Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Jumping, Sprinting and Force-Velocity Profiling in Resistance-Trained Women: A Preliminary Study

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle on vertical jumping, sprint performance and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women. A group of resistance-trained eumenorrheic women (n = 9) were tested in three phases over the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase (i.e., days 1–3, 7–10, and 19–21 of the cycle, respectively). Each testing phase consisted of a battery of jumping tests (i.e., squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump from a 30 cm box [DJ30], and the reactive strength index) and 30 m sprint running test. Two different applications for smartphone (My Jump 2 and My Sprint) were used to record the jumping and sprinting trials, respectively, at high speed (240 fps). The repeated measures ANOVA reported no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.25) in CMJ, DJ30, reactive strength index and sprint times between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. A greater SJ height performance was observed during the follicular phase compared to the bleeding phase (p = 0.033, ES = −0.22). No differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.45) were found in the CMJ and sprint force-velocity profile over the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Vertical jump, sprint performance and the force-velocity profiling remain constant in trained women, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Download Full-text

The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Muscle Strength and Power Performance

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2019-0061 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 123-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Blanca Romero-Moraleda ◽

Juan Del Coso ◽

Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽

Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽

Jozo Grgic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Power Output ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Muscle Performance ◽

Power Performance ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

Squat Exercise ◽

Force Velocity

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the fluctuations of muscle performance in the Smith machine half-squat exercise during three different phases of the menstrual cycle. Thirteen resistance-trained and eumenorrheic women volunteered to participate in the study (58.6 ± 7.8 kg, 31.1 ± 5.5 years). In a pre-experimental test, the half-squat one-repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. Body mass, tympanic temperature and urine concentration of the luteinizing hormone were estimated daily for ~30 days to determine the early follicular phase (EFP), the late follicular phase (LFP), and the mid-luteal phase (MLP) of the menstrual cycle. On the second day of each phase, performance of the Smith machine half-squats was assessed using 20, 40, 60 and 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). In each load, force, velocity, and power output were measured during the concentric phase of the exercise by means of a rotatory encoder. The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnitude-based inferences. Overall, force, velocity and power output were very similar in all menstrual cycle phases with unclear differences in most of the pairwise comparisons and effect sizes >0.2. The results of this investigation suggest that eumenorrheic females have similar muscle strength and power performance in the Smith machine half-squat exercise during the EFP, LFP, and MLP phases of the menstrual cycle.

Download Full-text

Relationship between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Force-Velocity Characteristics in BMX Cyclists

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7110232 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 232 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Micah Gross ◽

Thomy Gross

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

The Other ◽

Muscular Force ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Force Velocity ◽

High Level ◽

Training Exercises ◽

The Relationship ◽

Squat Jumps ◽

Flat Ground

Especially for bicycle motocross (BMX) cyclists, transfer of muscular force-velocity (Fv) characteristics between common strength training exercises and cycling is important. This study investigated the relationship between Fv characteristics in a common training exercise (squat jumps) and a sport-specific task (cycling) in high-level BMX racers by exploring the degree to which Fv and torque–cadence (Tc) characteristics correspond. Twelve BMX racers performed an Fv (multiple loaded squat jump) and two Tc tests (ramp starts and flat-ground sprints). Results revealed very large correlations between F 0 and T o r 0 s t a r t (r = 0.77) and between P m a x j u m p and P m a x s t a r t (r = 0.85). On the other hand, the relationships between v 0 and C a d 0 s t a r t (r = –0.25) and between S F v and S T c s t a r t (r = –0.14) were small and negative. Similar results were observed for sprints. Based on dichotomous classifications (greater or less than group median), several discrepancies occurred, particularly for the profile slopes and high-speed variables. Thus, we recommend performing both jump-based and cycling-specific F v testing. Of additional note, T c characteristics on flat ground were similar to, but slightly different from those on the start ramp. Therefore, where possible, Tc tests should be carried out on a ramp.

Download Full-text

PROFESSIONAL MARTIAL ARTISTS’ KINEMATIC AND KINETIC CHANGES IN VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION BEFORE AND AFTER COVID-19 LOCKDOWN

10.31236/osf.io/9x6ha ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erik Tan ◽

Matthew P. Gonzalez ◽

Martin Dietze-Hermosa ◽

SEE Min ◽

Sandor Dorgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Strength Index ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Vertical Jump Height ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Hoc

