scholarly journals The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Muscle Strength and Power Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Romero-Moraleda ◽  
Juan Del Coso ◽  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Jozo Grgic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Squat Exercise ◽  
Force Velocity

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the fluctuations of muscle performance in the Smith machine half-squat exercise during three different phases of the menstrual cycle. Thirteen resistance-trained and eumenorrheic women volunteered to participate in the study (58.6 ± 7.8 kg, 31.1 ± 5.5 years). In a pre-experimental test, the half-squat one-repetition maximum (1RM) was measured. Body mass, tympanic temperature and urine concentration of the luteinizing hormone were estimated daily for ~30 days to determine the early follicular phase (EFP), the late follicular phase (LFP), and the mid-luteal phase (MLP) of the menstrual cycle. On the second day of each phase, performance of the Smith machine half-squats was assessed using 20, 40, 60 and 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). In each load, force, velocity, and power output were measured during the concentric phase of the exercise by means of a rotatory encoder. The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnitude-based inferences. Overall, force, velocity and power output were very similar in all menstrual cycle phases with unclear differences in most of the pairwise comparisons and effect sizes >0.2. The results of this investigation suggest that eumenorrheic females have similar muscle strength and power performance in the Smith machine half-squat exercise during the EFP, LFP, and MLP phases of the menstrual cycle.

scholarly journals Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Jumping, Sprinting and Force-Velocity Profiling in Resistance-Trained Women: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4830
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Pascual Bujalance-Moreno ◽  
Carlos Lago-Fuentes ◽  
Santiago A. Ruiz-Alias ◽  
Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Force Velocity

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle on vertical jumping, sprint performance and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women. A group of resistance-trained eumenorrheic women (n = 9) were tested in three phases over the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase (i.e., days 1–3, 7–10, and 19–21 of the cycle, respectively). Each testing phase consisted of a battery of jumping tests (i.e., squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump from a 30 cm box [DJ30], and the reactive strength index) and 30 m sprint running test. Two different applications for smartphone (My Jump 2 and My Sprint) were used to record the jumping and sprinting trials, respectively, at high speed (240 fps). The repeated measures ANOVA reported no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.25) in CMJ, DJ30, reactive strength index and sprint times between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. A greater SJ height performance was observed during the follicular phase compared to the bleeding phase (p = 0.033, ES = −0.22). No differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.45) were found in the CMJ and sprint force-velocity profile over the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Vertical jump, sprint performance and the force-velocity profiling remain constant in trained women, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.

MAXIMUM ISOMETRIC MUSCLE STRENGTH AS A PREDICTOR OF ONE REPETITION MAXIMUM IN THE SQUAT TEST

sportlogia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Borko Petrović ◽  
◽  
Aleksandar Kukrić ◽  
Radenko Dobraš ◽  
Nemanja Zlojutro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Squat Exercise ◽  
Maximum Isometric Force ◽  
Isometric Muscle

This study aims to determine whether maximum isometric muscle strength, exerted at a certain angle in the knee joint (80 °, 110 °, and 140 °), may be used as a predictor of 1RM in the squat movement task. A group of twenty-four male students (N = 24) took part in the research in 2 separate sessions and 7 days of rest between each. In the first session, the anthropometric measurements and assessment of muscle strength, that is 1RM, were measured by maximum repetition to failure method on the Smith machine. The maximum isometric force (Fmax) of the leg muscles was measured by the Alternating Consecutive Maximum Contraction Test in laboratory conditions on a Smith machine using a dynamometer probe and the Globus Ergo Tesys System 1000 software system. Analyzing the results based on linear regression, the authors conclude that, with an accuracy of 84.5%, we can estimate 1RM in the squat exercise measuring the maximum isometric force exerted at an angle in the knee joint of 140 °. The results obtained by this research can be used in practice when assessing 1 RM based on the measurement of the maximum isometric force for a given movement task.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Aerobic-Anaerobic Capacity and Muscle Strength

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Bereket Köse
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Maximal Strength

