scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Changes of Chemical Fertilizer Application and Its Environmental Risks in China from 2000 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11911
Author(s):  
Yuanzhi Guo ◽  
Jieyong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Western China ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Continuous Increase

Chemical fertilizers are important inputs in agricultural production. They not only increase crop yield but also bring many negative effects, such as agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, a scientific understanding of the regional differences in chemical fertilizer application and its environmental risks is of significance to promote China’s agricultural development. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of chemical fertilizer application intensity (CFAI) in China since 2000, evaluated the environmental risks of provincial CFAI, and investigated the internal mechanism behind them. The results showed that the total amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer application in China from 2000 to 2019 presented a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. In 2000 and 2019, provincial CFAI in eastern China was generally higher than that in central and western China, and the environmental risks of provincial CFAI were spatially characterized by “high in the north and low in the south”. Factors such as poor soil conditions, unreasonable farming structure and backward fertilization methods are the main reasons for the continuous increase in the total amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer application, while the construction of ecological civilization and the transformation of society and economy are the main reasons for their decline. Finally, measures such as targeted fertilization, adjusting the use structure of chemical fertilizers, improving fertilization methods and replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers are proposed to promote the quantity reduction and efficiency increase of chemical fertilizer application in China.

scholarly journals Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth and production of soybean (Glycine max) in dry land

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 9643-9653
Author(s):  
Ratih Sandrakirana ◽  
Zainal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Randomized Design

Soybean is known for its high protein content, which is the reason why it is widely used as one of the main food sources for humans and animals. In order to optimize soybean growth, farmers tend to add excessive dosage of chemical fertilizer to this crop. Furthermore, a continuous chemical fertilizer application without organic fertilizer addition may cause a rapid depletion of nutrients in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of organic fertilizer treatment to reduce the amount of urea as chemical fertilizer needed in soybean cultivation. A complete randomized design was conducted using 21 treatments of organic and chemical fertilizer in triplicate with a 4x3 m plot size. Analysis of variance was carried out to compare the means of measurement data and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT 5%) was applied. The treatment 2,000 kg ha-1 compost + 50 kg ha-1 urea (O2K2A1) resulted the highest dry yield in soybean and had significant differences with urea-only treatment. A mixture of chemical and organic fertilizers had no significant result over the yield compared to the use of chemical fertilizer only. Compost application of 1,000-2,000 kg ha-1 with urea 50-100 kg ha-1 (O2K2A1 and O 2K1A2) showed an increase in seed yield of 35-38 % with a profit reaching 333-340 USD ha-1 compared to standard treatment using urea 50 kg ha -1 + SP-36 50 kg ha-1 + 50 KCl kg ha-1 (O0K0A1).

scholarly journals Application of Dosage Combinations of Evagrow Biofertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Characteristics, Growth and Yield of Rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Merit ◽  
I Wayan Narka ◽  
Tatiek Kusmawati
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Biological Fertilizer

Research on the effect of dosage combination of Evagrow bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizers on soil properties, growth and yield of rice has been carried out in the glasshouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University using factorial experiment with a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor is Evagrow bio-fertilizer in 3 level, i.e. E0 (without bio-fertilizers), E1 (5 g bio-fertilizer/L) E2 (10 grams bio-fertilizer/L). The second factor is chemical fertilizer, which consists of 3 levels: K0 (without chemical fertilizers), K1 (150 kg Urea/ha + 75 kg SP36/ha + 37.5 kg KCl/ha), K2 (300 kg Urea/ha + 150 kg SP36/ha + 75 kg KCl/ha). The results showed that chemical fertilizers give a significant and very significant effect on most of the rice growth and yield parameters. The application of chemical fertilizers K1 and K2 increased yield of dry grain harvest to 52.87% and 102.54% compared to controls.  Application of Evagrow bio-fertilizer did not significantly increase growth and yield of rice. There is no interaction between chemical fertilizers and Evagrow bio- fertilizer.  Similarly to some of the soil characteristics, biological fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application did not show significant effect on most of the soil characteristics, except on salt levels.Keywords: Evagrow Biofertilizer, Inorganic Fertilizer, Oryza Sativa

scholarly journals Effects of Three Types of Organic Fertilizers on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Grassland on Andosol in Southern Hokkaido, Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Kitamura ◽  
Chiho Sugiyama ◽  
Kaho Yasuda ◽  
Arata Nagatake ◽  
Yiran Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Digestive Fluid

