scholarly journals Land Tenure and Cotton Farmers’ Land Improvement: Evidence from State-Owned Farms in Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Ruimei Wang ◽  
Quan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Land System ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cotton Farmers ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Land Improvement

The land system of state-owned farms in China is different from that in rural areas. Whether the land tenure of state-owned farms can play a role in protecting cultivated land is an important issue for the high-quality development of state-owned agriculture in China. This article develops a dynamic model to examine how land tenure influences farmers’ decisions on land improvement. It then analyzes this relationship based on cotton farmers’ household-level data from state-owned farms of Xinjiang in China. We applied methods that take into account the possible endogeneity of the land tenure. The results reveal that the stability of land tenure in the past will not affect the current behavior of farmers for they have a relatively stable expectation of current land tenure and a high degree of trust in the government and its policies. The intergenerational transfer of land tenure is not the key factor that affects farmers’ land conservation, and the relatively long-term duration of land tenure (possibly five years or more) during their careers is more important. Our findings also reveal that non-property factors, such as government intervention (e.g., technology promotion) that alleviates the limited rationality of farmers, cannot be ignored because they played a crucial role in past land improvement when land tenure was less stable.

scholarly journals Household Level Impact Assessment of MGNREGA Scheme

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-549
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) has been notified by the Government of India on 7th September 2005 with the primary objective of enhancing the livelihood security of the unskilled labors in the rural areas of the country by providing guaranteed wage employment to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The MGNREGA, which is one of the flagship projects of the government, promises 100 days of work per year to the unemployed at a CPI inflation-indexed wage rate. As there is an increase in the disposable income on account of the implementation of the scheme, it is expected that the standard of living and the expenditure pattern of the household covered under the MGNREGA scheme would undergo a tremendous change. As most of the expenditure of the rural households covered under the scheme is supposed to be drastically changed, it is felt that there is a need to study the impact of the scheme on these households. This paper is an extract from a Ph. D Thesis titled Household and Village Level Impact of MGNREGS on Governance at the Grassroots: An Assessment of Gram Panchayats in Tamil Nadu. Submitted to the Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed to be University

scholarly journals The Linkage between Institutional Changes and Food Security in Mtwara Region, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Robert N. Shole ◽  
Kim A. Kayunze
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Moral Attitudes

This study focuses on the linkage between institutional changes and food security in Mtwara region. Institutional changes in terms of increase numbers of financial, commercial, hospitalizes, education, infrastructures and improved moral and altitudes of farmers have a direct relation with food availability and accessibility. Both formal and informal institutions have potentials to help improvement of food availability and accessibility. However, despite institutions dealing with food security having changed in Mtwara, food security is low. The fundamental question is which one among these institutions, has high impact on food security.This study sought to determine the linkage between institutional changes and food security in Mtwara region. The specific objectives of the study were to identify institutions existing and their functions at household level, analyze various sources of food grains and states of food security at the household level in Mtwara region, and assess the linkages between institutional changes and food security. Structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion and Oral interview had been useful for collecting primary information in which the best recorded interviewees were analyzed supplemented by documentaries (text and photography). Findings revealed that financial institutions and education have high impact on food security in the study area. Generally, this study concluded that banks, SACCOS, traditions (moral, attitudes, beliefs), and roadshave slightly difference effect on food security. Since 2010these institutions had been increased and improved and have a direct relation with food security.It is recommended that the, government and other stakeholders should create true transformation in rural people to provide them decent jobs, good living conditions, and different opportunities in order to maintain youth to stay in rural area for maximizing the food production. Further studies should be done on the factors influencing people to stay in rural areas in which agricultural activities are being done.  

scholarly journals Energy Elasticity in India: An Empirical study with Unit level Household Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Alok Pandey ◽  
Annapurna Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Data

In the present study an attempt has been made to estimate the responsiveness of prices and household expenditure on consumption of energy for cooking and lighting at household level in rural and urban areas of All India. Household level energy elasticities are estimated for the rural and urban areas with the help of dummy variable regression approach by using NSSO 66th quinnquenial rounds of unit level data.. The results reveal the fact that average expenditure recorded on energy for cooking and lighting in urban areas is higher than in rural areas at all India level. Majority of the households are using dirty fuel for cooking in rural areas while in urban areas clean fuel i.e. LPG is used for cooking. The expenditure on energy for cooking and lighting at household level is inelastic. The marginal budget share in rural and urban areas is the same. Result reveal the fact that hundred percent increase in prices of energy for cooking and lighting will increase the expenditure of households in rural region more than in urban region.

scholarly journals Right to Education Act: Universalisation or Entrenched Exclusion?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhay Kumar ◽  
Sudheer Kumar Shukla ◽  
Mary Panmei ◽  
Vir Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Government

