunction of the salivary glands is closely related to autoimmunity-related inflammation in the course of HT, which leads to objective and subjective symptoms of dry mouth.

Paeonol Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation by Inactivation of STAT3 Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Junyi Xiang ◽  
Feng Huang ◽  
Renhua Huang ◽  
Jingzhan Su ◽  
Yulong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ablation Therapy ◽  
Androgen Ablation ◽  
Mesenchymal Transformation ◽  
Dose Dependent

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death in men all over the world. Treatment options such as androgen ablation therapy and cytotoxic agents have many undesirable side effects, narrow therapeutic windows, or other limitations. In this research, we have explored the effects of paeonol on prostate cancer and its mechanism of action. Our results have shown that paeonol reduced the viability of prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The wound-healing assay, a surrogate marker of tumor metastasis, showed that the relative wound width of 10 µM group was less than that of 50 µM paeonol-treated cells. Besides, the results of the transwell assay also showed that the number of migrated cells was significantly lower after treatment with 50 µM paeonol compared to the 10 µM group. The Western blot results showed that paeonol treatment induced a decrease in the mesenchymal markers (vimentin and N-cadherin), while the epithelial marker (E-cadherin) increased in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that paeonol effectively inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in PC3 cells. Furthermore, the expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3 was also decreased after paeonol treatment, which indicated that the STAT3 signaling pathway was inhibited by paeonol. To conclude, the results summarized in this paper suggest that paeonol could be a potential candidate in the treatment of prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Selective Inhibition of Aurora Kinase A by AK-01/LY3295668 Attenuates MCC Tumor Growth by Inducing MCC Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3708
Author(s):  
Bhaba K. Das ◽  
Aarthi Kannan ◽  
Quy Nguyen ◽  
Jyoti Gogoi ◽  
Haibo Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Aurora Kinase ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Cycle Arrest

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an often-lethal skin cancer with increasing incidence and limited treatment options. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become the standard of care in advanced MCC, 50% of all MCC patients are ineligible for ICIs, and amongst those treated, many patients develop resistance. There is no therapeutic alternative for these patients, highlighting the urgent clinical need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Using patient-derived genetic insights and data generated in our lab, we identified aurora kinase as a promising therapeutic target for MCC. In this study, we examined the efficacy of the recently developed and highly selective AURKA inhibitor, AK-01 (LY3295668), in six patient-derived MCC cell lines and two MCC cell-line-derived xenograft mouse models. We found that AK-01 potently suppresses MCC survival through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, particularly in MCPyV-negative MCC cells without RB expression. Despite the challenge posed by its short in vivo durability upon discontinuation, the swift and substantial tumor suppression with low toxicity makes AK-01 a strong potential candidate for MCC management, particularly in combination with existing regimens.

scholarly journals Detection of Salivary miRNAs That Predict Chronic Periodontitis Progression: A Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8010
Author(s):  
Kohei Fujimori ◽  
Toshiki Yoneda ◽  
Takaaki Tomofuji ◽  
Daisuke Ekuni ◽  
Tetsuji Azuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Discrimination Power ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Supportive Periodontal Therapy ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva ◽  
Attachment Level

The aim of this two-year cohort study was to investigate salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) that predict periodontitis progression. A total of 120 patients who underwent supportive periodontal therapy were recruited. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline. Two years later, 44 patients were followed up (median age, 67.1 years) and divided into two groups: progression group (n = 22), with one or more sites with clinical attachment level (CAL) progression (>3 mm compared with baseline) or tooth extraction due to periodontitis progression; and the control group (n = 22), which did not exhibit CAL progression. In the microarray analysis of salivary miRNAs, hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-miR-17-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-4724-3p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-28-5p, hsa-miR-320d, and hsa-miR-31-5p showed fold change values <0.5 or ≥2.0 in the progression group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, areas under the curves of hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-28-5p, and hsa-miR-320d were >0.7, indicating fair discrimination power. The expressions of salivary hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-28-5p, and hsa-miR-320d were associated with periodontitis progression in patients with chronic periodontitis. These salivary miRNAs may be new biomarkers for progression of periodontitis, and monitoring them may contribute to new diagnostics and precision medicine for periodontitis.

scholarly journals Origin of MMP-8 and Lactoferrin levels from gingival crevicular fluid, salivary glands and whole saliva

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza L. Ramenzoni ◽  
Deborah Hofer ◽  
Alex Solderer ◽  
Daniel Wiedemeier ◽  
Thomas Attin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Active Matrix ◽  
Probing Pocket Depth ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Biomarker Testing ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