Reduction of chemical fertilizers and effective use of livestock excrement are required for the realization of sustainable agriculture and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the reduction rate of GHG emissions represented by comparing global warming potential (GWP) using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. The study was conducted in a managed grassland on Andosol in southern Hokkaido for 3 years from May 2017 to April 2020. There were five treatment plots: no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, manure, slurry, and digestive fluid. Organic fertilizers were applied such that the amount of NPK did not exceed the recommended application rate, and the shortage was supplemented with chemical fertilizers. Fluxes in CO2 caused by heterotrophic respiration (RH), CH4, and N2O were measured using the closed chamber method. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was obtained as net primary production + organic fertilizer application—RH—harvest. The GWP was estimated by CO2 equivalent NECB and CH4 and N2O emissions in each treatment. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen application rates in the organic fertilizer treatments were reduced by 10% for manure, 19.7% for slurry and 29.7% for digestive fluid compared to chemical fertilizer only, but the grass yields were not significantly different among the fertilizer treatments. The 3-year NECB showed significantly smallest carbon loss in manure treatment, and smaller carbon loss in the organic fertilizer treatments than in the chemical fertilizer only. The reduction rate in the GWP with use of organic fertilizers relative to that of chemical fertilizer was 16.5% for slurry, 27.0% for digestive fluid, and 36.2% for manure. The NECB accounted for more than 90% of the GWP in all treatments. CH4 emissions were < 0.1% of the GWP. On the other hand, N2O emissions accounted for more than 5% of the GWP, and was larger in the order of slurry > chemical fertilizer only > digestive fluid > manure. As a conclusion, these organic fertilizers can be used without no reduction of crop yield instead of chemical fertilizer, however, manure is the best way to increase soil carbon and to decrease GWP, followed by digestive fluid.

scholarly journals Spatial–Temporal Characteristics and Determinants of Digital Divide in China: A Multivariate Spatial Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhouying Song ◽  
Tao Song ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Zhenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Western China ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Multivariate Spatial Analysis ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Urbanization Rate

The digital divide has loomed as a sustainable development issue for over two decades and there has been much research in terms of efforts to measure the digital divide from different dimensions and scales. Drawing on spatial agglomeration analysis and multiple linear regression, this paper aims to reveal the spatiotemporal pattern of the prefectural digital divide in China and its determinants. The results show that there is a significant prefectural digital divide in China that is characterized by a decline of ICT development index (IDI) values from the east to the west as well as from core cities to more peripheral ones. Cities with high IDI values are mainly concentrated in large metropolitan areas in eastern China, whereas cities with low values tend to concentrate in poverty stricken regions in central and western China. However, the digital divide has been characterized by a reduction from 2001 to 2015. The results also show that both economic and educational factors have significant influences on the prefectural digital divide in China. During the early stages, the percentage of university students, urban residential income, and the urbanization rate were key factors. However, after 2010, the adult literacy rate and rural residential income determined the digital divide.

scholarly journals Pakchoi Antioxidant Improvement and Differential Rhizobacterial Community Composition under Organic Fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2424
Author(s):  
Jianli Liao ◽  
Jun Ye ◽  
Yun Liang ◽  
Muhammad Khalid ◽  
Danfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Organic Fertilization

A high level of antioxidants in organic-produced vegetables has been attributed to soil conditions; however, little is known about the relationships between antioxidants and rhizobacteria under different fertilization treatments. A pot trial for pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis L.) was conducted under greenhouse conditions with: (1) control; (2) chemical fertilizer; and (3) organic fertilizer. The responses of the plant, soil properties, and rhizobacterial community were measured after 45 days of cultivation. Fertilization increased soil nutrient levels and pakchoi productivity and the reshaped rhizobacterial community structure, while no differences in rhizobacterial abundance and total diversity were observed. Generally, most plant antioxidants were negatively correlated with inorganic nitrogen (N) and positively correlated to organic N in soil. The genera of Arthrospira and Acutodesmus contained differential rhizobacteria under chemical fertilizer treatment, which are known as copiotrophs. In addition, the addition of a chemical fertilizer may stimulate organic substance turnover by the enrichment of organic compound degraders (e.g., Microbacterium and Chitinophaga) and the promotion of predicted functional pathways involved in energy metabolism. Several beneficial rhizobacteria were associated with organic fertilizer amended rhizosphere including the genera Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Actinomycetospora, and Frankia. Furthermore, Bacillus spp. were positively correlated with plant biomass and phenolic acid. Moreover, predictive functional profiles of the rhizobacterial community involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism were significantly increased under organic fertilization, which were positively correlated with plant antioxidant activity. Overall, our study suggests that the short-term application of chemical and organic fertilizers reshapes the rhizobacterial community structure, and such changes might contribute to the plant’s performance.