Right to Education (RTE) Act is intended to provide free and compulsory elementary education to all children aged 6–14 years. This article examines key constituents of elementary education in view of the RTE Act such as current attendance rate, types of institutions, medium of instruction, neighbourhood schools, Monthly per capita expenditure on elementary education (MPCEE)and incentives during pre- and post-RTE period using National Sample Survey Organisation’s 64th (2007–2008) and 71st (2014) round of unit level data. The result shows that far from the universalisation, exclusion is getting entrenched across gender, sector, and socio-religious and economic groups. Female children, children from deprived socio-religious groups, rural areas and from the bottom MPCE quintile have not only fared lower in most of the studied parameters during the pre-RTE period, but the gap from their counterpart has widened immensely during the post-RTE period. Free education has declined and monthly per capita expenditure on elementary education has increased sharply. Children are moving out of the government to private schools. The findings raise serious questions on the intention of the government to fulfil its mandate under RTE.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Access to Credit-Welfare Nexus: Evidence from Mauritania

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Amendola ◽  
Marinella Boccia ◽  
Gianluca Mele ◽  
Luca Sensini
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper evaluates the impact of access to credit from banks and other financial institutions on household welfare in Mauritania. Household level data are used to evaluate the relationship between credit access, a range of household characteristics, and welfare indicators. To address the threats of potential endogeneity, an index of household isolation is used to instrument access to credit. Evidence on the validity of the exclusion restriction is provided showing that household isolation is unrelated with households and area characteristics six years prior to the measurements on which this analysis is based. Results show that households with older and more educated heads are more likely to access financial services, as are households living in urban areas. In addition, greater financial access is associated with a reduced dependence on household production and increased investment in human capital. The policy conclusions from our analysis support strategies for expanding financial infrastructures in underserved rural areas of Mauritania.

Agricultural Mechanization in India: A Study on the Ownership and Investment in Farm Machinery by Cultivator Households across Agro-ecological Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-186
Author(s):  
Anupam Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Farm Machinery ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Ecological Regions ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Despite the signs of distress and fatigue in Indian agriculture, the use of machines in crop operations has increased manifold in recent times. Proponents of mechanization argue that mechanization saves time and cost, and improves agricultural productivity. The Government of India has also encouraged mechanization through subsiding farm machinery and establishing custom hiring centres. Earlier studies have found significant regional variation in the spread of agricultural mechanization. Cost of cultivation data collected by Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) reveal that although the share of machine labour in the cost of cultivation per hectare has increased, there exist significant differences across crops in the use of mechanical input. Empirical studies in different regions have found a significant presence of the rental market for services of agricultural machinery. However, in recent years there have been very few studies on the patterns of mechanization based on household-level data on ownership and investment in agricultural machinery and implements. Agro-ecological characteristics of a region are said to have a significant impact on the level of mechanization. Ownership of machinery is also significantly influenced by the factors such as size of landholding, access to irrigation and access to institutional credit. The pattern of investment and ownership of machinery has important implications on the profitability of farming. This article uses unit-level data from the All-India Debt and Investment Survey (NSS 70th round 2013) to study the pattern of agricultural mechanization in India based on the ownership of agricultural machinery and implements. Using ownership and expenditure data it studies the questions of recent patterns in agricultural mechanization across agro-ecological regions and land classes.

Kebijakan Insentif Untuk Petani Muda: Pembelajaran dari Berbagai Negara dan Implikasinya bagi Kebijakan di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Hery Susilowati
Keyword(s):  
Financial Aid ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
The Government