Abstract Background Pathologically elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and Lactoferrin in oral fluids have been associated with the presence of gingivitis/periodontitis. This study aimed to assess the origin of MMP-8 and Lactoferrin in periodontitis patients and to identify the degree to which conventional clinical parameters correlate with their presence. Methods A total of ten periodontitis and ten healthy patients were included in this study. Whole saliva (stimulated and unstimulated), parotid/sublingual glandular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid from pockets and sulci were tested for MMP-8 and Lactoferrin and protein concentrations were quantified using an ELISA assay. Clinical parameters were checked for potential associations with MMP-8 and Lactoferrin levels. Results Periodontal patients presented higher concentrations of MMP-8 and Lactoferrin in pockets than other sources (P = 0.03). Lactoferrin measurement was higher in the parotid compared to sublingual glandular fluid in periodontitis patients (P = 0.03). Increased probing pocket depth was positively correlated with high MMP-8 and Lactoferrin levels. Conclusions Periodontal pockets appear to be the major source of active matrix metalloproteinase and Lactoferrin, which also may also enter the oral cavity through the salivary glands. Since clinically healthy sites in periodontitis patients also had elevated biomarker levels, gingival crevicular fluid biomarker testing may be more predictive of future tissue breakdown than conventional clinical parameters.

Surface and Adhesive Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene after Radiation Cross-Linking

2014 ◽  
Vol 606 ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bednarik ◽  
David Manas ◽  
Miroslav Manas ◽  
Martin Ovsik ◽  
Jan Navratil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Low Density ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiation Processing ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Γ Rays

Radiation cross-linking gives inexpensive commodity plastics and technical plastics the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of high-performance plastic. This upgrading of the plastics enables them to be used in conditions which they would not be able to with stand otherwise. The irradiation cross-linking of thermoplastic materials via electron beam or cobalt 60 (gammy rays) is performed separately, after processing. Generally, ionizing radiation includes accelerated electrons, gamma rays and X-rays. Radiation processing with an electron beam offers several distinct advantages when compared with other radiation sources, particularly γ-rays and x-rays. The process is very fast, clean and can be controlled with much precision. There is no permanent radioactivity since the machine can be switched off. In contrast to γ-rays and x-rays, the electron beam can steered relatively easily, thus allowing irradiation of a variety of physical shapes. The energy-rich beta rays trigger chemical reactions in the plastics which results in networking of molecules (comparable to the vulcanization of rubbers which has been in industrial use for so long). The energy from the rays is absorbed by the material and cleavage of chemical bonds takes place. This releases free radicals which in next phase from desired molecular bonds. This article describes the effect of radiation cross-linking on the surface and adhesive properties of low-density polyethylene.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hyaluronic Acid Production Process Utilizing Streptococcal Fermentation

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Rafael G. Ferreira ◽  
Adriano R. Azzoni ◽  
Maria Helena Andrade Santana ◽  
Demetri Petrides
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Fed Batch Culture ◽  
Economic Analyses

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polysaccharide of alternating d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues present in the extracellular matrix of connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Due to its singular hydrating, rheological and adhesive properties, HA has found numerous cosmetic and medical applications. However, techno-economic analyses of high value-added bioproducts such as HA are scarce in the literature. Here, we present a techno-economic analysis of a process for producing HA using Streptococcus zooepidemicus, simulated in SuperPro Designer. In the baseline scenario, HA is produced by batch fermentation, reaching 2.5 g/L after 24 h. It is then centrifuged, diafiltered, treated with activated carbon and precipitated with isopropanol. The product is suitable for topical formulations and its production cost was estimated as 1115 $/kg. A similar scenario, based on fed-batch culture and assuming a titer of 5.0 g/L, led to a lower cost of 946 $/kg. Moreover, in two additional scenarios, 10% of the precipitated HA is diverted to the production of a highly pure and high-molecular weight HA, suitable for injectable applications. These scenarios resulted in higher capital and operating costs, but also in higher profits, because HA for injectable use has a higher selling price that more than compensates for its higher production costs.

scholarly journals Detection of suPAR in the Saliva of Healthy Young Adults: Comparison with Plasma Levels

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. BMI.S8326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gustafsson ◽  
Vjosa Ajeti ◽  
Lennart Ljunggren
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor ◽  
Cystic Fluid ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Receptor ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been detected in blood, plasma, serum, urine, ovarian cystic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. Elevated suPAR levels in plasma have been associated with negative outcomes in various diseases, such as bacteremia, sepsis, SIRS, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and tuberculosis. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether suPAR can be detected in saliva from healthy individuals and thus, if saliva suPAR can be related to plasma suPAR, CRP, BMI, or gender. Blood and unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 20 healthy individuals (10 female and 10 male, median age of 28 years; range 21–41). CRP and suPAR were measured with ELISA in saliva and serum/plasma. suPAR was detected in all saliva samples in the 5.2–28.1 ng/mL range, with a median value of 17.1 ng/mL. Saliva suPAR was significantly higher ( P < 0.001) but not correlated to plasma suPAR in healthy young adults with normal plasma suPAR levels. suPAR and CRP levels were correlated in blood but not in saliva. No correlation was found between BMI, age, or gender and suPAR in saliva.

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