scholarly journals Development Trend and Driving Factors of Agricultural Chemical Fertilizer Efficiency in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4607
Author(s):  
Rong He ◽  
Chaofeng Shao ◽  
Rongguang Shi ◽  
Zheyu Zhang ◽  
Run Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Agricultural Chemical ◽  
International Comparative

In China, a high input of chemical fertilizers is currently required for a relatively low increase in agricultural production, and this has resulted in prominent nonpoint source pollution and problems related to the quality of agricultural products. These phenomena threaten China’s implementation of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-2). To explore agricultural chemical fertilizer efficiency and the factors driving the growth in chemical fertilizer use in China, as based on an international comparative analysis of China’s chemical fertilizer input, the development trend in the application level and the efficiency in the use of chemical fertilizer in China were subject to time series analysis, and the factors influencing change were identified and analyzed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI). The results show that: (1) The gap in agricultural chemical fertilizer efficiency is still large when comparing China with modern agricultural countries, and excessive fertilizer input is still a major problem. (2) The continuous growth in the total amount of chemical fertilizer applied in China during the past 18 years has contributed to the increase in chemical fertilizer application intensity, which provided a cumulative contribution of 85.52%, with smaller contributions from the planting structure and crop sown area. Based on the analysis of fertilizer application, the chemical fertilizer application intensity of the main grain crops was the most significant factor, accounting for about a 40.00% cumulative contribution. (3) Since 2015, the total amount of chemical fertilizers has been reduced through gradually improving the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, reducing the application intensity of chemical fertilizers, and implementing the fallow rotation system and other measures. Of these, the reduction in application intensity was the most effective at reducing the overall amount of applied fertilizer. To meet the target for achieving sustainable agricultural development, China must still reduce its use of chemical fertilizers by at least 21.80 million tons. Based on the results of current measures and international experience, some suggestions for reducing fertilizer usage are provided.

Nitrogen and phosphorus distribution in plant, soil and leachate as affected by liquid hog manure and chemical fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivekananthan Kokulan ◽  
Mihiri Manimel Wadu ◽  
Olalekan Oluwole Akinremi ◽  
Katherine Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total N ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Hog Manure

A two-year field study was conducted on a coarse textured soil in Manitoba, Canada, to investigate the effects of liquid hog manure (LHM) and chemical fertilizer application on barley (2005) and red spring wheat (2006) yields, crop nutrient uptake and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) movement to the environment. The treatments were LHM applied at two rates as 22000 L ha-1 (2500 gal ac-1, abbreviated as M2500) and 43000 L ha-1 (5000 gal ac-1, abbreviated as M5000) and two rates of chemical fertilizer to match total N and P in LHM treatments, F2500 and F5000, along with an unamended control. The M5000 and M2500 treatments showed similar grain yield and N and P uptake. However, M5000 and M2500 significantly increased grain yield by 67% and 78%, respectively, compared to the control in 2005. In 2006, wheat grain yields from M2500 and M5000 were 71% and 86% greater than the control. In 2005, leachate NO3-N concentrations and leaching loads were higher with chemical fertilizers than M2500. In 2005, the apparent recovery of applied N as leachate was 35% and 23% in F5000 and F2500 treatments, whereas it was 6% and 7% of applied N in M5000 and M2500 plots, respectively. However, the application of M5000 resulted in P accumulation near the surface and may increase the potential risk of P loss with runoff. Our results show that applying LHM at moderate rates (M2500) may ensure desirable crop yields comparable to higher rates of nutrient application with minimal potential losses relative to higher rates.

