scholarly journals Pakchoi Antioxidant Improvement and Differential Rhizobacterial Community Composition under Organic Fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2424
Author(s):  
Jianli Liao ◽  
Jun Ye ◽  
Yun Liang ◽  
Muhammad Khalid ◽  
Danfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Organic Fertilization

A high level of antioxidants in organic-produced vegetables has been attributed to soil conditions; however, little is known about the relationships between antioxidants and rhizobacteria under different fertilization treatments. A pot trial for pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis L.) was conducted under greenhouse conditions with: (1) control; (2) chemical fertilizer; and (3) organic fertilizer. The responses of the plant, soil properties, and rhizobacterial community were measured after 45 days of cultivation. Fertilization increased soil nutrient levels and pakchoi productivity and the reshaped rhizobacterial community structure, while no differences in rhizobacterial abundance and total diversity were observed. Generally, most plant antioxidants were negatively correlated with inorganic nitrogen (N) and positively correlated to organic N in soil. The genera of Arthrospira and Acutodesmus contained differential rhizobacteria under chemical fertilizer treatment, which are known as copiotrophs. In addition, the addition of a chemical fertilizer may stimulate organic substance turnover by the enrichment of organic compound degraders (e.g., Microbacterium and Chitinophaga) and the promotion of predicted functional pathways involved in energy metabolism. Several beneficial rhizobacteria were associated with organic fertilizer amended rhizosphere including the genera Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Actinomycetospora, and Frankia. Furthermore, Bacillus spp. were positively correlated with plant biomass and phenolic acid. Moreover, predictive functional profiles of the rhizobacterial community involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism were significantly increased under organic fertilization, which were positively correlated with plant antioxidant activity. Overall, our study suggests that the short-term application of chemical and organic fertilizers reshapes the rhizobacterial community structure, and such changes might contribute to the plant’s performance.

scholarly journals Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth and production of soybean (Glycine max) in dry land

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 9643-9653
Author(s):  
Ratih Sandrakirana ◽  
Zainal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Randomized Design

Soybean is known for its high protein content, which is the reason why it is widely used as one of the main food sources for humans and animals. In order to optimize soybean growth, farmers tend to add excessive dosage of chemical fertilizer to this crop. Furthermore, a continuous chemical fertilizer application without organic fertilizer addition may cause a rapid depletion of nutrients in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of organic fertilizer treatment to reduce the amount of urea as chemical fertilizer needed in soybean cultivation. A complete randomized design was conducted using 21 treatments of organic and chemical fertilizer in triplicate with a 4x3 m plot size. Analysis of variance was carried out to compare the means of measurement data and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT 5%) was applied. The treatment 2,000 kg ha-1 compost + 50 kg ha-1 urea (O2K2A1) resulted the highest dry yield in soybean and had significant differences with urea-only treatment. A mixture of chemical and organic fertilizers had no significant result over the yield compared to the use of chemical fertilizer only. Compost application of 1,000-2,000 kg ha-1 with urea 50-100 kg ha-1 (O2K2A1 and O 2K1A2) showed an increase in seed yield of 35-38 % with a profit reaching 333-340 USD ha-1 compared to standard treatment using urea 50 kg ha -1 + SP-36 50 kg ha-1 + 50 KCl kg ha-1 (O0K0A1).

scholarly journals Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Apple Nutrient Content and Orchard Soil Condition

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Takamitsu Kai ◽  
Dinesh Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Orchard Soil

Apple cultivation in Japan typically involves the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which can damage the environment. Therefore, in this study we investigated the orchard soil biochemical characteristics as well as the fruit nutrient contents, and pesticide residues of apples grown either organically (organic fertilizers + reduced pesticides) or with conventional chemical fertilizers and pesticide rates. Compared with conventional chemical fertilizer treatment, the organic fertilizer treatment produced fruit with significantly higher contents of sugar, as well as soil with higher total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. There were also significantly greater soil bacterial biomass and N circulation in the organically fertilized treatments. Minimal pesticide residues were detected in the organically fertilized fruits, but in the apples cultivated with conventional rates of fertilizers and pesticides there were significantly higher levels of propargite that was used to control spider mites. These residue levels from the conventionally fertilized orchards exceeded European and Codex residue standards. These results indicate that environmentally friendly arboricultural soil management practices, such as organic fertilizer and reduced pesticide cultivation can enhance nutrient cycling in soil, reduce the burden on the environment, and promote food safety and security.