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused mandatory lockdowns leading to disruptions in sports training programs. This study aimed to determine the effects of a 16-week COVID-19 lockdown on body composition as well as kinetic and kinematic parameters of the countermovement jump (CMJ) for professional martial artists. Thirteen (n=13) professional martial artists participated in this retrospective cohort study. Subjects were tested on the CMJ at four timepoints: 1) pre-lockdown (pre), 2) immediately post-lockdown (post), 3) two weeks post-lockdown (post+2), and 4) four weeks post-lockdown (post+4). Body composition was measured via bioelectrical impedance and jump data were collected using a force platform sampling at 1,000 Hz. Individual repeated-measures ANOVAs were conducted with pairwise post-hoc analyzes. Differences were observed in vertical jump height (VJH) of 10.33%, peak velocity (PV) of 3.10%, reactive strength index modified (RSImod) of 13.8%, and peak propulsive power (PPP) of 6.00% (p<0.05). There as an increase from post to post+2 of 13.06% in VJ, 4.12% for PV, 14.0% for RSImod, and PPP of 4.66%. There was an increase from post to post+2 of 10.8% in VJH, 3.1% for PV, 14.0% for RSImod, and PPP of 3.0%. Fat mass (FM) and BF% increased from pre to post by 13% and 11%, respectively, and decreased 8% and 11% from post to post+4 respectively (p<0.05). In contrast, there was an decrease in fat-free mass (FFM) from pre to post of 11% and a decrease of 8% from post to post+4. There were moderate associations between FFM and VJH (rmc=0.47), FMM and PPP (rmc=0.47), FFM and PV (rmc=0.47), BF% and PV (rmc=-0.42), and FM and PV (rmc=0.42). While the lockdown resulted in a significant decrease in CMJ performance and increases in BF and FM, subjects’ performance returned to pre-lockdown levels after only 2-4 weeks of post-lockdown training by decreasing BF, FM, and increasing FFM.

Download Full-text

Velocity-Based Resistance Training on 1-RM, Jump and Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports10010008 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Mateo Baena-Marín ◽

Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo ◽

Jhonatan González-Santamaría ◽

David Rodríguez-Rosell ◽

Jorge L. Petro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Resistance Training ◽

High Speed ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Sprint Performance ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Movement Velocity ◽

Female Population ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Future Studies

Weight resistance training (RT) has been shown to positively influence physical performance. Within the last two decades, a methodology based on monitoring RT through movement velocity (also called velocity-based resistance training, VBRT) has emerged. The aim of this PRISMA-based systematic review was to evaluate the effect of VBRT programs on variables related to muscle strength (one-repetition maximum, 1-RM), and high-speed actions (vertical jump, and sprint performance) in trained subjects. The search for published articles was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORT Discus/EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE databases using Boolean algorithms independently. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review (a low-to-moderate overall risk of bias of the analyzed studies was detected). VBRT is an effective method to improve 1-RM, vertical jump and sprint. According to the results of the analyzed studies, it is not necessary to reach high muscle failure in order to achieve the best training results. These findings reinforce the fact that it is possible to optimize exercise adaptations with less fatigue. Future studies should corroborate these findings in female population.

Download Full-text

Further improvement of vertical jumping performance of volleyball players through targeted plyometric training

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v16i4.5831 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 951-958

Author(s):

Mehmet Yıldız ◽

Oğuzhan Engin

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

English Summary ◽

Control Group ◽

Plyometric Training ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Vertical Jumping ◽

Volleyball Players ◽

Post Test

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of jumping exercises with an overhead target on vertical jump performance of volleyball players. Method: Eighteen male volleyball players (age 21.3 ± 1.8 years, height 183.8 ± 10.0 cm, weight 78.44 ± 12.0 kg) participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups randomly. Before the study, as a pre-test, jumping heights of all participants were measured by the Sargent method. Then, three days a week, for a total of four weeks, the control group performed 10 vertical jump exercises without targeting, while the study group performed 10 jumps with 10% more of the pretest result after the standard volleyball training. The target of a participant who reached the target three times in one session was increased by 10%. As a final test, maximal jump heights of both groups were measured again with the Sargent method. A 2X2 repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine vertical jump height changes according to pre-test and post-test measurements of the groups. Results: During the study, the maximal jump values of the volleyball players were found to increase by 13% (55,66 ± 6,7 cm) compared to the control group (50,56 ± 7,70 cm). Conclusion: In branches such as volleyball, where jump performance is the most important determinant of success, it is suggested that exercises should be performed through an overhead target to improve vertical jump performance. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Giriş ve Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı baş üstü hedef göstererek yapılan dikey sıçrama egzersizlerinin voleybol oyuncularının dikey sıçrama performansına olan etkisini araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya on sekiz erkek voleybol (yaş: 21,3±1,8 yıl, boy: 183,8±10,0 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 78,44±12,0 kg) oyuncusu katılmıştır. Katılımcılar rastgele yöntemle iki guruba ayrılmıştır. Çalışma öncesi tüm katılımcıların ön test olarak Sargent yöntemiyle sıçrama yükseklikleri ölçülmüştür. Daha sonra haftada üç gün, toplam dört hafta boyunca standart antrenman sonrası kontrol grubu hedef gösterilmeden 10 dikey sıçrama egzersizi yaparken, çalışma grubu ön test sonucunun %10 fazlası hedef gösterilerek 10 sıçrama çalışması yapmışlardır. Gösterilen hedefe bir çalışmada 3 defa ulaşan bir katılımcının hedefi %10 arttırılmıştır. Son test olarak her iki grubunda Sargent yöntemiyle maksimal sıçrama yükseklikleri tekrar ölçülmüştür. Grupların ön test ve son test ölçümlerine göre dikey sıçrama yükseklik değişimlerinin belirlenmesi için 2X2 tekrarlı ölçümler varyans analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sırasında hedef göstererek (55,66±6,7 cm) yapılan egzersizlerin kontrol grubuna oranla (50,56±7,70 cm) voleybolcularda maksimal sıçrama değerlerinin daha fazla arttığı (%13) tespit edilmiştir. Tartışma-Sonuç: Voleybol gibi dikey sıçrama performansının başarının en önemli belirleyicisi olduğu branşlarda sıçrama performansının geliştirilmesi için baş üstü hedef gösterilerek yapılacak egzersizler önerilmektedir.