scholarly journals Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Apple Nutrient Content and Orchard Soil Condition

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Takamitsu Kai ◽  
Dinesh Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Orchard Soil

Apple cultivation in Japan typically involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which can damage the environment. Therefore, in this study we investigated the orchard soil biochemical characteristics as well as the fruit nutrient contents, and pesticide residues of apples grown either organically (organic fertilizers + reduced pesticides) or with conventional chemical fertilizers and pesticide rates. Compared with conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, the organic fertilizer treatment produced fruit with significantly higher contents of sugar, as well as soil with higher total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. There were also significantly greater soil bacterial biomass and N circulation in the organically fertilized treatments. Minimal pesticide residues were detected in the organically fertilized fruits, but in the apples cultivated with conventional rates of fertilizers and pesticides there were significantly higher levels of propargite that was used to control spider mites. These residue levels from the conventionally fertilized orchards exceeded European and Codex residue standards. These results indicate that environmentally friendly arboricultural soil management practices, such as organic fertilizer and reduced pesticide cultivation can enhance nutrient cycling in soil, reduce the burden on the environment, and promote food safety and security.

scholarly journals Empowerment of Watermelon Farmer at Mojosari Village Puger District Jember in Producing Watermelon Low Pesticide Residue

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Nanang Tri Haryadi ◽  
Hari Purnomo ◽  
Titin Agusina
Keyword(s):  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Pests ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Mojosari Village, Puger Sub-district, is the largest watermelon center in Jember Regency. In 2017, the total harvested area reached 900 Ha and productivity reached 290.72 kW / Ha. The problem that often arises in watermelon cultivation is the attack of plant pests. Pests that often attack watermelons include caterpillars, whitefly, fruit flies, and thrips. Pest control that is often used by farmers is sprayed with chemical pesticides. The spraying of chemical pesticides began to be complained about by farmers because they were not able to control pests, this was probably because the pests were already resistant to pesticides. The decline in watermelon quality is also caused by soil conditions that have begun to decrease in nutrient content, due to the use of excessive chemical fertilizers. Farmers become dependent on chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers in watermelon cultivation. Therefore, it is necessary to educate farmers to reduce the use of excessive chemical pesticides and fertilizers. One alternative is to use environmentally friendly biological control agents. The result of this activity is that farmers can reproduce biological agents, namely the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma, entomopathogenic nematodes, and make organic fertilizers. Farmers can produce biological agents and apply them to watermelon fields. The resulting watermelon is more durable to store and does not rot easily after harvest.

scholarly journals Efficiency of IPNS-based chemical fertilizer application in wet land rice

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
PK Saha ◽  
MAM Miah
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Residual Values ◽  
Positive Effect

A field trial was conducted to validate some fertilizer application approaches for Boro-Green manure (GM) -T. Aman cropping system at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) Farm, Gazipur (AEZ-28: high land) during the period from Boro 1999-2000 to T. Arnan 2000. Five different application approaches of inorganic and organic fertilizers along with their residual values were evaluated. A positive effect of GM on the yield of T. Aman rice was observed. Application of cowdung (CD) @ 6 t/ha (at 15 % moisture) along with integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) based chemical fertilizer in Boro season followed by green manuring with dhaincha (in Kharif-l season) and then growing T. Aman rice (in Kharif-ll season) with reduced doses of chemical fertilizer (60% N, 50% P, 50% K, and 50% S) substantially increased grain yield and narrowed down the N, P, and K balance in soil. This fertilizer application approach may be practiced for sustainable crop production. No appreciable yield loss in T. Arnan rice (2nd crop) occurred due to the application of reduced doses of P, K, S, and Zn indicating the beneficial residual effect of fertilizer applied to the first crop (Boro rice) of the cropping pattern. The N uptake was in excess of the N added as fertilizer. An improved balance of P, S, and Zn was observed. But the K balance was negative. However, application of cowdung and incorporation of dhaincha slightly improved the K balance of the soil. The highest gross return of Tk. 86,270 was obtained with the above practice (treatment T4)Key Words: Chemical fertilizer; application; wet land rice.DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5747Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 5-13, March 2009

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