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of menstrual cycle phases on aerobic-anaerobic capacity and muscle strength. 10 female kickboxing athletes with an average age of 21.40±2.01 years; average height of 169.60±6.14 cm; average weight of 63.90±5.76 kg and average training age of 7.41±2.10 participated in the study. On the first day, maximal strength (1RM), strength endurance, wingate anaerobic power and capacity test (WAnT) were conducted and aerobic measurements were taken the next day. The measurements were conducted in follicular phase on the days 2-3rd of menstrual bleeding, in mid-follicular phase on 8-9th days and in luteal phase on 22-23th days. The data were analyzed with Friedman repeated measurements variance analysis. According to the results of the study, it was found that kickboxing athletes’ aerobic-anaerobic capacity, 1RM, strength endurance and heart rate (HR) were not affected by follicular phase, mid-follicular phase and luteal phase (p>0.005). As a conclusion, it can be said that menstrual cycle does not influence performance parameters such as muscle strength, muscle endurance and aerobic-anaerobic capacity.

scholarly journals Biomechanical characteristics of Taekwondo athletes: kicks and punches vs. laboratory tests

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Buśko ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Maximal Force ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Strong Relationships

Summary Study aim: The aim of the study was to examine biomechanical characteristics of taekwondo athletes comparing kicks and punches with laboratory tests of muscle strength and power. Material and methods: Six male taekwondo athletes participated in this study. Measurements of maximal punching with the rear hand (hook and straight punches) and kicking (Apdolio and Dwit Chagi) force were performed on a boxing dynamometer. Also, the following laboratory tests were performed: jump height and power output in counter movement jump (CMJ) and spike jump (SPJ), muscle strength for 10 muscle groups and force-velocity (F-v) relationship. Results: Mean maximal straight and hook punching forces were 1659.2 ± 254.2 N and 1843.8 ± 453.3 N, respectively. Maxi­mal Apdolio rear leg, Apdolio lead leg and Dwit Chagi rear leg kicking forces were 3541.3 ± 1130.3 N, 3205.3 ± 965.1 N and 3568.0 ± 1306.0 N, respectively. The heights of jumps were 0.501 ± 0.040 m (CMJ) and 0.554 ± 0.034 m (SPJ). A strong cor­relation between the maximal force of a punch and maximal joint torques was observed. Conclusions: The values of kicking forces developed in a simulated fight were lower than the forces developed in the test of individual kicks. Strong relationships were observed between leg power developed in the SPJ and force of individual Apdolio kicks performed with the lead (r = 0.87, p < 0.05) and rear leg (r = 0.74). Based on these findings, it was concluded that maxi­mal joint torques and height of the SPJ could be used as a proxy of kicking force.

Traditional Versus Optimum Power Load Training in Professional Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Eduardo Talavera ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Power Load

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of optimum power load training (OPT, training with an individualized load and repetitions that maximize power output) and traditional resistance training (TRT, same number of repetitions and relative load for all individuals) in professional cyclists. Methods: Participants (19 [1] y, peak oxygen uptake 75.5 [6] mL/kg/min) were randomly assigned to 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) of TRT (n = 11) or OPT (n = 9), during which they maintained their usual cycle training schedule. Training loads were continuously registered, and measures of muscle strength/power (1-repetition maximum and maximum mean propulsive power on the squat, hip thrust, and lunge exercises), body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and endurance performance (assessed on both an incremental test and an 8-min time trial) were collected before and at the end of the intervention. Results: OPT resulted in a lower average intensity (percentage of 1-repetition maximum) during resistance training sessions for all exercises (P < .01), but no differences were found for overall training loads during resistance or cycling sessions (P > .05). Both programs led to significant improvements in all strength/power-related parameters, muscle mass (with no changes in total body mass but a decreased fat mass), and time-trial performance (all Ps < .05). A trend toward increased power output at the respiratory compensation point was also found (P = .056 and .066 for TRT and OPT, respectively). No between-groups differences were noted for any outcome (P > .05). Conclusion: The addition of either TRT or OPT to an endurance training regimen of elite cyclists results in similar improvements of body composition, muscle strength/power, and endurance performance.