scholarly journals Three-Source Partitioning of Methane Emissions from Paddy Soil: Linkage to Methanogenic Community Structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Xiaomei Yi ◽  
Linkui Cao
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Rice Soil ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Methanogenic Community ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Native Soil

Identification of the carbon (C) sources of methane (CH4) and methanogenic community structures after organic fertilization may provide a better understanding of the mechanism that regulate CH4 emissions from paddy soils. Based on our previous field study, a pot experiment with isotopic 13C labelling was designed in this study. The objective was to investigate the main C sources for CH4 emissions and the key environmental factor with the application of organic fertilizer in paddies. Results indicated that 28.6%, 64.5%, 0.4%, and 6.5% of 13C was respectively distributed in CO2, the plants, soil, and CH4 at the rice tillering stage. In total, organically fertilized paddy soil emitted 3.51 kg·CH4 ha−1 vs. 2.00 kg·CH4 ha−1 for the no fertilizer treatment. Maximum CH4 fluxes from organically fertilized (0.46 mg·m−2·h−1) and non-fertilized (0.16 mg·m−2·h−1) soils occurred on day 30 (tillering stage). The total percentage of CH4 emissions derived from rice photosynthesis C was 49%, organic fertilizer C < 0.34%, and native soil C > 51%. Therefore, the increased CH4 emissions from paddy soil after organic fertilization were mainly derived from native soil and photosynthesis. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed Methanosarcina (64%) was the dominant methanogen in paddy soil. Organic fertilization increased the relative abundance of Methanosarcina, especially in rhizosphere. Additionally, Methanosarcina sp. 795 and Methanosarcina sp. 1H1 co-occurred with Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM23, Methanoculleus sp. 25XMc2, Methanosaeta sp. HA, and Methanobacterium sp. MB1. The increased CH4 fluxes and labile methanogenic community structure in organically fertilized rice soil were primarily due to the increased soil C, nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and acetate. These results highlight the contributions of native soil- and photosynthesis-derived C in paddy soil CH4 emissions, and provide basis for more complex investigations of the pathways involved in ecosystem CH4 processes.

scholarly journals Organic Fertilization and Its Effect on Development of Sweet Pepper Transplants

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Gravel ◽  
Martine Dorais ◽  
Claudine Ménard
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Growing Medium

Organically grown greenhouse sweet pepper crops, as is the case with most year-around greenhouse crops, rely on pre-grown transplants. Production of adequately balanced (source and sink strength potential) healthy organic sweet pepper transplants is a challenge and is often related to early and total harvested yields. Liquid and/or solid organic fertilizers for greenhouse sweet pepper transplants were compared with a conventional liquid fertilizer. Transplants were grown under greenhouse conditions and inoculated, or not, with a beneficial microbial agent, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, strain KRL-AG2 (Rootshield®). Medium respiration (CO2 efflux) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis showed a higher microbial activity in the liquid organic fertilizer treatment. Higher microbial activity was observed after 10 weeks than at 5 weeks after transplanting. Transplant development was greater in the liquid conventional fertilizer treatment compared with the two organic treatments. Transplants that received liquid organic fertilizer had greater development compared with transplants that only received water in addition to the initial solid fertilizer. Organic amendment mineralization did not completely fulfill transplant nutrient requirement compared with conventional transplants. Solid fertilization in the growing medium affected plant growth during the first 5 weeks but not after 10 weeks after transplanting. Solid and liquid organic fertilizers at a higher concentration should be provided to reach a similar transplant development because conventional seedlings or other slow-release sources of solid amendments should be added to the growing medium to keep an adequate and constant nutrient release. Providing a beneficial agent to the organic growing medium increased its biological activity but had no effect on seedling growth during this study. Solid organic fertilization (1600 mL·m−3 of shrimp meal with 50 mL·m−3 of kelp meal) combined with an organic liquid fertilization should be used in combination with inoculation with T. harzianum to obtain high-quality organic sweet pepper transplants.

scholarly journals Yield and Oil Content of Mint under Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Hamed KESHAVARZ ◽  
Seyed Ali Mohammad MODARRES SANAVY
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Japanese Mint ◽  
Oil Percentage ◽  
Fertilizer Combination ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