Download Full-text

El ciclo menstrual no afecta el desempeño físico de jóvenes eumenorreicas (Menstrual cycle does not affect physical performance in eumenorrheic youth)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i39.77779 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 264-266

Author(s):

Jorge Alberto Aburto-Corona ◽

Iris Jaquelinne Gil González ◽

Vanessa Natasha Vega Aguilar ◽

Juan José Calleja Núñez

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Friedman Test ◽

Physically Active ◽

Jump Test ◽

Grasa Corporal ◽

History Of ◽

Apparently Healthy

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si las fases del ciclo menstrual influyen en el salto vertical y en la resistencia aeróbica. Trece estudiantes universitarias asistieron en tres ocasiones aleatorias al Laboratorio de Biociencias de la Motricidad Humana: en la fase folicular (FFolicular), ovulatoria (EOvulatoria) y lútea (FLútea) (entre los días 7 - 9, 12 - 14 y 23 - 25 de su ciclo menstrual regular, respectivamente), todas ellas eumenorreicas, físicamente activas, aparentemente sanas y sin historial de haber ingerido hormonas (edad = 20.8 ± 1.0 años; talla = 157.8 ± 6.0 cm; peso = 59.4 ± 6.8 kg; grasa corporal = 27.5 ± 5.8 %). En cada visita realizaron una prueba de salto vertical y una de resistencia aeróbica. Mediante un test de Friedman de muestras relacionadas, no se encontraron diferencias en el salto vertical (FFolicular = 38.1 ± 14.4 cm, EOvulatoria = 36.0 ± 14.2 cm, FLútea = 36.7 ± 14.4 cm; p = 0.075) ni en la resistencia aeróbica (FFolicular = 783.6 ± 126.9 metros, EOvulatoria = 812.9 ± 179.1 metros, FLútea = 784.5 ± 128.8 metros; p = 0.775) entre las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual. Los resultados demuestran que el ciclo menstrual no mejora ni empeora el desempeño físico de mujeres jóvenes eumenorreicas. Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine if the phases of the menstrual cycle influence vertical jump and aerobic resistance. Thirteen university students attended the Laboratory of Biosciences of Human Motricity on three random occasions: follicular (FFolicular), ovulatory (EOvulatoria) and luteal (FLútea) phase (between days 7 - 9, 12 - 14 and 23 - 25 of their regular menstrual cycle, respectively). All of them were eumenorrheic, physically active, apparently healthy, and had no history of ingesting hormones (age = 20.8 ± 1.0 years; height = 157.8 ± 6.0 cm; weight = 59.4 ± 6.8 kg; body fat = 27.5 ± 5.8%). At each visit, they performed a vertical jump test and an aerobic resistance test. Using Friedman test of repeated measures, no differences were found in vertical jump (FFolicular = 38.1 ± 14.4 cm, EOvulatoria = 36.0 ± 14.2 cm, FLútea = 36.7 ± 14.4 cm; p = 0.075) nor in aerobic resistance (FFolicular = 783.6 ± 126.9 meters, EOvulatoria = 812.9 ± 179.1 meters, FLútea = 784.5 ± 128.8 meters; p = 0.775) between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The results show that menstrual cycle does not improve or worsen physical performance in eumenorrheic young women.

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i2.1032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shehnaz Shaikh

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Sample Size ◽

Young Women ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Uterine Wall ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Granulose Cells ◽

Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle. Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

Download Full-text

Effects of plantar flexors training (force vs. velocity) on plantar flexion and squat jump force-velocity relationships

Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1080/10255842.2020.1714940 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (sup1) ◽

pp. S350-S351

Author(s):

C. Giroux ◽

R. Hager ◽

J. Feugray ◽

G. Lauby ◽

S. Dorel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plantar Flexion ◽

Plantar Flexors ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Force Velocity

Download Full-text

Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7209

Author(s):

Hannah N. Willett ◽

Kristen J. Koltun ◽

Anthony C. Hackney

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Athletic Performance ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Future Research ◽

Physically Active ◽

Energy Substrate ◽

Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

Download Full-text

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1160145 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 145-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Jocelyne Brun ◽

Bruno Claustrat ◽

Michel David

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Oral Contraceptives ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

The Other ◽

Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

Download Full-text