scholarly journals The Effect of Caffeine on the Velocity of Half-Squat Exercise during the Menstrual Cycle: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romero-Moraleda ◽  
Del Coso ◽  
Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Lara
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Squat Exercise

Recent literature confirms the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake to increase muscle strength and power in men. However, the information about the effect of caffeine on muscle performance in women is uncertain and it is unknown whether its ergogenicity is similar during the menstrual cycle. The goal of this investigation was to assess the effect of acute caffeine intake on mean and peak velocity of half-squat exercise during three different phases of the menstrual cycle. Thirteen trained eumenorrheic athletes (age = 31 ± 6 years; body mass = 58.6 ± 7.8 kg) participated in a double-blind, crossover and randomized experimental trial. In the early follicular (EFP), late follicular (LFP) and mid luteal phases (MLP), participants either ingested a placebo (cellulose) or 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine in an opaque and unidentifiable capsule. In each trial, participants performed a half-squat exercise at maximal velocity with loads equivalent to 20%, 40% 60% and 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). In each load, mean and peak velocity were measured during the concentric phase of the exercise using a rotatory encoder. In comparison to the placebo, a two-way ANOVA showed that the ingestion of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine increased mean velocity at 60% 1RM in EFP (Δ = 1.4 ± 2.7%, p = 0.04; ES: 0.2 ± 0.2) and LFP (Δ = 5.0 ± 10.4%, p = 0.04; ES: 0.3 ± 0.4). No other statistical differences were found for the caffeine-placebo comparison for mean velocity, but caffeine induced an ergogenic effect of small magnitude in all of the menstrual cycle phases. These results suggest that the acute intake of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine induces a small effect to increase movement velocity during resistance exercise in eumenorrheic female athletes. The positive effect of caffeine was of similar magnitude in all the three phases of the menstrual cycle.

scholarly journals Prediction of the One Repetition Maximum to Design Strength Training Protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapna Sugat Jawade
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Design Strength ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Training Protocol

Accurate measurement of muscle strength is essential to design proper strength training protocol and to find out the efficacy of prescribed strength training protocol on muscle performance. One Repetition Maximum (1RM) is a reliable mean for the measurement of muscle strength. Primary goal of this review article was to explore the methods used in various articles of research databases that investigate the accurate way of estimation of 1RM before the design of strength training protocol. Wide range databases were searched to address articles on prediction of 1RM mentioned in Scopus, Pubmed, MEDLINE, Web of science, Google scholar databases, Wiley online library. Accurate determination of 1RM is based on various variables like gender, age, familiarisation of exercises, selection of predicted load, parts of body assessed (upper or lower limbs), rest interval given between exercise attempt and number of repetitions with percentage of predicted load. Prediction of 1RM varies significantly across different research studies. Based on the articles reviewed, it can be concluded that accurate prediction of 1RM is important to quantify current muscle strength level before one begins with strength training protocol. Many research articles mentioned that calculation of 1RM consists of trial and error, and it can also result into delayed onset of muscle soreness of particular tested muscles. Accurate Prediction of 1RM is important to design strength training protocol and it is also used to find out the efficacy of strength training protocol on muscle performance.

scholarly journals One-Repetition-Maximum Measures or Maximum Bar-Power Output: Which Is More Related to Sport Performance?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irineu Loturco ◽  
Timothy Suchomel ◽  
Chris Bishop ◽  
Ronaldo Kobal ◽  
Lucas A. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Speed Performance ◽  
Power Outputs