Two species of mint Mentha piperitha (peppermint) and M. arvensis (Japanese mint) are widely cultivated in Iran, but their response to fertilizer regime has not been evaluated so far. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different organic and chemical fertilizer treatments [Control, 100% urea (95 kg N ha−1), 75% urea (71.25 kg N ha-1) + 25% vermicompost (3.3 t ha-1), 50% urea (47.5 kg N ha-1) + 50% vermicompost (6.75 t ha-1), 25% urea (23.75 kg N ha-1) + 75% vermicompost (10.1 t ha-1) and 100% vermicompost (13.5 ton ha-1)] on essential oil contents, yield and yield components of the two species of mint. Peppermint provided grater plant height, number of internodes, number of leaf and oil percentage compared with the Japanese mint under study. The results indicated that, irrespective of the mint species, plants treated with combined chemical and organic fertilizer presented taller plants, higher oil contents and oil yield compared with solo chemical or organic fertilizers. Oil percentage and essential oil yield of mint increased significantly under the treatment with 25% urea (23.75 kg N ha−1) + 75% vermicompost (10.1 t ha-1). Plant height and number of leaf increased along the replacement of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizers. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation with leaf number and essential oil yield. Application of vermicompost in combination with chemical fertilizer increased plant height, oil percentage and essential oil in both species, suggesting that organic and chemical fertilizer combination improves performance and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Changes of Chemical Fertilizer Application and Its Environmental Risks in China from 2000 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11911
Author(s):  
Yuanzhi Guo ◽  
Jieyong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Western China ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Continuous Increase

Chemical fertilizers are important inputs in agricultural production. They not only increase crop yield but also bring many negative effects, such as agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, a scientific understanding of the regional differences in chemical fertilizer application and its environmental risks is of significance to promote China’s agricultural development. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of chemical fertilizer application intensity (CFAI) in China since 2000, evaluated the environmental risks of provincial CFAI, and investigated the internal mechanism behind them. The results showed that the total amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer application in China from 2000 to 2019 presented a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. In 2000 and 2019, provincial CFAI in eastern China was generally higher than that in central and western China, and the environmental risks of provincial CFAI were spatially characterized by “high in the north and low in the south”. Factors such as poor soil conditions, unreasonable farming structure and backward fertilization methods are the main reasons for the continuous increase in the total amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer application, while the construction of ecological civilization and the transformation of society and economy are the main reasons for their decline. Finally, measures such as targeted fertilization, adjusting the use structure of chemical fertilizers, improving fertilization methods and replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers are proposed to promote the quantity reduction and efficiency increase of chemical fertilizer application in China.

scholarly journals Perceptions, Risk Attitude and Organic Fertilizer Investment: Evidence from Rice and Banana Farmers in Guangxi, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjian Chen ◽  
Di Zeng ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Xiaojun Fan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Hurdle Models

Overuse of chemical fertilizer has led to severe land degradation and environmental pollution in China. Switching to organic fertilizer may improve soil quality and reduce pollution, which is meaningful to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. This study examines how farmers’ perceptions and risk preference affect their organic fertilizer investment using a representative rural household survey from Guangxi, a major agricultural region in China. Tobit and double-hurdle models are used to empirically test their impacts on organic fertilizer adoption and investment. An ordinary least squares model is used to regress chemical fertilizer use on the same set of explanatory variables to compare and contrast farmers’ different fertilizer investment behaviors. It is found that both organic fertilizer perceptions and risk attitude significantly affect organic fertilizer investment. Perceived yield-increasing and quality-improving effects encourage organic fertilizer investment, while perceived cost increases discourage it. Moreover, risk-averse farmers are more likely to invest in organic fertilizers. Most of the perceptions affecting organic fertilizer investment have an opposite impact on chemical fertilizer investment, which suggests substitutability between organic and chemical fertilizer. Interventions that aim to improve farmers’ perceptions of organic fertilizer and illustrate its risk-reduction effect could be effective in promoting organic fertilizer use, which can help achieve China’s sustainable development of agriculture.