<strong>English</strong><br />Indonesia and many countries deal with decreased number of young farmers. Some measures are taken to attract youth to work as farmers through some incentive. This paper aims to review various incentive policies for young farmers in many countries and their effectiveness and their implications for Indonesia. This paper applies both descriptive analysis and cross tabulation methods. Success of financial aid programs to young farmers in developed countries is still pros and cons. In addition to the financial aid incentive policies, various supports are also provided in the developing countries for the same purpose. The implications for Indonesia to attract young generation to work in agricultural sector should be in accordance with characteristics of small farmers in this country. Learning from the experience of the government's financial aid policy to young farmers in developed countries and credit program policy for Indonesian farmers, interest rate subsidy is not the only policy instrument to attract young farmers to work in agriculture. Policies to facilitate young farmers' access to capital and land tenure are more essential besides improving business diversification in rural areas. The government should well manage industrial development in rural areas through agricultural programs integrated with other supporting services.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Dewasa ini Indonesia dan negara-negara di dunia menghadapi permasalahan menurunnya jumlah tenaga kerja muda pertanian. Fenomena aging farmers dan semakin berkurangnya tenaga kerja muda pertanian terjadi dalam tataran global. Upaya untuk menarik dan mempertahankan generasi muda petani menjadi usaha yang terus-menerus dilakukan di berbagai negara. Berbagai kebijakan insentif untuk petani muda telah dikembangkan di negara-negara maju untuk membantu mereka berkarir di sektor pertanian, khususnya pertanian on farm. Tujuan makalah adalah untuk melakukan review terhadap berbagai kebijakan insentif untuk petani muda di berbagai negara dan efektivitas kebijakan tersebut, serta implikasinya bagi Indonesia. Metode analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dan tabulasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan program-program bantuan finansial kepada petani muda di negara-negara maju masih bersifat  pro dan kontra. Selain kebijakan insentif yang bersifat bantuan finansial, juga diberikan bantuan dalam bentuk dukungan lain. Implikasi bagi Indonesia, untuk menarik tenaga kerja ke sektor pertanian perlu disesuaikan dengan karakteristik petani kecil. Belajar dari pengalaman kebijakan insentif negara-negara maju dan kebijakan di Indonesia, insentif subsidi bunga pinjaman bukan satu-satunya instrumen untuk menarik tenaga kerja muda ke pertanian. Kebijakan untuk mempermudah akses modal dan penguasaan lahan lebih diperlukan selain diversifikasi usaha di perdesaan. Untuk itu, pengembangan industri di perdesaan harus berjalan dengan baik dan didukung oleh program pertanian yang terintegrasi dengan layanan pendukung.

Household micro-data, regulation and financial stability: the case of Denmark in the 1950s

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Abildgren
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stability Issues

Purpose The 1950s was characterised by pronounced stability of the banking sector in many countries, which the existing literature has attributed to tight regulation. However, other factors than regulation are important for financial stability. The purpose of this paper is to consider the case of Denmark and investigate whether the absence of banking crises was due to robustness of the banking sector’s customers rather than tight regulation. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses the resilience of Danish wage and salary earners to adverse economic shocks in the 1950s based on household-level data on income, consumption, savings and wealth from the Danish Expenditure and Saving Survey of 1955. Findings The paper finds that the Danish household sector in the 1950s had a high debt payment ability and was very robust to even large income shocks. The results indicate that the stability of the Danish financial sector was not only due to tight regulation but also reflected a high credit quality of the banking sector’s loan portfolio. Originality/value During the past decade or so, a micro-data-based framework has become the “state of the art” approach among central banks to analyse the financial robustness of the household sector. However, such an approach has so far not been applied in studies on historical financial-stability issues. The paper adds to the literature by using granular household-level data to assess the financial resilience of the Danish household sector in the 1950s.

Household leverage and consumption during the Great Depression

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-299
Author(s):  
Kim Abildgren
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Durable Consumption ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of household leverage on consumption in Denmark during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Design/methodology/approach A range of consumption functions are estimated on the basis of household-level data from the Expenditure and Saving Survey of 1931. Findings The estimations show significant negative marginal effects of various measures of leverage on homeowners’ non-durable consumption. The magnitude of the estimated effects suggests that leverage contributed significantly to the economic downturn during the Great Depression by depressing consumer spending of homeowners. Practical implications Gross debt levels of homeowners are not only of direct importance for financial stability but also have implications for macroeconomic stability, which again might affect the stability of the financial system. These findings seem to be in line with the focus on household leverage in the macroprudential oversight performed by regulators and central banks in many countries. Originality/value This paper is the first study of the leverage channel in the private consumption function using household micro data from the Great Depression.

scholarly journals Land Tenure and Green Production Behavior: Empirical Analysis Based on Fertilizer Use by Cotton Farmers in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4677
Author(s):  
Hui Mao ◽  
Yujia Chai ◽  
Shaojian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Production Behavior ◽  
Cotton Farmers ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Stable land rights can increase farmers’ expectations regarding the future and encourage their adoption of green production methods, which is an important guarantee for promoting the development of green agriculture development. This paper takes the fertilizer use as an example and systematically investigated the impact of land tenure stability on the green production behavior of heterogeneous farmers based on a field survey data of 349 cotton-planting farmers from Xinjiang, China. Furthermore, this research aims to assess the differential impact of land tenure stability on different risk preferences, organizational forms and ethnic groups. This study is a continuation of previous studies on factors influencing green production behavior. The results show that land transfers have an inhibiting effect on farmers’ green production behavior and this effect is more significant among risk-averse farmers, local farmers and minority nationalities farmers. The land tenure period can promote the green production of farmers and alleviate the restraining effect of land transfers on farmers’ green production behavior. Additionally, farmers of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) and large-scale households are more inclined to green production. The Chinese Government needs to further promote land transfer to large-scale households, improve the stability of land rights and adopt differentiated policies for heterogeneous farmers to encourage their green production.

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