Purpose: To compare the associations between optimum power loads and 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) values (assessed in half-squat and jump-squat exercises) and multiple performance measures in elite athletes. Methods: Sixty-one elite athletes (15 Olympians) from 4 different sports (track and field [sprinters and jumpers], rugby sevens, bobsled, and soccer) performed squat and countermovement jumps, half-squat exercise (to assess 1RM), half-squat and jump-squat exercises (to assess bar-power output), and sprint tests (60 m for sprinters and jumpers and 40 m for the other athletes). Pearson product–moment correlation test was used to determine relationships between 1RM and bar-power outputs with vertical jumps and sprint times in both exercises. Results: Overall, both measurements were moderately to near perfectly related to speed performance (r values varying from −.35 to −.69 for correlations between 1RM and sprint times, and from −.36 to −.91 for correlations between bar-power outputs and sprint times; P < .05). However, on average, the magnitude of these correlations was stronger for power-related variables, and only the bar-power outputs were significantly related to vertical jump height. Conclusions: The bar-power outputs were more strongly associated with sprint-speed and power performance than the 1RM measures. Therefore, coaches and researchers can use the bar-power approach for athlete testing and monitoring. Due to the strong correlations presented, it is possible to infer that meaningful variations in bar-power production may also represent substantial changes in actual sport performance.

scholarly journals Mavacamten preserved length-dependent contractility and improved diastolic function in human engineered heart tissue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo R. Sewanan ◽  
Shi Shen ◽  
Stuart G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Engineered Heart Tissues ◽  
Work Loops

Comprehensive functional characterization of cardiac tissue includes investigation of length and load dependence. Such measurements have been slow to develop in engineered heart tissues (EHTs), whose mechanical characterizations have been limited primarily to isometric and near-isometric behaviors. A more realistic assessment of myocardial function would include force-velocity curves to characterize power output and force-length loops mimicking the cardiac cycle to characterize work output. We developed a system that produces force-velocity curves and work loops in human EHTs using an adaptive iterative control scheme. We used human EHTs in this system to perform a detailed characterization of the cardiac beta-myosin specific inhibitor, mavacamten. Consistent with the clinically proposed application of this drug to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, our data support the premise that mavacamten improves diastolic function through reduction of diastolic stiffness and isometric relaxation time. Meanwhile, the effects of mavacamten on length- and load-dependent muscle performance were mixed. The drug attenuated the length-dependent response at small stretch values but showed normal length dependency at longer lengths. Peak power output of mavacamten-treated EHTs showed reduced power output as expected, but also shifted peak power output to a lower load. Here we demonstrate a robust method for the generation of isotonic contraction series and work loops in engineered heart tissues using an adaptive-iterative method. This approach reveals new features of mavacamten pharmacology, including previously unappreciated effects on intrinsic myosin dynamics and preservation of Frank-Starling behavior at longer muscle lengths.

scholarly journals Intervention of Hydration Protocol on Strength, Endurance, and Muscle Power Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Syahrul Ramadhan ◽  
Leonardo Lubis ◽  
Nandina Oktavia ◽  
Daniel Womsiwor ◽  
Beltasar Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Hop Test ◽  
Endurance Tests

Water is a molecule that plays an essential role in the muscle contraction process because muscle is a tissue that mostly contains water (75-80%). Therefore, athletes need to maintain fluid intake to support their physical activities when competing and when training. Nevertheless, in several studies, it was noted that some athletes experienced hypohydration or dehydration, which ultimately impaired muscle performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the hydration protocol intervention on muscle strength, endurance, and power performance. This research is an analytical study with quasi-experimental research methods, namely single-arm pre-post study design using secondary data. Subjects of this study were 69 athletes year 2020 (named consecutively: Muaythai 9, Pencak silat 12, wrestling 10, judo 18, and taekwondo 20 athletes). This research was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020. In the beginning, all athletes were tested for muscle strength using a leg dynamometer, then muscle endurance tests using push-up and sit-up tests, and muscle power tests using the triple hop test of the right and left legs. After the first test, all athletes were educated about the hydration protocol. The hydration protocol was determined based on each athlete's sweat rate (ISR) and the training characteristics of each sports division. Then, all athletes underwent the training for two months. After that, the same tests were performed. The result showed that hydration protocol influenced the performance of muscle strength, endurance, and power. Therefore, the hydration protocol is influential in maintaining a good hydration status in athletes so that the athlete does not experience hypohydration which will later impair the athlete's muscle performance. Therefore, it is crucial to apply hydration protocols individually according to the training program (volume of training), not only in martial arts sports but in all sports.

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