Distribution and Enzyme Activities in the Soil around the Fertilizes

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3027-3033
Author(s):  
Da Lan Feng ◽  
Yan Jin ◽  
Yu Hong Yang ◽  
Jian Guo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Rapeseed Straw ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
N Release

An incubation experiment was carried out to study various available N pools and enzyme activities in the soil near fertilizers under controlled temperature and soil moisture. Fertilizers added into soil were chemical fertilizer supplied as urea, organic fertilizer as rapeseed straw, and mixture of urea and rapeseed straw in a ratio of 7:3, respectively. 30 days after incubation, NH+4-N, NO-3-N and 1 N NaOH- hydrolyzed N increased in the soil at < 2.5 cm from the fertilizers in two lateral directions, and progressively decreased as the distance to the fertilizers increased. The results indicated the intensive available N release from the fertilizers and easy movement of fertilizer N. Taking into account of dense roots in cultivated soil layers and easy migration of N fertilizers, broadcast application of N fertilizers could be efficient in the middle growing periods of crops. There was neither obvious influence of urea application on urease activity nor significant correlation between urease activity and NH4+-N in the soil. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that urea hydrolysis catalyzed by urease might be fast, unlikely the rate-limiting step in the process of urea transformation into NH4+-N. Further study showed the high activities of saccharase and protease in the soil only at 0.25 cm from the organic fertilizers added either in pure rape straw or mixture with urea. Saccharase and protease on the interface between organic fertilizer and soil could thus accelerate N release of organic fertilizers as available forms through organic N decomposition, resulting in the high available N pools in the soil near organic fertilizers.

scholarly journals Nutrition and growth of potted gerbera according to mineral and organic fertilizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francielly Torres Santos ◽  
Fernanda Ludwig ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Mendonça Costa ◽  
Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
State University ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Culture Growth

In order to meet the growing market of gerbera, it is necessary to develop studies that maximize its production, especially using organic fertilizer. In order to assess the nutrition and growth of potted gerbera conducted with mineral and organic fertilization, an experiment in a greenhouse was done, located at Western Paraná State University, Brazil. The experimental design was made in randomized blocks, with four replications and five treatments. The treatments were defined according to the source of fertilization, mineral (NPK) or organic. The organic fertilization were obtained by diluting in water four organic compost of poultry slaughter waste, obtained from in the composting process, in order to adjust electrical conductivity. The solution of the compost was used as organic fertigation, making the organic treatments. The liquid organic fertilizer, as well as irrigation of mineral treatment, was performed manually once a day. At the end of vegetative and reproductive periods, the levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were quantified in the plant tissue. At the same time, biometric parameters were assessed (number of leaves, plant diameter, leaf area, dry matter of aerial parts, number of heads, inflorescence dry matter, stem height, head diameter and diameter stem). The liquid organic fertilizers, obtained by composting procession of poultry slaughter waste, can be used as alternative source for potted gerbera nutrition, since they provide better or higher culture growth than the mineral fertilizer.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Types of Organic Fertilizers on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Grassland on Andosol in Southern Hokkaido, Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Kitamura ◽  
Chiho Sugiyama ◽  
Kaho Yasuda ◽  
Arata Nagatake ◽  
Yiran Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Digestive Fluid

Reduction of chemical fertilizers and effective use of livestock excrement are required for the realization of sustainable agriculture and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the reduction rate of GHG emissions represented by comparing global warming potential (GWP) using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. The study was conducted in a managed grassland on Andosol in southern Hokkaido for 3 years from May 2017 to April 2020. There were five treatment plots: no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, manure, slurry, and digestive fluid. Organic fertilizers were applied such that the amount of NPK did not exceed the recommended application rate, and the shortage was supplemented with chemical fertilizers. Fluxes in CO2 caused by heterotrophic respiration (RH), CH4, and N2O were measured using the closed chamber method. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was obtained as net primary production + organic fertilizer application—RH—harvest. The GWP was estimated by CO2 equivalent NECB and CH4 and N2O emissions in each treatment. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen application rates in the organic fertilizer treatments were reduced by 10% for manure, 19.7% for slurry and 29.7% for digestive fluid compared to chemical fertilizer only, but the grass yields were not significantly different among the fertilizer treatments. The 3-year NECB showed significantly smallest carbon loss in manure treatment, and smaller carbon loss in the organic fertilizer treatments than in the chemical fertilizer only. The reduction rate in the GWP with use of organic fertilizers relative to that of chemical fertilizer was 16.5% for slurry, 27.0% for digestive fluid, and 36.2% for manure. The NECB accounted for more than 90% of the GWP in all treatments. CH4 emissions were &lt; 0.1% of the GWP. On the other hand, N2O emissions accounted for more than 5% of the GWP, and was larger in the order of slurry &gt; chemical fertilizer only &gt; digestive fluid &gt; manure. As a conclusion, these organic fertilizers can be used without no reduction of crop yield instead of chemical fertilizer, however, manure is the best way to increase soil carbon and to decrease GWP, followed by digestive fluid.

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